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REMARKS ON ETHICS AND VALUES studies AT THE NATIONAL-science-FOUNDATION

ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF scienceS-SERIES 1989年第1期577卷 94-98页

作者： HOLLANDER, RD Ethics and Values Studies U.S. National Science Foundation Washington DC 20550 Dr. Hollander is Program Director Ethics and Values Studies in Science Technology and Society at the National Science Foundation. Her remarks represent her views not those of the Foundation.

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Local organizations and community development: energizing the system

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National Civic Review 1989年第3期78卷

作者： Marilyn Gittell Edward T. Rogowsky Marilyn Gittell is professor of political science and director of the Howard Samuels State Policy and Management Center at the Graduate Center City University Of New York. Edward Rogowsky is associated professor and director urban Studies/Internship Program Brooklyn College and project director at the Wagner Institute of Urban Public Policy at the Graduate Center City University of New York.

The American political process has long been marked by the active role of community and grass-roots organizations. In spite of continued concentration of power at formal levels of government, local and community institutions remain 1) the focus of citizen Involvement 2) the direct providers of services and the advocates of local interests, and 3) frequently the only representatives of lowincome and minority populations, and women. Their record must be preserved and their role reinvigorated.

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science IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND PUBLIC POLICY

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Review of Policy Research 1988年第1期8卷 146-154页

作者： Dunn, William N. Hegedus, Andrea M. Holzner, Burkart Professor in the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs and the School of Library and Information Science University of Pittsburgh and Director of the Program for the Study of Knowledge Use. He is co-director of the NSF-sponsored project titled “The Impact of Science on American Society.” He has authored and edited books articles and government reports in areas of public policy analysis science policy planned social change and research utilization. His recent publications include Public Policy Analysis (1981) Values Ethics and the Practice of Policy Analysis (1983) and Policy Analysis: Perspectives Concepts and Methods (1986). He is presently servings as President of the Policy Studies Organization. currently completing her doctoral studies at the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs University of Pit- tsburgh with a specialization in public policy research and analysis. In the past year she served as a Health Policy Fellow at the Health Policy In- stitute Graduate School of Public Health University of Pittsburgh and as a Visiting Scientist with the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. Her research interests include biomedical science policy technology assess- ment and the social impact of science. Professor of Sociology and Director of the Center for International Studies University of Pittsburgh. He is Director of the NSF-sponsored project titled “The Impact of Science on American Society.” His books include Reality Construction in Society and (as co-author) Knowledge Application: The Knowledge System in Society Identity and Authority Directions of Change: Modernization Theory Research and Realities and Organizing for Social Research. His articles and essays have dealt with issues in socio-logical theory sociology of knowledge compara- tive science development research organizations and knowledge utilization.

In recent years a number of important science policy issues have rentered on questions about the social utility of science. The field of knowledge systems accounting has evolved as a special form of social impact assessment to observe and measure the impact of science on society. A system of social impacts of science (SIS) indicators has been developed as an attempt to represent these complex patterns and relationships. In the final analysis, the causal relevance of science to social performance depends on our capacity to link the complex knowledge system of modern science to the achievement of social goals. Copyright © 1988, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved

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NAVAL SHIP DESIGN - EVOLUTION OR REVOLUTION

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1988年第3期100卷 40-52页

作者： TIBBITTS, BF KEANE, RG RIGGINS, RJ Captain Barry Tibbitts USN: was graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1956 and subsequently served as a gunnery division officer in an attack aircraft carrier and as gunnery officer operations officer and chief engineer in two diesel submarines. He attended MIT from 1962–1965 earning a master of science in mechanical engineering and a naval engineers degree. Early assignments as an engineering duty officer included SRF Yokosuka CINCPACFLT staff and SupShip Pascagoula. From 1976 to 1987 he served in a variety of senior ship design assignments: CVV ship design manager director NAVSEC Hull and Ship Design Divisions director NavSea Ship Design Management and Integration Office commander David Taylor Naval Ship R&D Center and director NavSea Ship Design Group. Recently retired but recalled to active duty he is the professor of naval construction and engineering at MIT. He has received seven personal decorations including two Legion of Merit awards. Robert G. Keane Jr.:is currently the deputy director of the NavSea Ship Design Group. He has been employed by NavSea and its predecessor organizations for over twenty years. He is a graduate of The Johns Hopkins University from which he received his B.E.S. degree in mechanical engineering in 1962. He received his M.E. degree in mechanical engineering in 1967 from Stevens Institute of Technology and in 1970 his M.S.E. degree in naval architecture and marine engineering from the University of Michigan. Mr. Keane held increasingly responsible design positions involving ship arrangements hull equipment hull form and hydrodynamic performance before being selected in 1981 for the Senior Executive Service to be director of the Naval Architecture Subgroup. Following an assignment at the David Taylor Research Center as assistant for transition of ship engineering technology he served as director of the Ship Survivability Subgroup until assuming his current position in 1985. He is an active member of ASNE SNAME and ASE. Robert Riggins:received a B.S. in mechanical

Some fairly radical changes to the naval ship design process occurred during the 1970s. The decade of the 80s has also witnessed a steady stream of changes. One of the most significant was the establishment of the Ship Characteristics Improvement Board (SCIB) in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (OpNav), and the resulting influence on the dialog between the military requirements decision makers and the Navy's ship designers. Other changes have occurred for which the impacts are less clear. These include establishment of the chief engineer of the Navy (ChEng) position, creation of the Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command (SpaWar) and OpNav's “Revolution at Sea” initiative. This paper will describe and discuss these and other changes, and comment on the resultant impact. The authors will attempt to present a global view of the total pattern of changes and try to discern if we are on a path of revolution, or merely normal evolution.

关键词： NAVAL VESSELS

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Joseph Wood Krutch and William Morton Wheeler—Metabiologists

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The Journal of American Culture 1987年第4期10卷

作者： James I. McClintock Director MSU American Studies Program and on the faculty of Lyman Briggs school which emphasizes science/technology studies. He is author of White Logic: Jack London's Short Stories and articles on a variety of literary and cultural topics.

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THE DEEP-VEE HULL FORM - IMPROVES SEAKEEPING AND COMBAT SYSTEM PERFORMANCE

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1987年第3期99卷 39-54页

作者： KEHOE, JW BROWER, KS SERTER, EH Captain James W. Kehoe Jr. USN (Ret.):is well known for his work in comparative naval architecture studies of U.S. and foreign warship design practices for which he received the American Society of Naval Engineer's Gold Medal for 1981 and the Legion of Merit in 1982. He received the ASNE “Jim-mie” Hamilton Award for 1983. He is currently a partner in Spectrum Associates Incorporated Arlington Virginia. Prior to his retirement in 1982 his naval career included sea duty aboard three destroyers and three aircraft carriers including command of a destroyer and engineer officer of an aircraft carrier. Kenneth Brower:is a partner in Spectrum Associates Incorporated a naval engineering firm which he founded in 1978 which is currently engaged in the design of naval ships comparative naval architecture studies and the development of ship design synthesis computer programs. A graduate in naval architecture from the University of Michigan he has contributed to the design of numerous warships and merchant ships as well as several frigate designs for foreign military sales. Mr. Brower has been the author or coauthor of numerous technical studies and articles. He received the ASNE “Jimmie” Hamilton Award for 1983. Erbil Serter:is the director of Hydro Research Systems S.A. Geneva Switzerland. He is a graduate in naval architecture from Sunderland College and the Imperial College of Science and Technology of London University in England where he earned a D. I. C. in aeronautics. Mr. Serter is a Fellow of the Royal Institution of Naval Architects and a member of the Royal Society of Aeronautics. His interest in deep-Vee hull forms began with his involvement in the early investigations of fast patrol boat design concepts. In the early 1970s he developed a 200-ton FPB design with a deep- Vee hull form called the SAR-33 fourteen of which have been built for Turkey. Since 1974 Mr. Serter has been developing deep-Vee hull form designs between 600- and 7000-tons.

A unique deep-Vee hull form has been developed and model tested in Europe for use in the design of corvette and frigate sized ships. The seakeeping performance of this new deep-Vee hull form, whose proportions are suitable for ship operations in a displacement mode at conventional speed-to-length ratios, exceeds the performance of ships with more conventional round-bilge hull forms. It promises to provide a 4,500-ton frigate with the speed, course selectivity, and combat system performance equivalent to that of larger destroyers when operating in the high latitudes of the North Atlantic, especially during the winter season. The authors describe and compare the seakeeping performance of two 4,500-ton frigates, one with a deep-Vee and the other with a round-bilge hull. They discuss the impact of differences in seakeeping performance on combat system availability. From the standpoint of incorporating a deep-Vee hull form into a ship design, certain features of a deep-Vee hull form affect ship proportions, calm water resistance, hull structure (particularly hull girder bending moments), stability, deck area, arrangements, propulsion plant configuration, light ship weights and centers of gravity, and acquisition and life cycle costs differently than a round-bilge hull form. Based on a comparative feasibility design study of two frigates of about 4,500-tons, one with a deep-Vee and the other with a round-bilge hull, the authors quantify the impact of these differences on a ship design.

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U. S. NAVAL ACADEMY'S NEW YARD PATROL CRAFT: FROM CONCEPT TO DELIVERY.

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Naval Engineers Journal 1987年第1期99卷 37-58页

作者： Compton, Roger H. Chatterton, Howard A. Hatchell, Gordon McGrath, Frank K. Roger H:. Compton is a Webb graduate who since 1966 has been a part of the naval architecture faculty at the U.S. Naval Academy. Since accepting the appointment to the Academy he has been instrumental in establishing the ABET accredited major program in naval architecture in the conceptual design and operation of the Naval Academy Hydromechanics Laboratory and in the conceptual design of the 108-ft yard patrol craft. Besides his Naval Academy involvement he serves as an adjunct professor with Virginia Polytechnic Institute in its NAVSEA Institute graduate program at Crystal City. He is an active member of both ASNE and SNAME and has published technical papers with both societies. Howard A. Chatterton:began his career as a Navy coop student at the Boston Naval Shipyard in 1960. He received his bachelor's degree in naval architecture and marine engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1966 and his master's degree in 1968. He was employed by the Preliminary Design Division of BuShips in the submarine design and hydrofoil design groups until 1972 when he joined the Coast Guard's Naval Engineering Division. He remained with the Design Branch until 1981 when he accepted a faculty position at the U.S. Naval Academy as the research director for the Academy's hydromechanics laboratory. He has recently returned to Coast Guard Headquarters as the assistant chief Naval Architecture Branch Office of Merchant Marine Safety. Gordon Hatchell:is a naval architect at the Naval Sea Combat Systems Engineering Station Norfolk Virginia in the Combatant Craft Engineering Department. He served as lead-ship YP project engineer from its inception to delivery and continues to serve as project coordinator on follow-up ship procurements. He has worked on other boat procurements as well as serving as weight and stability coordinator. Mr. Hatchell began his engineering career in the Design Division at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard in Portsmouth Virginia after receiving a BS in civil engineering from Virginia Polytec

The design of the new 108-ft yard patrol craft (YPs) for the U. S. Naval Academy is described from its beginnings as a senior midshipman design project, through its preliminary and contract design development at the U. S. Navy's small craft design team headquarters, Naval Sea Combat Systems Engineering Station, Norfolk, Virginia (NAVSEACOMBAT-SYSENGSTA-Norfolk). During preliminary and contract design the Naval Academy Hydromechanics Laboratory (NAHL) provided experimental data to support NAVSEA-COMBATSYSENGSTA-Norfolk's design analyses in powering, seakeeping, and maneuvering. Several tradeoff studies of interest to patrol craft designers are presented. Major events in the detail design and construction of the first boat are described from both the designer's and the shipbuilder's points of view. The launching, builder's and sea trials of the first boat are described.

关键词： NAVAL VESSELS

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THE SPACE-SHUTTLE program - A POLICY FAILURE

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science 1986年第4754期232卷 1099-1105页

作者： LOGSDON, JM Director of the Graduate Program in Science Technology and Public Policy George Washington University Washington DC 20052.

The 5 January 1972 announcement by President Richard Nixon that the United States would develop during the 1970's a new space transportation system—the space shuttle—has had fundamental impacts on the character of U.S. space activities. In retrospect, it can be argued that the shuttle design chosen was destined to fail to meet many of the policy objectives established for the system; the shuttle's problems in serving as the primary launch vehicle for the United States and in providing routine and cost-effective space transportation are in large part a result of the ways in which compromises were made in the 1971-72 period in order to gain White House and congressional approval to proceed with the program. The decision to develop a space shuttle is an example of a poor quality national commitment to a major technological undertaking.

关键词： Spacecraft orbits Space shuttles Spacecraft launching Government budgets Executive branch Orbiters Cost estimates Air forces Manned space flight Space technology

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ENERGY POLICY: HOW FAILURE WAS SNATCHED FROM THE JAWS OF SUCCESS

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Review of Policy Research 1985年第3期4卷 433-444页

作者： Kashand, Don E. Rycroft, Robert W. DON E. KASH is George Lynn Cross Research Professor of Polltlcal Science and Research Fellow in Science and Public Policy at the University of Oklahoma. From 1978 through 1981 he served as Chief of the Consstvatlon Division U.S. Ceolcgical Survey. Currently he chairs the Committee on National Dredging Issues National Research Council. Dr. Kashls research interests are in the areas of science policy and energy policy. ROBERT W. RYCROFT is Assistant Professor of Public Affairs and Political Science and Deputy Director of the Graduate Program in Science Technology and Public Policy The George Washington University. He completed his Ph.D. at the University of Oklahoma and has held research and teaching positions a t Oklahoma Princeton and the University of Denver. Dr. Rycroft's research interests are in the areas of science and technology policy energy policy and bureaucratic politics.

Prior to the energy crisis of 1973, the U.S. did not have an energy policy. The failure of the American political system to anticipate and respond to the changing facts of energy was an inevitable outcome of the way policy is made. Consistent with tradition, the search for a consensus was begun from 1973–1980. The U.S. abandoned cheap energy as a high priority and adopted secure, abundant and clean energy. Conservation came to be viewed as a source of energy along with nuclear power and synfuels. Price deregulation was the most important policy tool. The Reagan administration upset this consensus and substituted the market place as the means for maximizing supplies rather than reduce demand. The federal role was limited to bringing publicly‐owned bonds into the marketplace. At the same time, it reduced RED and concern for the environment. Thus, the Reagan administration succeeded in snatching failure from the jaws of success. Copyright © 1985, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved

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SPACE COMMERCIALIZATION - HOW SOON THE PAYOFFS

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FUTURES 1984年第1期16卷 71-78页

作者： LOGSDON, JM John M. Logsdon is Director of the Graduate Program in Science Technology and Public Policy at George Washington University Washington DC 20052 USA

Space advocates have increasingly promoted the commercial potential of space activities to justify public expenditures for space programs. Satellite communications will continue to be a viable space enterprise; however, transportation services for satellite launching have limited commercial prospects. The commercial viability of on-orbit services will be dependent upon the development of a large-scale space industry based on materials processing and space manufacturing. While space manufacturing may yield potentially high payoffs to the private sector, these will not be realized in the short term. A substantial amount of research into real space business opportunities must be conducted before sizable private investments are made in space manufacturing. In addition, space manufacturing will require the development of an extensive orbital infrastructure which will take years to complete. Space advocates should stress the scientific and exploration benefits of the space program rather than its remote economic payoffs.

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