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Real-time Optimization of Trajectories that Guarantee the Rendezvous of Mobile Robots

Real-time Optimization of Trajectories that Guarantee the Re...

引用

IEEE/RSJ International Conference on intelligent Robotics and systems

作者： Sven Gowal Alcherio Martinoli Distributed Intelligent Systems and Algorithms Laboratory School of Architecture Civil and Environmental Engineering Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne.

ISBN: (纸本)9781467317375

Since the 1960s, consensus problems have puzzled the minds of many researchers in fields ranging from computer science to information aggregation. In this work, although specifically addressing the rendezvous problem for a team of mobile robots, we develop a methodology that can also be applied to other consensus problems, where optimality is important and where non-holonomicity characterizes the system at hand. In particular, we consider a group of differential-wheeled robots endowed with noisy relative positioning capabilities. We develop a distributed, real-time optimization method based on a receding horizon controller that minimizes a user-defined cost whilst guaranteeing the rendezvous. Finally, we perform experiments on real robots to confirm the validity of our approach.

关键词： ranging where non-holonomicity positioning rendezvous Mobile robots distance measurement trajectory optimization method Patient Positioning computer science optimality Robot

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Low-cost collaborative localization for large-scale multi-robot systems

Low-cost collaborative localization for large-scale multi-ro...

引用

IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)

作者： Amanda Prorok Alexander Bahr Alcherio Martinoli Distributed Intelligent Systems and Algorithms Laboratory School of Architecture Civil and Environmental Engineering Ecole Polytechnique Fédéral de Lausanne Switzerland

Large numbers of collaborating robots are advantageous for solving distributed problems. In order to efficiently solve the task at hand, the robots often need accurate localization. In this work, we address the localization problem by developing a solution that has low computational and sensing requirements, and that is easily deployed on large robot teams composed of cheap robots. We build upon a real-time, particle-filter based localization algorithm that is completely decentralized and scalable, and accommodates realistic robot assumptions including noisy sensors, and asynchronous and lossy communication. In order to further reduce this algorithm's overall complexity, we propose a low-cost particle clustering method, which is particularly well suited to the collaborative localization problem. Our approach is experimentally validated on a team of ten real robots.

关键词： Robot kinematics Robot sensing systems Clustering algorithms Complexity theory Collaboration Partitioning algorithms

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Online model estimation of ultra-wideband TDOA measurements for mobile robot localization

Online model estimation of ultra-wideband TDOA measurements ...

引用

IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)

作者： Amanda Prorok Lukas Gonon Alcherio Martinoli Distributed Intelligent Systems and Algorithms Laboratory School of Architecture Civil and Environmental Engineering Ecole Polytechnique Fédéral de Lausanne Switzerland

Ultra-wideband (UWB) localization is a recent technology that promises to outperform many indoor localization methods currently available. Yet, non-line-of-sight (NLOS) positioning scenarios can create large biases in the time-difference-of-arrival (TDOA) measurements, and must be addressed with accurate measurement models in order to avoid significant localization errors. In this work, we first develop an efficient, closed-form TDOA error model and analyze its estimation characteristics by calculating the Cramér-Rao lower bound (CRLB). We subsequently detail how an online Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm is adopted to find an elegant formalism for the maximum likelihood estimate of the model parameters. We perform real experiments on a mobile robot equipped with an UWB emitter, and show that the online estimation algorithm leads to excellent localization performance due to its ability to adapt to the varying NLOS path conditions over time.

关键词： Mathematical model Base stations Equations Estimation Measurement uncertainty Robots Position measurement

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A new collision warning system for lead vehicles in rear-end collisions

A new collision warning system for lead vehicles in rear-end...

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IEEE Symposium on intelligent Vehicle

作者： Adrian Cabrera Sven Gowal Alcherio Martinoli Distributed Intelligent Systems and Algorithms Laboratory School of Architecture Civil and Environmental Engineering Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Switzerland

Collision Warning systems (CWS) are safety systems designed to warn the driver about an imminent collision. A CWS monitors the dynamic state of the traffic in realtime by processing information from various proprioceptive and exteroceptive sensors. It assesses the potential threat level and decides whether a warning should be issued to the driver through auditory and/or visual signals. Several measures have already been defined for threat assessment and various CWS have been proposed in literature. In this paper, we will focus on two time-based measures that assess both front and rear collision threats. In particular, a new threat metric, the time-to-last-second-acceleration (T lsa ), for lead vehicles in rear-end collision is proposed and compared with its counterpart, the time-to-last-second-braking (T lsb ) [18]. The T lsa is a novel time-based approach that focuses on the lead vehicle (as opposed to the following vehicle). It inherits the properties of the T lsb and, as such, is coherent with the human judgement of urgency and severity of threats. It directly quantifies the threat level of the current dynamic situation before a required evasive action (i.e. maximum acceleration) needs to be applied. Furthermore, different warning thresholds are proposed by considering the average driver reaction time. Its effect on decreasing the severity of a rear-end collision is studied and its reliability is tested using a well-established physics-based robotics simulator, namely Webots [13].

关键词： Vehicles Acceleration Visualization Vehicle dynamics Sensors Equations Mathematical model

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Real-time automated modeling and control of self-assembling systems

Real-time automated modeling and control of self-assembling ...

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IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)

作者： Grégory Mermoud Massimo Mastrangeli Utkarsh Upadhyay Alcherio Martinoli Distributed Intelligent Systems and Algorithms Laboratory (DISAL) School of Architecture Civil and Environmental Engineering École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Switzerland

We present the M 3 framework, a formal and generic computational framework for modeling and controlling stochastic distributed systems of purely reactive robots in an automated and real-time fashion. Based on the trajectories of the robots, the framework builds up an internal microscopic representation of the system, which then serves as a blueprint of models at higher abstraction levels. These models are then calibrated using a Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) algorithm. We illustrate the structure and performance of the framework by performing the online optimization of a bang-bang controller for the stochastic self-assembly of water-floating, magnetically latching, passive modules. The experimental results demonstrate that the generated models can successfully optimize the assembly of desired structures.

关键词： Robots Computational modeling Trajectory Aerospace electronics Coordinate measuring machines Stochastic processes Real time systems

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Measuring sensible heat flux with high spatial density

Measuring sensible heat flux with high spatial density

引用

IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium, SAS

作者： Alexander Bahr Chris Evans Alcherio Martinoli Hendrik Huwald Chad Higgins Marc Parlange Distributed Intelligent Systems and Algorithms Laboratory School of Architecture Civil and Environmental Engineering Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland Environmental Fluid Mechanics and Hydrology School of Architecture Civil and Environmental Engineering Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland

Sensible heat flux is an essential quantity in the surface energy budget. Information about it is crucial for the derivation of models of air-surface interaction which in turn are needed for larger scale climate models. Sensible heat flux varies greatly across short distances and thus many sensors are required in order to obtain measurements of sufficient spatial density. The standard measurement method however requires expensive equipment which constrains the deployment of a large number of sensors. Our work implements a method relying only on the variance of the measured temperature to compute the sensible heat flux. We first verify the validity of this method and then modify Sensorscope, a commercially available weather station, to capture the required data. The resulting setup is able to provide sensible heat flux measurements with high spatial density in near real time at negligible additional cost.

关键词： Temperature sensors Temperature measurement Heating Microcontrollers Fluid flow measurement Frequency measurement

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Two-phase online calibration for infrared-based inter-robot positioning modules

Two-phase online calibration for infrared-based inter-robot ...

引用

2011 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on intelligent Robots and systems

作者： Sven Gowal Amanda Prorok Alcherio Martinoli Distributed Intelligent Systems and Algorithms Laboratory School of Architecture Civil and Environmental Engineering Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Switzerland

Multi-robot systems can solve complex tasks that require the coordination of the team-member positions with respect to each other. While the development of ad-hoc relative positioning platforms embedding cheap off-the-shelf components is a practical choice, it leads not only to differences between the platforms themselves, but also to a high sensitivity to external factors. In this paper, we present a novel lightweight online calibration method composed of two phases, capable of running on miniature robots with limited computational capabilities. Furthermore, by exploiting a Gaussian process regression in its second phase, the proposed calibration approach is able to capture deviations from an assumed underlying physical model. We compare the performance of our approach with the theoretical Cramér-Rao lower bound and test its efficiency on real robots equipped with range and bearing modules.

关键词： Calibration Receivers Mathematical model Robot sensing systems Least squares approximation Ground penetrating radar

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A reciprocal sampling algorithm for lightweight distributed multi-robot localization

A reciprocal sampling algorithm for lightweight distributed ...

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2011 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on intelligent Robots and systems

作者： Amanda Prorok Alcherio Martinoli Distributed Intelligent Systems and Algorithms Laboratory School of Architecture Civil and Environmental Engineering Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Switzerland

This work is situated in the context of collaboratively solving the localization problem for unknown initial conditions. We address this problem with a novel, fully decentralized, real-time particle filter algorithm, designed to accommodate realistic robotic assumptions including noisy sensors, and asynchronous and lossy communication. In particular, we introduce a collaborative reciprocal sampling algorithm which allows a drastic reduction in the number of particles needed to achieve localization. We elaborate an analysis of our reciprocal sampling method and support our conclusions with simulation results. Finally, we validate our approach on a team of four real robots within a controlled experimental setup.

关键词： Robot kinematics Manganese Robot sensing systems Mathematical model Collaboration Equations

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Bayesian rendezvous for distributed robotic systems

Bayesian rendezvous for distributed robotic systems

引用

2011 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on intelligent Robots and systems

In this paper, we state, using thorough mathematical analysis, sufficient conditions to perform a rendezvous maneuver with a group of differential-wheeled robots endowed with an on-board, noisy, local positioning system. In particular, we extend the existing framework of noise-free, graph-based distributed control with a layer of Bayesian reasoning allowing to solve the rendezvous problem more efficiently in presence of uncertainties and in a probabilistically sound way. Finally we perform extensive experiments with a team of four real robots, and simulation with their corresponding simulated counterpart, to confirm the benefits of our Bayesian approach.

关键词： Nickel Equations Robot sensing systems Noise Noise measurement Mathematical model

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A trajectory-based calibration method for stochastic motion models

A trajectory-based calibration method for stochastic motion ...

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2011 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on intelligent Robots and systems

作者： Ezequiel Di Mario Grégory Mermoud Massimo Mastrangeli Alcherio Martinoli Distributed Intelligent Systems and Algorithms Laboratory (DISAL) School of Architecture Civil and Environmental Engineering École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Switzerland

In this paper, we present a quantitative, trajectory-based method for calibrating stochastic motion models of water-floating robots. Our calibration method is based on the Correlated Random Walk (CRW) model, and consists in minimizing the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) distance between the step length and step angle distributions of real and simulated trajectories generated by the robots. First, we validate this method by calibrating a physics-based motion model of a single 3-cm-sized robot floating at a water/air interface under fluidic agitation. Second, we extend the focus of our work to multi-robot systems by performing a sensitivity analysis of our stochastic motion model in the context of Self-Assembly (SA). In particular, we compare in simulation the effect of perturbing the calibrated parameters on the predicted distributions of self-assembled structures. More generally, we show that the SA of water-floating robots is very sensitive to even small variations of the underlying physical parameters, thus requiring real-time tracking of its dynamics.

关键词： Trajectory Drag Force Robots Stochastic processes Calibration Manganese

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