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In silico estimation of density, vapor pressure, distillation curve, and octane numbers of gasoline fuels using machine learning

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Fuel 2025年 399卷

作者： Mohan, Balaji Alsaleh, Fatema AlRamadan, Abdullah S. Almbdal, Saud Al-Ammari, Alya Saihati, Zainab Voice, Alexander Badra, Jihad Digital R&D Division Research and Development Center Saudi Aramco Saudi Arabia Sustainable Transport R&D Division Research and Development Center Saudi Aramco Saudi Arabia Research Support Division Research and Analytical Services Department Saudi Aramco Saudi Arabia Corporate Mobile and Web Solutions Division Corporate Applications Department Saudi Aramco Saudi Arabia Advanced Analytical Solutions Division Research and Analytical Services Department Saudi Aramco Saudi Arabia Aramco Americas: Aramco Research Center–Detroit NoviMI United States

This study aimed to develop a machine learning model for accurately estimating gasoline's mixture density, vapor pressure, distillation curve, and research and motor octane numbers (RON and MON) using detailed hydrocarbon analysis (DHA) data to design sustainable fuels. DHA data from over 2200 gasoline samples collected globally were used for model training. The DHA component names were converted into Simplified molecular-input line-entry system (SMILES) representations, a molecular formula language. These SMILES strings were further transformed into molecular descriptors, which capture various physicochemical properties of the molecules. The molecular descriptors were then weighted by the corresponding volume fractions of the DHA components and fed into the model. The model was a SuperLearner ensemble, combining the top five best-performing learners (out of 40 base learners) identified through a data-driven selection process. The model's performance was assessed using Mean Absolute Error (MAE) to evaluate its accuracy on unseen test data. The MAE achieved for mixture density was 0.001 g/cc, vapor pressure was 0.371 psi, distillation curve ranged from 1.110 to 2.764 ∘C, RON was 0.635, and MON was 0.922. Notably, the MAE achieved by the model for the distillation curve and octane numbers was within the established reproducibility tolerances. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd

关键词： Machine learning Molecular descriptors Octane number prediction SuperLearner

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P2P Live Streams of 2010 NHK National School Chorus Contest

P2P Live Streams of 2010 NHK National School Chorus Contest

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11th IEEE International Conference on Peer-to-Peer Computing (P2P)

作者： Yuhara, Hiroaki Digital Services Development Division Programming Department Japan Broadcasting Corporation Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9781457701498

This paper reports on the peer-to-peer (P2P) live streaming service of the regional rounds of NHK National School Chorus Contest, which was held in August and September in 2010. To comply with many requirements from families of contestants in regional rounds, NHK started broadcasting regional contests live through the Internet using proprietary P2P broadcasting systems. The live streams attracted a total of 58,512 viewers nationwide during their entire schedules.

关键词： Nationwide Educational Content Distribution Local TV Content Broadcasting P2P as Broadcasting Broadcasting for Targeted Listeners P2P Live Stream

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P2P live streams of 2010 NHK National School Chorus Contest

P2P live streams of 2010 NHK National School Chorus Contest

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International Conference on Peer-to-Peer Computing

作者： Hiroaki Yuhara Digital Services Development Division Programming Department Japan Broadcasting Corporation Japan

关键词： Peer to peer computing Servers Educational institutions Broadcasting Watches Streaming media Laboratories

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PP01.08 Pilot Study to Evaluate the Potential of the Tumor-Educated Platelets (TEP) as the Tool to Detect Minimal Residual Disease and Drug Resistance

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Journal of Thoracic Oncology 2025年第4期20卷 S6-S6页

作者： Shuta Ohara Kenichi Suda Kazuko Sakai Junko Tanaka Takamichi Muramatsu Chihiro Uematsu Yasuhiro Tsutani Kazuto Nishio Tetsuya Mitsudomi Division of Thoracic Surgery Department of Surgery Kindai University Faculty of Medicine Osakasayama Japan Department of Genome Biology Kindai University Faculty of Medicine Osakasayama Japan Center for Digital Services - Healthcare Research & Development Group Hitachi Ltd. Tokyo Japan Diagnostic System Business Strategy Planning Division Healthcare Business Group Hitachi High- Tech Corporation Tokyo Japan Izumi City General Hospital Izumi Japan

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Predictive Maintenance for Plasma Cleaner by Using Plasma Monitor

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Journal of Japan Institute of Electronics Packaging 2024年第3期27卷 249-258页

作者： Shirouzu, Hiroshi Tanjo, Atsufumi Weng, Zhenxiong Tamura, Koji Mine, Kotaro Ogawa, Shotaro Katsuyama, Chihiro Semiconductor Process Development Department 2 Circuit Formation Processes Coordination Department Process Automation Business Division Panasonic Connect Co. Ltd. 2-7 Matsuba-cho Osaka kadoma City571-8502 Japan Industrial Solutions No.4 Industrial Solutions Digital Division IBM Japan Digital Services Company [IBM Japan Building 19-21 Nihonbashi Hakozaki-cho Chuo City Tokyo103-8501 Japan

Plasma cleaners are used in the assembly process of semiconductors for the purpose of improving wire bondability and improving the adhesiveness of mold sealing resin. Plasma cleaners produce a less volatile reaction than semiconductor front-end processes in which wafers are plasma-processed, so polymer deposition in the chamber progresses faster. Dirt in this chamber will damage the workpiece being machined. On the other hand, from the viewpoint of preventive maintenance, it is necessary to perform maintenance according to the progress of polymer deposition in chamber, and since the degree of polymer deposition in the chamber was unknown, the timing of maintenance could not be estimated. Therefore, we report on a method for estimating the degree of polymer deposition in the chamber using a plasma monitor that measures changes in plasma impedance with an existing sensor required for machine operation. © 2024 Japan Institute of Electronics Packaging. All rights reserved.

关键词： Deposition

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Worldwide trends in population-based survival for children, adolescents, and young adults diagnosed with leukaemia, by subtype, during 2000-14 (CONCORD-3): analysis of individual data from 258 cancer registries in 61 countries (vol 6, pg 409, 2022)

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LANCET CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2022年第7期6卷 E21-E21页

作者： Ssenyonga, Naomi Stiller, Charles Nakata, Kayo Shalkow, Jaime Redmond, Shelagh Bulliard, Jean-Luc Girardi, Fabio Fowler, Christine Marcos-Gragera, Raphael Bonaventure, Audrey Saint-Jacques, Nathalie Minicozzi, Pamela De, Prithwish Rodriguez-Barranco, Miguel Laronningen, Siri Di Carlo, Veronica Magi, Margit Valkov, Mikhail Seppa, Karri Huws, Dyfed Wyn Coleman, Michel P. Allemani, Claudia Cancer Survival Group London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street London UK National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service Public Health England Wellington House London UK Cancer Control Center Osaka International Cancer Institute 3-1-69 Otemae Chuo-ku Osaka City Osaka Japan Instituto Nacional de Pediatría Insurgentes Cuicuilco Coyoacán Ciudad de México Mexico Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine Bern University Bern Switzerland Centre for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté) University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland Neuchâtel and Jura Tumour Registry Neuchâtel Switzerland Cancer Division University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust London UK Division of Medical Oncology 2 Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS Padova Italy Classification and Terminology Technology and Digital Services Ministry of Health Wellington New Zealand Girona Cancer Registry Carrer del Sol Girona Spain CRESS Université de Paris INSERM UMR 1153 Epidemiology of Childhood and Adolescent Cancers Team Villejuif France Department of Medicine and Community Health and Epidemiology Centre for Clinical Research Dalhousie University Halifax NS Canada Surveillance and Cancer Registry and Research Office Clinical Institutes and Quality Programs Ontario Health Toronto ON Canada Granada Cancer Registry Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (EASP) Cuesta del Observatorio 4 Granada Spain Cancer Registry of Norway Oslo Norway Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics National Institute for Health Development Tallinn Estonia Northern State Medical University Arkhangelsk Russia

Background Leukaemias comprise a heterogenous group of haematological malignancies. In CONCORD-3, we analysed data for children (aged 0–14 years) and adults (aged 15–99 years) diagnosed with a haematological malignancy during 2000–14 in 61 countries. Here, we aimed to examine worldwide trends in survival from leukaemia, by age and morphology, in young patients (aged 0–24 years). Methods We analysed data from 258 population-based cancer registries in 61 countries participating in CONCORD-3 that submitted data on patients diagnosed with leukaemia. We grouped patients by age as children (0–14 years), adolescents (15–19 years), and young adults (20–24 years). We categorised leukaemia subtypes according to the International Classification of Childhood Cancer (ICCC-3), updated with International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, third edition (ICD-O-3) codes. We estimated 5-year net survival by age and morphology, with 95% CIs, using the non-parametric Pohar-Perme estimator. To control for background mortality, we used life tables by country or region, single year of age, single calendar year and sex, and, where possible, by race or ethnicity. All-age survival estimates were standardised to the marginal distribution of young people with leukaemia included in the analysis. Findings 164 563 young people were included in this analysis: 121 328 (73·7%) children, 22 963 (14·0%) adolescents, and 20 272 (12·3%) young adults. In 2010–14, the most common subtypes were lymphoid leukaemia (28 205 [68·2%] patients) and acute myeloid leukaemia (7863 [19·0%] patients). Age-standardised 5-year net survival in children, adolescents, and young adults for all leukaemias combined during 2010–14 varied widely, ranging from 46% in Mexico to more than 85% in Canada, Cyprus, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, and Australia. Individuals with lymphoid leukaemia had better age-standardised survival (from 43% in Ecuador to ≥80% in parts of Europe, North America, Oceania, and Asia) than those with ac

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THE AN/UYK‐502(V) MICROCOMPUTER

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Naval Engineers Journal 1979年第2期91卷 173-178页

作者： WILLIAMS, PAUL F. ANDERSON, JOHN M. Mr. Paul F. Williams:received his BS degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Minnesota in December 1965. He joined SPERRY UNIVAC Defense Systems Division in January 1966 where he is now the Manager of the Computer Product Planning Group in the Marketing Department. He has been active in the development of new computer system architectures and new computer development including the AN/UYK-20 and AN/UYK-23. In addition he has worked with a number of Navies in the development of shipboard and landbased systems and has participated in the development of NATO Shipboard Standard Interfaces. Mr. John M. Anderson:received his BS degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Washington in June 1969. He joined SPERRY UNIVAC in July 1970 where he is now a Senior Design Engineer in the Product Development Group. He is currently active in the development of the AN/UYK-520 Microcomputer and additionally has been active in the fields of digital logic design programming and computer testing.

The AN/UYK‐502 Microcomputer is a full‐scale, general‐purpose 16‐bit militarized computer designed to emmulate the AN/UYK‐20 and AN/AYK‐14, and to be implemented in a shipboard system employing distributed system architecture. Ship System Data Busses require microcomputers to be located near or within ship subsystems, with system interconnection being made through a common data bus. To implement this type of system architecture, a low cost, modular microcomputer capable of handling the bus “handshake” through a standard interface is required. The AN/UYK‐502(V) uses software common to minicomputers which allows different computer configurations to be implemented with bus architecture. The resulting system can then be maintained with a single set of support software programs thus significantly lowering system life cycle costs. The computer is offered in three physical packages: the Card Kit, Chassis Assembly, and Cabinet Assembly. Flexible options of the AN/UYK‐502(V) allow the user to tailor the system to the application needs. These options include the Central Processing Expansion Unit;main memory up to 2S6K (where K = 1024);memory parity;choice of 1 to 64 input/output (I/O) channels;parallel and/or serial I/O;and power supply selection. © 1979 American Society of Naval Engineers

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ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE (ATM) OPERATION VIA SATELLITE - ISSUES, CHALLENGES AND RESOLUTIONS

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS 1994年第3期12卷 211-222页

作者： CHITRE, DM GOKHALE, DS HENDERSON, T LUNSFORD, JL MATHEWS, N COMSAT Laboratories 22300 Comsat Drive Clarksburg MD 20871 USA. Received his B.Sc. from the University of Bombay India an M.A. in mathematics from the University of Cambridge U.K. and a Ph.D. in physics from the University of Maryland. He is currently an Associate Executive Director of the Network Technology Division at COMSAT Laboratories. He has been involved in research and development activities in ISDN VSAT networks data communications and network systems and architectures. Prior to his current positions Dr. Chitre was a Principal Scientist in the Network Technology Division at COMSAT Laboratories. Dr. Chitre joined COMSAT Laboratories in 1980. He has made major contributions to the analysis and architecture of data communication ISDN and BISDN via satellite. Dr. Chitre directs and participates in the international and national standards activities in ISDN BISDN and data communication as they apply to satellite communication. He was Chairman of the Working Group on Protocols and Network Timing Function of the CCIR/CCITT Joint Ad Hoc Group on ISDN-Satellite Matters during 1990–1992. Currently he is the Chairman of the Working Group on New Technologies in the ITU Intersector Coordinating Group (ICG) on Satellite Matters. Dr. Chitre was a programme manager during 1990 and 1991 on a contract from INTELSAT on systems studies on satellite communications systems architectures for ISDN and broadband ISDN systems. Currently he is the technical manager of the DoD Contract on ATM via satellite demonstration and the programme manager for the INTELSAT contract on analysis and top-level specification of INTELSAT ISDN subnetworks and SDH compatible transport network. Department manager for ISDN/Data Communications in the Network Technology Division of COMSAT Laboratories. His responsibilities include managing the implementation of next generation telecommunication systems for fixed and mobile satellite systems. Current projects include the development of a high data rate gateway switch that provides for the

Key issues regarding the operation of the broadband integrated services digital network (BISDN) via satellite are presented herein. The specific issues, challenges, and their resolutions are detailed. In particular, the impact of error characteristics and propagation delay on the operation of BISDN via satellite is discussed. Solutions are presented for removing adverse effects and providing high-quality service to users of BISDN via satellite.

关键词： ATM BISDN

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GWAS meta-analysis of over 29,000 people with epilepsy identifies 26 risk loci and subtype-specific genetic architecture

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Nature genetics 2023年第9期55卷 1471-1482页

作者： Remi Stevelink Dorothee Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenite Bobby P. C. Koeleman Dick Lindhout Anja C. M. Sonsma Ciarán Campbell Gianpiero L. Cavalleri Norman Delanty Hany El-Naggar Austin Lacey Peter Widdess-Walsh Colin P. Doherty Siwei Chen Claire Churchhouse Mark J. Daly Yen-Chen A. Feng Daniel P. Howrigan Mitja I. Kurki Benjamin M. Neale Aarno Palotie Wei Zhou Namrata Gupta Henrike O. Heyne Bassel Abou-Khalil Kevin F. Haas R. S. Taneja Oluyomi M. Adesoji Michael Nothnagel Peter Nürnberg Thomas Sander Zaid Afawi Ilan Blatt Amos D. Korczyn Elisabetta Amadori Ganna Balagura Antonella Riva Marcello Scala Paolo Scudieri Pasquale Striano Federico Zara Michele Iacomino Francesca Madia Alison Anderson Patrick Kwan Terence J. O’Brien Slavé Petrovski K. Meng Tan Marian Todaro Joseph Anderson Danielle M. Andrade Quratulain Zulfiqar Ali Grazia Annesi Pauls Auce Andreja Avbersek Simona Balestrini Vera Braatz Claudia B. Catarino Krishna Chinthapalli Jennifer Jamnadas-Khoda Dalia Kasperavičiūte Costin Leu Josemir W. Sander Sanjay M. Sisodiya Sara Zagaglia Melanie Bahlo Karen L. Oliver Mark D. Baker Beata Fonferko-Shadrach William O. Pickrell Carmen Barba Claudia Bianchini Viola Doccini Renzo Guerrini Davide Mei Martino Montomoli Elena Parrini Annalisa Vetro Karen Barboza Fabrice Bartolomei Thomas Bast Bernhard J. Steinhoff Larry Baum Stacey S. Cherny Pak Sham Tobias Baumgartner Christian E. Elger Kerstin Hallmann Wolfram S. Kunz Rainer Surges Randi von Wrede Gábor Zsurka Betül Baykan Nerses Bebek Yeşim Kesim Albert J. Becker Susanne Schoch Felicitas Becker Caitlin A. Bennett Samuel F. Berkovic Stephanie L. Leech Brigid M. Regan Ingrid E. Scheffer Bianca Berghuis Ahmad Beydoun Wassim Nasreddine Francesca Bisulli Lidia Di Vito Lorenzo Ferri Tania Giangregorio Laura Licchetta Raffaella Minardi Barbara Mostacci Carlotta Stipa Paolo Tinuper Lorenzo Muccioli Federica Pondrelli Dheeraj R. Bobbili Emadeldin Hassanin Roland Krause Zied Landoulsi Patrick May Ingo Borggraefe Christian Bosselmann Christian Hengsbach Josua Kegele Stephen Lauxmann Department of Genetics University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht The Netherlands Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN) Heemstede The Netherlands School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Dublin Ireland The FutureNeuro Research Centre Dublin Ireland Department of Neurology Beaumont Hospital Dublin Ireland Department of Neurology St. James’s Hospital Dublin Ireland Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit Department of Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA Program in Medical and Population Genetics Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Cambridge MA USA Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research Broad Institute of Harvard and M.I.T Cambridge MA USA Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM) University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit Department of Psychiatry Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA Division of Biostatistics Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine College of Public Health National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan Hasso Plattner Institute Digital Health Center University of Potsdam Potsdam Germany Hasso Plattner Institute Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York City NY USA Department of Neurology Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville TN USA Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG) University of Cologne Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne Cologne Germany University Hospital Cologne Cologne Germany Department of Neurology Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin Campus Virchow-Clinic Berlin Germany Tel-Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine Ramat Aviv Israel Department of Neurology Sheba Medical Center Ramat Gan Israel Department of Neurosciences Rehabilitation Ophthalmology Genetics Maternal and Child Health University of Genova Genova Italy IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini Genova Italy Department of Medicine University of Melbour

Epilepsy is a highly heritable disorder affecting over 50 million people worldwide, of which about one-third are resistant to current treatments. Here we report a multi-ancestry genome-wide association study including 29,944 cases, stratified into three broad categories and seven subtypes of epilepsy, and 52,538 controls. We identify 26 genome-wide significant loci, 19 of which are specific to genetic generalized epilepsy (GGE). We implicate 29 likely causal genes underlying these 26 loci. SNP-based heritability analyses show that common variants explain between 39.6% and 90% of genetic risk for GGE and its subtypes. Subtype analysis revealed markedly different genetic architectures between focal and generalized epilepsies. Gene-set analyses of GGE signals implicate synaptic processes in both excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the brain. Prioritized candidate genes overlap with monogenic epilepsy genes and with targets of current antiseizure medications. Finally, we leverage our results to identify alternate drugs with predicted efficacy if repurposed for epilepsy treatment.

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Global investments in pandemic preparedness and COVID-19: development assistance and domestic spending on health between 1990 and 2026

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The Lancet Global Health 2023年第3期11卷 e385-e413页

作者： Micah, Angela E. Bhangdia, Kayleigh Cogswell, Ian E. Lasher, Dylan Lidral-Porter, Brendan Maddison, Emilie R. Nguyen, Trang Nhu Ngoc Patel, Nishali Pedroza, Paola Solorio, Juan Stutzman, Hayley Tsakalos, Golsum Wang, Yifeng Warriner, Wesley Zhao, Yingxi Zlavog, Bianca S. Abbafati, Cristiana Abbas, Jaffar Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abdelmasseh, Michael Abdulah, Deldar Morad Abedi, Aidin Abegaz, Kedir Hussein Abhilash, E.S. Aboagye, Richard Gyan Abolhassani, Hassan Abrigo, Michael R.M. Abubaker Ali, Hiwa Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Adem, Mohammed Hussien Afzal, Muhammad Sohail Ahmadi, Ali Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed Rashid, Tarik Aji, Budi Akbarialiabad, Hossein Akelew, Yibeltal Al Hamad, Hanadi Alam, Khurshid Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour Alanzi, Turki M. Al-Hanawi, Mohammed Khaled Alhassan, Robert Kaba Aljunid, Syed Mohamed Almustanyir, Sami Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M. Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J. Amare, Azmeraw T. Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena Amini-Rarani, Mostafa Amu, Hubert Ancuceanu, Robert Andrei, Tudorel Anwar, Sumadi Lukman Appiah, Francis Aqeel, Muhammad Arabloo, Jalal Arab-Zozani, Morteza Aravkin, Aleksandr Y. Aremu, Olatunde Aruleba, Raphael Taiwo Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin Avila-Burgos, Leticia Ayanore, Martin Amogre Azari, Samad Baig, Atif Amin Bantie, Abere Tilahun Barrow, Amadou Baskaran, Pritish Basu, Sanjay Batiha, Abdul-Monim Mohammad Baune, Bernhard T. Berezvai, Zombor Bhardwaj, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhaskar, Sonu Boachie, Micheal Kofi Bodolica, Virginia Botelho, João Silva Botelho Braithwaite, Dejana Breitborde, Nicholas J.K. Busse, Reinhard Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero Catalá-López, Ferrán Chansa, Collins Charan, Jaykaran Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chen, Simiao Chukwu, Isaac Sunday Dadras, Omid Dandona, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dargahi, Abdollah Debela, Sisay Abebe Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar Desye, Belay Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda Diao, Nancy Doan, Linh Phuong Dodangeh, Milad dos Santos, Wendel Mombaque Doshmangir, Leila Dube, John Eini, Ebrahim El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa El Tantawi, Maha Enyew, Daniel Berhanie Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Applied Mathematics University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Nuffield Department of Medicine University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom Department of Juridical and Economic Studies La Sapienza University Rome Italy Antai College of Economics Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China Non-communicable Diseases Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Research Center for Immunodeficiencies Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Multiple Sclerosis Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Children’s Medical Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Tehran Heart Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Faculty of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran National Institute for Health Research Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Pharmacology Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Cardiology Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Digestive Diseases Research Institute Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Neurology Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Social Determinants of Health Research Center Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Epidemiology Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Health Economics and Statistics Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Neurosurgery Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Ophthalmic R

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted gaps in health surveillance systems, disease prevention, and treatment globally. Among the many factors that might have led to these gaps is the issue of the financing of national health systems, especially in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), as well as a robust global system for pandemic preparedness. We aimed to provide a comparative assessment of global health spending at the onset of the pandemic;characterise the amount of development assistance for pandemic preparedness and response disbursed in the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic;and examine expectations for future health spending and put into context the expected need for investment in pandemic preparedness. Methods: In this analysis of global health spending between 1990 and 2021, and prediction from 2021 to 2026, we estimated four sources of health spending: development assistance for health (DAH), government spending, out-of-pocket spending, and prepaid private spending across 204 countries and territories. We used the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and development (OECD)'s Creditor Reporting System (CRS) and the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database (GHED) to estimate spending. We estimated development assistance for general health, COVID-19 response, and pandemic preparedness and response using a keyword search. Health spending estimates were combined with estimates of resources needed for pandemic prevention and preparedness to analyse future health spending patterns, relative to need. Findings: In 2019, at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, US$9·2 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9·1–9·3) was spent on health worldwide. We found great disparities in the amount of resources devoted to health, with high-income countries spending $7·3 trillion (95% UI 7·2–7·4) in 2019;293·7 times the $24·8 billion (95% UI 24·3–25·3) spent by low-income countries in 2019. That same year, $43·1 billion in development assistance was provided

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