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On securing continuity of eddy covariance flux time-series after changing the measurement height: Correction for flux differences due to the footprint difference

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AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY 2023年第1期331卷

作者： Kang, Minseok Cho, Sungsik Kim, Jongho Sohn, Seungwon Ryu, Youngryel Kang, Namgoo Natl Ctr Agro Meteorol Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Agr & Forest Meteorol Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul 08826 South Korea Korea Res Inst Stand & Sci Adv Measurement Instrumentat Inst Measurement Instrument & Data Verificat Res Team Daejeon 34113 South Korea Univ Sci & Technol KRISS Sch Major Precis Measurement Daejeon 34113 South Korea

During long-term flux monitoring, we occasionally encounter situations where the existing measurement setup must be changed. Considering that one of the main purposes of long-term flux monitoring is identifying longterm variability and trends, which are relatively small, it is important to understand or correct for flux differences caused by the measurement setting changes. In this study, before changing the flux measurement height of the CRK (Cheorwon Rice paddy, Korea) site from 10 m to 5 m, we installed another eddy covariance system at 5 m and compared the sensible and H2O/CO2/CH4 fluxes at both heights from April 2020 to April 2021. Although random errors could explain substantial portions of the flux differences between the two heights, it was confirmed that systematic errors also existed because the means of the flux differences were not zero, and the distributions of the flux differences were also significantly skewed. Further analysis showed that the primary cause of these systematic errors was the footprint differences rather than the difference in turbulent transport between the two heights. Based on the results, we proposed a strategy for securing the continuity of the flux timeseries, which is necessary to understand the long-term variability using all data before and after a measurement change, and discussed the necessity of such a comparative observation.

关键词： Flux Eddy covariance Long-term monitoring Measurement change Comparative observation

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Social science research needs for the hurricane forecast and warning system

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Natural Hazards Review 2007年第3期8卷 87-95页

作者： Gladwin, Hugh Lazo, Jeffrey K. Morrow, Betty Hearn Peacock, Walter Gillis Willoughby, Hugh E. Institute for Public Opinion Research Dept. of Sociology and Anthropology Florida International Univ. 3000 NE 151 St. North Miami FL 33181 National Center for Atmospheric Research P.O. Box 3000-RAL Boulder CO 80307 8215 SW 140 Ave. Miami FL 33183 Texas A and M Univ. Hazard Reduction and Recovery Center Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning and the Sustainable Coastal Margins Program College Station TX 77843-3137 Dept. of Earth Sciences Florida International Univ. PC 344 Miami FL 33199

This article begins to identify high-priority social science research issues focused on the hurricane forecast and warning system. The research agenda was distilled as faithfully as possible from the efforts of a host of scientists. These included a series of white papers;a workshop in Pomona, Calif., in February 2005;several sessions at the 2004 and 2005 Natural Hazards workshops held in Boulder, Colo.;and additional input from the broader social science research community unable to attend these events. Expected results from this effort are (1) a focused applied research agenda designed to generate short-term immediate benefits;(2) a broader, more basic research agenda addressing fundamental theoretical and exploratory research designed to generate long-term improvements;(3) methods to enable the social science research community to gather and further develop research priorities and future agendas;and (4) a concept for a long-term, multidisciplinary, institutional approach to undertaking identified research priorities. This paper is presented as a call to action for the appropriate agencies and organizations to support social science research on the high-priority issues in the hurricane forecast and warning system to meet societal goals of protecting lives and property in the face of the ever-present threat of hurricanes. © 2007 ASCE.

关键词： Social sciences

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Inclusive conservation and the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework: Tensions and prospects

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ONE EARTH 2022年第3期5卷 252-264页

作者： Raymond, Christopher M. Cebrian-Piqueras, Miguel A. Andersson, Erik Andrade, Riley Schnell, Alberto Arroyo Romanelli, Barbara Battioni Filyushkina, Anna Goodson, Devin J. Horcea-Milcu, Andra Johnson, Dana N. Keller, Rose Kuiper, Jan J. Lo, Veronica Lopez-Rodriguez, Maria D. March, Hug Metzger, Marc Oteros-Rozas, Elisa Salcido, Evan Sellberg, My Stewart, William Ruiz-Mallen, Isabel Plieninger, Tobias van Riper, Carena J. Verburg, Peter H. Wiedermann, Magdalena M. Univ Helsinki Helsinki Inst Sustainabil Sci Helsinki Finland Univ Helsinki Fac Biol & Environm Sci Ecosyst & Environm Res Program Helsinki Finland Univ Helsinki Fac Agr & Forestry Dept Econ & Management Helsinki Finland Swedish Univ Agr Sci Dept Landscape Architecture Planning & Management Alnarp Sweden Univ Gottingen Dept Agr Econ & Rural Dev Gottingen Germany Stockholm Univ Stockholm Resilience Ctr Stockholm Sweden North West Univ Unit Environm Sci & Management Potchefstroom South Africa Univ Florida Dept Wildlife Ecol & Conservat Gainesville FL USA Univ Illinois Dept Recreat Sport & Tourism Champaign IL USA IUCN European Reg Off Brussels Belgium Vrije Univ Amsterdam Inst Environm Studies IVM Amsterdam Netherlands Babes Bolyai Univ Hungarian Dept Biol & Ecol Cluj Napoca Romania Univ British Columbia Inst Resources Environm & Sustainabil Vancouver BC Canada Norwegian Inst Nat Res Lillehammer Norway Univ Oberta Catalunya UOC Internet Interdisciplinary Inst IN3 Barcelona Spain Univ Oberta Catalunya UOC Estudis Econ & Empresa Barcelona Spain Univ Edinburgh Sch Geosci Edinburgh Midlothian Scotland FRACTAL Collect Madrid Spain Univ Kassel Fac Organ Agr Sci Kassel Germany Lund Univ Dept Geol Lund Sweden

The draft Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework commits to achievement of equity and justice outcomes and represents a "relational turn" in how we understand inclusive conservation. Although "inclusivity" is drawn on as a means to engage diverse stakeholders, widening the framing of inclusivity can create new tensions with regard to how to manage protected areas. We first offer a set of tensions that emerge in the light of the relational turn in biodiversity conservation. Drawing on global case examples applying multiple methods of inclusive conservation, we then demonstrate that, by actively engaging in the interdependent phases of recognizing hybridity, enabling conditions for reflexivity and partnership building, tensions can not only be acknowledged but softened and, in some cases, reframed when managing for biodiversity, equity, and justice goals. The results can improve stakeholder engagement in protected area management, ultimately supporting better implementation of global biodiversity targets.

关键词： inclusive conservation biodiversity conservation equity plural valuation values ecosystem services protected area management

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The cooling effect of trees in high-rise building complexes in relation to spatial distance from buildings

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SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY 2024年 114卷

作者： Kim, Ji Yeon Park, Chae Yeon Lee, Dong Kun Yun, Seok Hwan Hyun, Jung Hee Kim, Eun Sub Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Integrated Major Smart City Global Convergence Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Specialized Grad Sch Intelligent Ecosci Seoul South Korea SK forest Restructuring team Seoul South Korea Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol Environm Management Res Inst Onogawa 16-1 Tsukuba Ibaraki 3058569 Japan Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul South Korea Natl Inst Environm Studies Ctr Climate Change Adaptat 16-2 Onogawa Tsukuba Ibaraki 3058506 Japan Int Inst Appl Syst Anal Syst Risk & Resilience Res Grp Adv Syst Anal Laxenburg Austria City Univ Hong Kong Low Carbon & Climate Impact Res Ctr Sch Energy & Environm Tat Chee Ave Hong Kong Peoples R China

Street trees are vital in mitigating urban heat islands, with their cooling effect significantly influenced by the urban layout. Past studies explored how urban canyon characteristics-aspect ratio, building coverage-affect tree cooling, yet seldom analyzed the impact of distance between trees and buildings. Addressing this, our study evaluates tree cooling effects concerning their proximity to shaded and sunlit walls. The findings highlight that cooling effectiveness varies with the ratio of distance from the shaded wall to building height (Dsha:H), peaking within a ratio range of 0.55 to 0.7. Below a ratio of 0.3, effectiveness decreases to 9-29 %, emphasizing the importance of strategic planting distances. The result shows that when planted at an optimal distance from buildings, small trees can produce similar radiation mitigation effects to those of larger trees. This discovery advocates for thoughtful tree placement in high-density areas, optimally leveraging their shade and evapotranspiration benefits. The study provides actionable insights for urban planners and landscape architects, suggesting that careful consideration of tree placement relative to building shadows can significantly improve urban climates, offering a strategic approach to deploying green infrastructure in high-rise complexes for enhanced climate resilience.

关键词： Urban heat island Urban greening Spatial distance Mean radiant temperature Tree planting

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New Gap-Filling Strategies for Long-Period Flux Data Gaps Using a Data-Driven Approach

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ATMOSPHERE 2019年第10期10卷 568-568页

作者： Kang, Minseok Ichii, Kazuhito Kim, Joon Indrawati, Yohana M. Park, Juhan Moon, Minkyu Lim, Jong-Hwan Chun, Jung-Hwa Natl Ctr Agro Meteorol Seoul 08826 South Korea Chiba Univ Ctr Environm Remote Sensing Chiba 2638522 Japan Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Agr & Forest Meteorol Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Res Inst Agr & Life Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Asia Ctr Future Earth Program Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Inst Green Bio Sci & Technol Pyeongchang Campus Pyeongchang 25354 South Korea Boston Univ Dept Earth & Environm Boston MA 02215 USA Natl Inst Forest Sci Forest Ecol & Climate Change Div Seoul 02455 South Korea Natl Inst Forest Sci Res Planning & Coordinat Div Seoul 02455 South Korea

In the Korea Flux Monitoring Network, Haenam Farmland has the longest record of carbon/water/energy flux measurements produced using the eddy covariance (EC) technique. Unfortunately, there are long gaps (i.e., gaps longer than 30 days), particularly in 2007 and 2014, which hinder attempts to analyze these decade-long time-series data. The open source and standardized gap-filling methods are impractical for such long gaps. The data-driven approach using machine learning and remote-sensing or reanalysis data (i.e., interpolating/extrapolating EC measurements via available networks temporally/spatially) for estimating terrestrial CO2/H2O fluxes at the regional/global scale is applicable after appropriate modifications. In this study, we evaluated the applicability of the data-driven approach for filling long gaps in flux data (i.e., gross primary production, ecosystem respiration, net ecosystem exchange, and evapotranspiration). We found that using a longer training dataset in the machine learning generally produced better model performance, although there was a greater possibility of missing interannual variations caused by ecosystem state changes (e.g., changes in crop variety). Based on the results, we proposed gap-filling strategies for long-period flux data gaps and used them to quantify the annual sums with uncertainties in 2007 and 2014. The results from this study have broad implications for long-period gap-filling at other sites, and for the estimation of regional/global CO2/H2O fluxes using a data-driven approach.

关键词： eddy covariance long-term database gap-filling long gap data-driven approach uncertainty

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Persistent global greening over the last four decades using novel long-term vegetation index data with enhanced temporal consistency

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REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT 2024年 311卷

作者： Jeong, Sungchan Ryu, Youngryel Gentine, Pierre Lian, Xu Fang, Jianing Li, Xing Dechant, Benjamin Kong, Juwon Choi, Wonseok Jiang, Chongya Keenan, Trevor F. Harrison, Sandy P. Prentice, Iain Colin Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Integrated Major Smart City Global Convergence Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul South Korea Columbia Univ Dept Earth & Environm Engn New York NY USA Columbia Univ Ctr Learning Earth Artificial intelligence & Phys New York NY USA Seoul Natl Univ Res Inst Agr & Life Sci Seoul South Korea German Ctr Integrat Biodivers Res iDiv Leipzig Germany Univ Leipzig Leipzig Germany Yale Univ Yale Sch Environm New Haven CT 06511 USA Univ Illinois Inst Sustainabil Energy & Environm Agroecosyst Sustainabil Ctr Urbana IL USA Univ Illinois Coll Agr Consumer & Environm Sci Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci Urbana IL USA Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab Climate & Ecosyst Sci Div Berkeley CA USA Univ Calif Berkeley Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management Berkeley CA USA Univ Reading Geog & Environm Sci Reading RG6 6AH England Imperial Coll London Georgina Mace Ctr Living Planet Dept Life Sci Silwood Pk CampusBuckhurst Rd Ascot SL5 7PY England Tsinghua Univ Minist Educ Key Lab Earth Syst Modelling Dept Earth Syst Sci Beijing 100084 Peoples R China

Advanced Very High-Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) satellite observations have provided the longest global daily records from 1980s, but the remaining temporal inconsistency in vegetation index datasets has hindered reliable assessment of vegetation greenness trends. To tackle this, we generated novel global long-term Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Near-Infrared Reflectance of vegetation (NIRv) datasets derived from AVHRR and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). We addressed residual temporal inconsistency through three-step post processing including cross-sensor calibration among AVHRR sensors, orbital drifting correction for AVHRR sensors, and machine learning-based harmonization between AVHRR and MODIS. After applying each processing step, we confirmed the enhanced temporal consistency in terms of detrended anomaly, trend and interannual variability of NDVI and NIRv at calibration sites. Our refined NDVI and NIRv datasets showed a persistent global greening trend over the last four decades (NDVI: 0.0008 yr(-1);NIRv: 0.0003 yr(-1)), contrasting with those without the three processing steps that showed rapid greening trends before 2000 (NDVI: 0.0017 yr(-1);NIRv: 0.0008 yr(-1)) and weakened greening trends after 2000 (NDVI: 0.0004 yr(-1);NIRv: 0.0001 yr(-1)). These findings highlight the importance of minimizing temporal inconsistency in long-term vegetation index datasets, which can support more reliable trend analysis in global vegetation response to climate changes.

关键词： AVHRR MODIS NDVI NIRv Greening trend Orbital drift

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How has COVID-19 impacted the economic resilience of retail clusters?: Examining the difference between neighborhood-level and district-level retail clusters

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CITIES 2023年 140卷 104457页

作者： Che, Jihyun Lee, Jae Seung Kim, Saehoon Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Dept Environm Design Urban Design Concentrat 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Environm Planning Inst 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Integrated Major Smart City Global Convergence 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 South Korea

The spread of COVID-19 greatly restricted physical and economic activities in global cities due to growing fears of infection and lockdown policies. Accordingly, the transfer of shopping activities from traditional markets to e-commerce has accelerated. Urban retail has substantially declined by competing with these disrupting factors, but resilience capabilities are known to vary by scale and regional characteristics. This study identifies which types of retail clusters were more resilient to the economic shock caused by the pandemic. This research focuses on the changes in online and in-store sales and how retailers recovered differently at the neighborhood and district levels in 2019 and 2020. This research compares the resilience of two types of retail clusters by calcu-lating the loss of resilience and online adaptivity. The findings suggest that neighborhood-level retail areas were more resilient and bounced back in sales at a faster rate than district-level retail areas during the pandemic. These findings suggest that retail clusters are more resilient if they have steady populations and low-rent loads and can accommodate online shopping. The study contributes theoretical insights into how sales have changed and how e-commerce has increased the resilience of retail clusters throughout the pandemic by examining in -store and online sales.

关键词： COVID-19 Retail clusters Retail resilience Credit card sales data In-store and online sales

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Evaluation of forest carbon uptake in South Korea using the national flux tower network, remote sensing, and data-driven technology

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AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY 2021年 311卷 108653-108653页

作者： Cho, Sungsik Kang, Minseok Ichii, Kazuhito Kim, Joon Lim, Jong-Hwan Chun, Jung-Hwa Park, Chan-Woo Kim, Hyun Seok Choi, Sung-Won Lee, Seung-Hoon Indrawati, Yohana Maria Kim, Jongho Natl Ctr Agro Meteorol Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Agr & Forest Meteorol Seoul 08826 South Korea Chiba Univ Ctr Environm Remote Sensing Chiba 2638522 Japan Natl Inst Environm Studies Ctr Global Environm Res 16-2 Onogawa Tsukuba Ibaraki 3058506 Japan Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Inst Green Bio Sci & Technol Pyeonchang Campus Pyeongchang 25354 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Res Inst Agr & Life Sci Seoul 08826 South Korea Natl Inst Forest Sci Forest Ecol Div Seoul South Korea Natl Inst Forest Sci Forest ICT Res Ctr Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Coll Agr & Life Sci Dept Agr Forestry & Bioresources Seoul 08826 South Korea

Forests provide most of the carbon sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2);however, accurately quantifying the uptake amount over a region remains challenging. For reginal or national estimates, the forest productivity model and forest inventories are used which provide information for national greenhouse gas inventories. However, it has some limitations, such as not considering below-ground biomass, its lack of species-specific allometric models, the restrictions it places during fieldwork, and the long period it takes to complete the survey. In contrast to inventory-based biomass estimates, the eddy covariance (EC) method can assess net CO2 exchange of a whole ecosystem continuously and automatically with a high temporal resolution. Since, these measurements only represent a site-level observation scale (similar to 1 km(2)), upscaling via linkages with observation data, remote sensing, and modeling methods has been used to estimate regional or national land-atmosphere carbon fluxes. In this study, we employ a data-driven method to estimate the national-scale gross primary production (GPP) and net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) by combining EC flux data from 10 sites in South Korea with remote sensing data through a machine learning algorithm based on support vector regression (SVR) for the period 2000-2018. Site-level evaluation of estimated GPP and NEE from the SVR-based model shows equivalent performance compared to other continental and global upscaled models. The mean estimated annual GPP and NEE of the South Korea forests region over the period 2000-2018 were 1465 +/- 37 and -243 +/- 32 g C m(2) year(-1) respectively. The SVR-based net primary production (NPP) was consistent with the biometric-based NPP = 0.46, p < 0.05). This study shows that combining data from a national flux network and remote sensing using a data-driven approach can be used to estimate forest CO2 fluxes on a national scale.

关键词： Carbon flux Eddy covariance KoFlux Data-driven approach Support vector regression Remote sensing

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Temperature response of soil respiration largely unaltered with experimental warming

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 2016年第48期113卷 13797-13802页

作者： Carey, Joanna C. Tang, Jianwu Templer, Pamela H. Kroeger, Kevin D. Crowther, Thomas W. Burton, Andrew J. Dukes, Jeffrey S. Emmett, Bridget Frey, Serita D. Heskel, Mary A. Jiang, Lifen Machmuller, Megan B. Mohan, Jacqueline Panetta, Anne Marie Reich, Peter B. Reinsch, Sabine Wang, Xin Allison, Steven D. Bamminger, Chris Bridgham, Scott Collins, Scott L. de Dato, Giovanbattista Eddy, William C. Enquist, Brian J. Estiarte, Marc Harte, John Henderson, Amanda Johnson, Bart R. Larsen, Klaus Steenberg Luo, Yiqi Marhan, Sven Melillo, Jerry M. Peuelas, Josep Pfeifer-Meister, Laurel Poll, Christian Rastetter, Edward Reinmann, Andrew B. Reynolds, Lorien L. Schmidt, Inger K. Shaver, Gaius R. Strong, Aaron L. Suseela, Vidya Tietema, Albert Marine Biol Lab Ecosyst Ctr Woods Hole MA 02543 USA Boston Univ Dept Biol Boston MA 02215 USA US Geol Survey Woods Hole Coastal & Marine Sci Ctr Woods Hole MA 02543 USA Netherlands Inst Ecol Dept Terr Ecol NL-6708 PB Wageningen Netherlands Yale Univ Sch Forestry & Environm Studies New Haven CT 06511 USA Michigan Technol Univ Sch Forest Resources & Environm Sci Houghton MI 49931 USA Purdue Univ Dept Forestry & Nat Resources W Lafayette IN 47907 USA Purdue Univ Dept Biol Sci W Lafayette IN 47907 USA Purdue Univ Purdue Climate Change Res Ctr W Lafayette IN 47907 USA Environm Ctr Wales Ctr Ecol & Hydrol Bangor LL57 2UW Gwynedd Wales Univ New Hampshire Dept Nat Resources & Environm Durham NH 03824 USA Univ Oklahoma Dept Microbiol & Plant Biol Norman OK 73019 USA Colorado State Univ Nat Resource Ecol Lab Ft Collins CO 80523 USA Univ Georgia Odum Sch Ecol Athens GA 30601 USA Univ Calif Davis Nat Resource Ecol Lab Davis CA 95616 USA Univ Minnesota Dept Forest Resources St Paul MN 55108 USA Univ Western Sydney Hawkesbury Inst Environm Penrith NSW 2751 Australia Chinese Acad Sci Inst Bot State Key Lab Vegetat & Environm Change Beijing 100093 Peoples R China Univ Calif Irvine Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol Irvine CA 92697 USA Univ Calif Irvine Dept Earth Syst Sci Irvine CA 92697 USA Univ Hohenheim Inst Soil Sci & Land Evaluat D-70593 Stuttgart Germany Univ Oregon Inst Ecol & Evolut Eugene OR 97403 USA Univ New Mexico Dept Biol Albuquerque NM 87131 USA Council Agr Res & Econ Forestry Res Ctr I-52100 Arezzo Italy Univ Minnesota Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav St Paul MN 55108 USA Univ Arizona Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol Tucson AZ 85721 USA CSIC Global Ecol Unit CREAF Cerdanyola Del Valles 08193 Spain CREAF Cerdanyola Del Valles 08193 Spain Univ Calif Berkeley Energy & Resources Grp Berkeley CA 94720 USA Univ Calif Berkeley Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management Berkeley CA 94720 USA Univ Oregon Dept Landscape Architecture Eugene OR 97403

The respiratory release of carbon dioxide (CO2) from soil is a major yet poorly understood flux in the global carbon cycle. Climatic warming is hypothesized to increase rates of soil respiration, potentially fueling further increases in global temperatures. However, despite considerable scientific attention in recent decades, the overall response of soil respiration to anticipated climatic warming remains unclear. We synthesize the largest global dataset to date of soil respiration, moisture, and temperature measurements, totaling > 3,800 observations representing 27 temperature manipulation studies, spanning nine biomes and over 2 decades of warming. Our analysis reveals no significant differences in the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration between control and warmed plots in all biomes, with the exception of deserts and boreal forests. Thus, our data provide limited evidence of acclimation of soil respiration to experimental warming in several major biome types, contrary to the results from multiple single-site studies. Moreover, across all nondesert biomes, respiration rates with and without experimental warming follow a Gaussian response, increasing with soil temperature up to a threshold of similar to 25 degrees C, above which respiration rates decrease with further increases in temperature. This consistent decrease in temperature sensitivity at higher temperatures demonstrates that rising global temperatures may result in regionally variable responses in soil respiration, with colder climates being considerably more responsive to increased ambient temperatures compared with warmer regions. Our analysis adds a unique cross-biome perspective on the temperature response of soil respiration, information critical to improving our mechanistic understanding of how soil carbon dynamics change with climatic warming.

关键词： soil respiration climate change experimental warming temperature sensitivity biome

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Values shift in response to social learning through deliberation about protected areas

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GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE-HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS 2023年 78卷

作者： Andrade, Riley Riper, Carena J. van Goodson, Devin J. Johnson, Dana N. Stewart, William Lopez-Rodriguez, Maria D. Cebrian-Piqueras, Miguel A. Horcea-Milcu, Andra Ioana Lo, Veronica Raymond, Christopher M. Univ Illinois Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci 1102 S Goodwin Ave Urbana IL 61801 USA Univ Florida Dept Wildlife Ecol & Conservat 110 Newins-Ziegler Hall Gainesville FL 32611 USA Univ British Columbia Inst Resources Environm & Sustainabil 2202 Main Mall Vancouver BC 614 Canada Univ Illinois Dept Recreat Sport & Tourism 104 George Huff Hall 1206 S 4th St Champaign IL 61820 USA Univ Oberta Catalunya UOC Internet Interdisciplinary Inst IN3 Barcelona Spain Univ Gottingen Dept Agr Econ & Rural Dev Pl Gottinger Sieben 5 D-37073 Gottingen Germany Inst Adv Sustainabil Studies IASS Berliner Str 130 D-14467 Potsdam Germany Univ British Columbia Fac Forestry Dept Forest & Conservat Sci Vancouver BC Canada Univ Helsinki Helsinki Inst Sustainabil Sci Helsinki Finland Univ Helsinki Fac Biol & Environm Sci Ecosyst & Environm Res Program Helsinki Finland Univ Helsinki Fac Agr & Forestry Dept Econ & Management Helsinki Finland Swedish Univ Agr Sci Dept Landscape Architecture Planning & Management Uppsala Sweden

Salient, long-term solutions to address global environmental change hinge on management strategies that are inclusive of local voices and that recognize the array of values held by surrounding communities. Group-based participatory processes that involve deliberation of multiple stakeholders with varying perspectives-particu-larly social learning-hold promise to advance inclusive conservation by identifying and creating a shared un-derstanding of the landscape. However, few studies have empirically investigated how the value basis of stakeholder deliberation changes over time in relation to social learning. This study provided a novel platform for local stakeholders from Interior Alaska to deliberate on landscape change and associated management practices in ways that shifted their value orientations. In particular, we used a pre-test, post-test experimental design involving mixed methods to measure how different types of values changed as a result of social learning through an online discussion forum. We found evidence that social learning: 1) activated shared values that were pre-viously hidden through building a relational understanding of others, and 2) shifted values that spanned three levels of psychological stability. As hypothesized, social values that represented expressed preferences for landscape change were most likely to shift in association with social learning. Conversely, shifts in individual values towards self-transcendence required learning to go beyond the discussion forum and be situated within the participants' broader communities of practice. Overall, this longitudinal study highlights how social learning facilitated through deliberation presents opportunities to identify shared values and spark value shifts across stakeholder groups, thus incorporating diverse viewpoints into decision-making about global environmental change.

关键词： Social learning Values Deliberation Inclusive conservation

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