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7th International Conference European Society for Precision engineering and Nanotechnology, EUSPEN 2007

作者： Leach, R.K. Engineering and Process Control Division National Physical Laboratory Hampton Road Teddington MiddlesexTW11 0LW United Kingdom

ISBN: (纸本)0955308224

The National Physical Laboratory has recently developed a probe for use in an instrument that can measure traceably areal surface texture. The instrument has a range of 8 mm by 8 mm in the xy plane and 0.1 mm in the z axis. In operation the surface being measured is mounted on a co-planar air bearing slideway that moves it in the xy plane. A mechanical stylus contacts the surface and its displacement is measured using plane mirror differential interferometry. The stylus is attached to a hollow cylindrical air bearing that guides its motion. The probing force is controlled by an electromagnet that comprises two coils and a permanent magnet. The stylus contacts the surface through a hole in a Zerodur mirror block that reflects the reference beams of the interferometer. This configuration effectively ensures that any motion or thermal effects on the metrology frame are minimised due to the differential nature of the interferometer. The design and construction of the probe is described and some preliminary results are presented. © euspen Headquarters.

关键词： Probes

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Mass balance and composition analysis of shredder residue

Mass balance and composition analysis of shredder residue

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2007 World Congress

作者： Pomykala Jr., Joseph A. Jody, Bassam J. Spangenberger, Jeffrey S. Daniels, Edward J. Process Engineering and Analysis Section Energy Systems Division Argonne National Laboratory 9700 S. Cass Avenue Argonne IL 60439 United States

The process of shredding end-of-life vehicles to recover metals results in a byproduct commonly referred to as shredder residue. The four and a half million metric tons of shredder residue produced annually in the United States is presently land filled. To meet the challenges of automotive materials recycling, the U.S. Department of Energy is supporting research at Argonne National Laboratory in cooperation with the Vehicle Recycling Partnership (VRP) of the United States Council for Automotive Research (USCAR) and the American Plastics Council. This paper presents the results of a study that was conducted by Argonne to determine variations in the composition of shredder residue from different shredders. Over 90 metric tons of shredder residues were processed through the Argonne pilot plant. The contents of the various separated streams were quantitatively analyzed to determine their composition and to identify materials that should be targeted for recovery. The analysis established a reliable mass balance for the different materials in shredder residue. Copyright © 2007 SAE International.

关键词： Pilot plants

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Thermoplastic separation and recovery from various mixed scrap plastics by the argonne developed froth flotation technology

Thermoplastic separation and recovery from various mixed scr...

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Society of Plastics Engineers - Global Plastics Environmental Conference, GPEC 2007 - Environmental Innovation: Plastics Recycling and Sustainability

作者： Pomykala Jr., Joseph A. Jody, Bassam J. Daniels, Edward J. Argonne National Laboratory Process Engineering and Analysis Section Energy Systems Division Argonne National Laboratory 9700 S. Cass Avenue Argonne IL 60439 Processes Engineering and Analysis Section Energy Systems Division Argonne National Laboratory

ISBN: (纸本)9781604238945

Argonne National Laboratory has developed a froth flotation technology to separate various polymers from one another, including the separation of acrylo-nitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) from polystyrene. This technology, which separates overlapping density materials from one another in an aqueous solution, has been successful in the separation and recovery of polymers from various waste streams generated in the United States and the European Union. These streams have included shredder residue, white goods, small home appliance scrap, and electronics scrap. Presently Argonne is extending the process to separate and recover polymers from shredder residue which is a byproduct from the recovering of metals from end of life vehicles, home appliances and other metal containing materials. This work is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy and is done in cooperation with the Vehicle Recycling Partnership of the United States Council for Automotive Research (USCAR) and the American Plastics Council. This paper describes the Argonne processes as they were applied to a variety of mixed scrap plastic streams.

关键词： Thermoplastics

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Application of infrared thermal imaging to map stress distributions in a solid oxide fuel cell

Application of infrared thermal imaging to map stress distri...

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30th Fuel Cell Seminar

作者： Clague, R. Aguiar, P. Brett, D.J.L. Marquis, A.J. Schottl, S. Simpson, R. Brandon, N.P. Department of Mechanical Engineering Imperial College London United Kingdom Department of Earth Science and Engineering Imperial College London United Kingdom Engineering and Process Control Division National Physical Laboratory Teddington United Kingdom

ISBN: (纸本)9781566775496

The application of infrared thermal imaging to the study of solid oxide fuel cell components with applied thermal gradients is demonstrated. Thermal imaging of a technologically relevant SOFC sample was carried out while a temperature gradient was induced by heating the sample in a furnace and blowing cold nitrogen at its centre. Subsequently the stress field in the sample was determined by a novel method of converting the thermal image into nodal temperatures for a finite element analysis. Asymmetry in the temperature distribution across the samples was marked, whereas previous versions of the thermal gradient experiment had assumed axisymmetry. © The Electrochemical Society.

关键词： Thermal gradients

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Low Cycle Isothermal Fatigue Properties of Lead-free Solders

Low Cycle Isothermal Fatigue Properties of Lead-free Solders

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Electronics Packaging Technology Conference (EPTC)

作者： Milos Dusek Christopher Hunt Engineering and Process Control Division National Physical Laboratory Teddington UK

A major concern is the reliability of the solder joints, which has traditionally been predicted using modeling techniques with established SnPb solder materials data. Although the mechanical behavior of lead-free solders is known to be different from that of their traditional counterparts, there is a dearth of credible measurement methods, in order to evaluate the likely lead-free solder performance. However, currently available test instruments do not readily meet these constraints. This paper describes a new approach developed at NPL to overcome these constraints, resulting in the design of an instrument IPTM (Interconnect Properties Test Machine), with a sample geometry that permits small solder volumes to be studied in pure shear [Ref 1 pp.468]. Example data are presented and illustrate how the low cycle fatigue resistance of solders can be characterized. Advantages of the new approach include: (i) it can accommodate various solder alloys and surface coatings, (ii) the solder joint volumes mirror those in modern assemblies, (iii) the solder is under shear, (iv) the samples are relatively easy to manufacture, (v) the construction of the specimen allows direct microscopic examination during the test at room temperature. A 4-point measurement system for resistance monitoring has also been evaluated and found to correlate well with load decreases recorded during fatigue testing of solders. The results of this study reveal that lead-free solders at high temperatures have increased lifetimes when creep constitutes major part of mechanical cycle. A route to predict a fundamental reliability variable of solder has been identified.

关键词： Isothermal processes Fatigue Environmentally friendly manufacturing techniques Lead Testing Soldering Instruments Temperature Materials reliability Predictive models

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Global optimization for integrated design and control of computationally expensive process models

Global optimization for integrated design and control of com...

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作者： Egea, Jose A. Vries, Dirk Alonso, Antonio A. Banga, Julio R. Process Engineering Group IIM-CSIC Eduardo Cabello 6 36208 Vigo Spain Systems and Control Group Wageningen University P. O. Box 17 6700 AA Wageningen Netherlands

The problem of integrated design and control optimization of process plants is discussed in this paper, We consider it as a nonlinear programming problem subject to differential-algebraic constraints. This class of problems is frequently multimodal and "costly" (i.e., computationally expensive to evaluate). Thus, on the one hand, local optimization techniques usually fail to locate the global solution, and, on the second hand, most global optimization methods require many simulations of the model, resulting in unaffordable computation times. As an alternative, one may consider global optimization methods which employ surrogate-based approaches to reduce computation times and which require no knowledge of the underlying problem structure. A challenging wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) benchmark model1 is used here to evaluate the performance of these techniques. Numerical experiments with different optimization solvers indicate that the proposed benchmark optimization problem is indeed multimodal, and that via global optimization we can achieve an improvement of the controllers' performance compared to the best tuned controllers' settings available in the literature. Moreover, these results show that surrogate-based methods may reduce computation times while ensuring convergence to the best known solutions. © 2007 American Chemical Society.

关键词： systems analysis

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Metabolic flux estimation - A self-adaptive evolutionary algorithm with singular value decomposition

Metabolic flux estimation - A self-adaptive evolutionary alg...

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作者： Yang, Jing Wongsa, Sarawan Kadirkamanathan, Visakan Billings, Stephen A. Wright, Phillip C. Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering University of Sheffield Mappin Street Sheffield SI 3JD United Kingdom Department of Chemical and Process Engineering University of Sheffield Mappin Street Sheffield S1 3JD United Kingdom

Metabolic flux analysis is important for metabolic system regulation and intracellular pathway identification. A popular approach for intracellular flux estimation involves using 13C tracer experiments to label states that can be measured by nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry or gas chromatography mass spectrometry. However, the bilinear balance equations derived from 13C tracer experiments and the noisy measurements require a nonlinear optimization approach to obtain the optimal solution. In this paper, the flux quantification problem is formulated as an error-minimization problem with equality and inequality constraints through the 13C balance and stoichiometric equations. The stoichiometric constraints are transformed to a null space by singular value decomposition. Self-adaptive evolutionary algorithms are then introduced for flux quantification. The performance of the evolutionary algorithm is compared with ordinary least squares estimation by the simulation of the central pentose phosphate pathway. The proposed algorithm is also applied to the central metabolism of Corynebacterium glutamicum under lysine-producing conditions. A comparison between the results from the proposed algorithm and data from the literature is given. The complexity of a metabolic system with bidirectional reactions is also investigated by analyzing the fluctuations in the flux estimates when available measurements are varied. © 2007 IEEE.

关键词： Metabolism

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The Mimo Predictive Pid controller Design

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Asian Journal of control 2008年第4期4卷

作者： M.H. Moradi M.R. Katebi M.A. Johnson Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering University of Strath-clyde Glasgow GI 1QE UK. Dr. Moradi is a Lecturer in the Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering University of Bu-Ali Sina in Iran. He obtained the BSc and MSc in 1991 and 1993 from the Sharif University of Technology and Tarbiat Modarres University respectively. Dr. Moradi joined the Bu-Ali Sina University in 1993. In 2002 he obtained his PhD degree from the University of Strath-clyde Glasgow Scotland. His theoretical research interests include predictive PID control advanced classical control generalised predictive control system identification and fault monitoring robust control design computer networks and more recently control through networks. His industrial interests are in the areas of large-scale systems especially power systems and power plant modelling and control supervisory control and process control. Dr. Moradi has published a number of Journal and Conference papers. Dr. Katebi is a senior lecturer in the Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering University of Strathclyde. His theoretical research interests are currently focused on Non-linear Control and Filtering for Complex Systems Autonomous Control Design System integration and Fault monitoring and Reconfiguration Plant Monitoring through the Internet Discrete Event Simulation Process Optimisation and Robust Control Design. The industrial research interests are in the area of Hot and Rolling for Steel and Aluminium Power Plant Modelling and Control Marine Control Systems Process Control and Wastewater Treatment Control. Dr Katebi is the author/co-author of four books and more than 150 papers and industrial reports. Professor Johnson's academic education began at Coventry University (1969) and continued under the supervision of Professor Greyham Bryant in the field of Control Systems at Imperial College London. He obtained the DIC MSc and PhD from Imperial College leaving for industry in 1978. Subsequent experience was in the

This paper is concerned with the design of Multi-Inputs and Multi-Outputs (MIMO) predictive PID controllers, which have similar performance to that obtainable from model-based predictive controllers. A new PID control structure is defined which incorporates the prediction of future outputs and uses future set point. A method is proposed to calculate the optimal values of the PID gains from generalised predictive control results. A decentralized version of the predictive PID controllers is presented and the stability of the closed loop system is studied. Simulation studies demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed controller compared with a conventional PID controller. The results are also compared with generalised predictive control solutions.

关键词： PID control design predictive PID MIMO controller optimisation

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Metabolic Flux Estimation from Incomplete Labelling Measurements Using the Expectation/Conditional-Maximisation Algorithm

Metabolic Flux Estimation from Incomplete Labelling Measurem...

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IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (CIBCB)

作者： S. Wongsa V. Kadirkamanathan S.A. Billings P.C. Wright Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering University of Sheffield Sheffield UK Department of Chemical and Process Engineering University of Sheffield Sheffield UK

In this work, the problem of metabolic flux estimation is formulated as a problem of parameter estimation from incomplete labelling data. The expectation/conditional maximisation (ECM) algorithm is used to determined a maximum-likelihood (ML) estimate because of its simplicity and stable convergence. We propose to simplify a nonlinear inverse problem, generally numerically solved by an iterative optimisation algorithm, to a linear regression problem which is arrived at from a linear-in-the-parameter formulation during a partial optimisation process of the ECM algorithm. Three linear least square algorithms, the ordinary least squares (LS), the total least squares (TLS) and the constrained least squares (CLS), have been tested to solve the linear regression in this step. Using simulations, resulting parameter estimates and errors in flux estimation are compared and evaluated. The performance of the algorithms are investigated under two scenarios; when the labelling data are corrupted by a wide range of noise and when the labelling data are incompletely observed. Results suggest that the estimates from the ECM algorithm using CLS produce results superior to other combinations and have potential to be refined to improve its performance in metabolic flux estimation

关键词： Labeling Iterative algorithms Least squares methods Electrochemical machining Parameter estimation Maximum likelihood estimation Linear regression Convergence Inverse problems Testing

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MODEL-BASED OPTIMISATION AND control OF THE HOT-ROLLING process FOR THE DESIGN OF STEEL MICROSTRUCTURE

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IFAC Proceedings Volumes 2007年第11期40卷 255-260页

作者： Miguel Angel Gama Mahdi Mahfouf IMMPETUS (Institute for Microstructural and Mechanical Process Engineering: The University of Sheffield) Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering The University of Sheffield Sheffield S1 3JD UK

A new integrated approach to carry-out advanced optimisation and control of the hot-rolling of steel is presented. The proposed design includes two stages: (1) OPTIMISATION: Genetic Algorithms and physically-based models describing the kinetics of dynamic microstructural behavior are used, along with an optimisation criterion, to set-up the optimal rolling schedule; (2) control: advanced control strategies, including Model-based Predictive control, are used to guarantee the optimal performance of the mill during the rolling process. The overarching aim of this research work is to integrate knowledge about both the stock and the rolling process to find optimal hot-deformation profiles and achieve the desired final steel microstructure and properties.

关键词： Steel Manufacture and Industry Predictive control Genetic Algorithms Optimisation

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