作者：
C A CiesielskiR P MetlerSurveillance Branch
Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention-Surveillance and Epidemiology National Center for HIV STD and TB Prevention Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta Georgia 30333 USA.
Through December 1994, 41 healthcare workers with a documented seroconversion to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in temporal association to an occupational exposure were reported to the Centers for Disease control ...
Through December 1994, 41 healthcare workers with a documented seroconversion to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in temporal association to an occupational exposure were reported to the Centers for Disease control and prevention (CDC). Each tested positive for HIV antibodies within 12 months of the occupational exposure. Two (5%) of the 41 tested negative for HIV antibodies >6 months following the occupational exposure but were seropositive within 12 months of the injury. Both denied any subsequent exposures to HIV after the initial exposure, and in one case genetic sequencing confirmed the source of the infection. Four of the healthcare workers took postexposure zidovudine prophylaxis; each reported an acute retroviral syndrome within 6 weeks of their exposure, and each of the four seroconverted to HIV within 6 months of the exposure. Our data suggest that zidovudine prophylaxis does not delay the development of HIV antibodies beyond 6 months. Because many of the healthcare workers had follow-up testing at irregular intervals, with long periods between tests, it was not possible to define precisely when seroconversion occurred. However, our findings are compatible with previously published estimates that 95% of infected persons will develop HIV antibodies within 6 months of infection.
A marginal likelihood approach to fitting the proportional hazards model to interval censored or grouped data is proposed;this approach maximises a likelihood that is the sum over al rankings of the data that are cons...
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A marginal likelihood approach to fitting the proportional hazards model to interval censored or grouped data is proposed;this approach maximises a likelihood that is the sum over al rankings of the data that are consistent with the observed censoring intervals. As in the usual proportional hazards model, the method does not require specification of the baseline hazard function. The score equations determining the maximum marginal likelihood estimator can be written as the expected value of the score of the usual proportional hazards model, with respect to a certain distribution of rankings. A Gibbs sampling scheme is given to generate rankings from this distribution, and stochastic approximation is used to solve the score equations. Simulation results under various censoring schemes give-point estimates that are close to estimates obtained using actual failure times.
Recently, a HIV-dependent upmodulation of the p75 tumour necrosis factor receptor (TNFr75) was observed using latently-infected OM-10.1 promyelocytes;although the participation of TNFr75 in HIV-1 activation remained u...
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Recently, a HIV-dependent upmodulation of the p75 tumour necrosis factor receptor (TNFr75) was observed using latently-infected OM-10.1 promyelocytes;although the participation of TNFr75 in HIV-1 activation remained undefined, Here, using receptor cross-linking by agonistic antibodies, no direct HIV-1 activation via TNFr75 was observed, Signalling via the p55 tumour necrosis factor receptor (TNFr55) accounted for the full extent of HIV-1 activation in OM-10.1 cultures. However, in tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) dose titration experiments, antibody blockade of TNFr75 decreased the dose response markedly, indicating a ligand passing function, TNFr75 blockade did not alter the dose response to agonistic TNFr55 antibody induction;verifying that the effect on the TNF-alpha dose response was not due to negative signalling or cytolysis, These results demonstrate that, although not directly involved in signal transduction resulting in HIV-1 activation, TNFr75 can serve a critical ligand passing function and permit continued HIV-1 expression during limited TNF-alpha availability. (C) 1996 Academic Press Limited
The provision of counselling and testing (CT) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is an important component of publicly funded HIV prevention efforts in the US and is routinely provided in sexually transmitted dise...
Background. The ethnic and geographical variations of aids prevalence among Injection drug users (IDU) have highlighted the need to understand the role of the relevant rIsk factors in specific subpopulatlons of IDU. I...
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Tuberculosis has plagued mankind since prehistoric times and is still an important source of morbidity and mortality, with particularly devastating effects in developing and tropical countries. Tuberculosis results fr...
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ISBN:
(数字)9783642801662
ISBN:
(纸本)9783642801686
Tuberculosis has plagued mankind since prehistoric times and is still an important source of morbidity and mortality, with particularly devastating effects in developing and tropical countries. Tuberculosis results from an infection with Myeo baeterium tubereu/osis, and the World Health Organization estimates that perhaps as much as one-third of the world's population or approximately 1. 9 billion persons are or have been infected with M. tubereu/osis. Each year, there are 8-10 million new cases of tuberculosis and about 3 million deaths due to it. Indeed, tuberculosis is the leading cause of death in adults due to a single infectious agent and accounts for ap proximately 26% of all preventable adult deaths in the world. In addition, tuberculosis is an enormous social and economic problem because approximately 95% of new cases occur in developing countries and because about 80% of tuberculosis cases affect persons of child-bearing age and du ring their most economically productive years (ages 15-59). Tuberculosis has also re-emerged as an important public health problem in many developed countries. For example, between 1985 and 1992, the number of tuberculosis cases reported to the United States Centers for Disease control and prevention increased by more than 20%. Similarly, Austria experienced a 5% increase in tuberculosis cases from 1987 to 1991, Ireland a 9% increase from 1988 to 1991, Denmark a 20% increase from 1987 to 1992, and Italy a 27% increase from 1988 to 1992.
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