检索结果-内蒙古大学图书馆

A Survey of Kraft Cooking control Models

IFAC Proceedings Volumes 1980年第4期13卷 561-573页

作者： E.A.A. Jutila Division of Control Engineering Department of Process Engineering University of Oulu Linnanmaa SF-90570 Oulu 57 Finland

A survey of general kraft cooking control principles, especially of control models has been done. Basic assumptions, model principles, major and auxiliary variables used as well as updating of models have been considered. A variety of theoretical and experimental models published are described in the text provided with the control applicability points of view of the models.

关键词： Pulp industry process control industrial control computer applications modeling

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

AN EVALUATION OF ENERGY-CONSERVATION APPROACHES FOR SURFACE SHIPS

引用

NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1980年第2期92卷 252-263页

作者： RAINS, DA STILES, HR HO, SPK Dr. Dean A. Rains Director of Advanced Programs and IRBD. Ingalls Shipbuilding Division Litton Industries Pascagoula Miss. has been an active member of ASNE since 1970. a frequent contributor to the Naval Engineers Journal and a participant at ASNE Day meetings as both an Author and a Discusser. He is an Associate Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics has twenty-three years experience in the field of Naval Engineering and is a graduate of the California Institute of Technology from which he received his B.S. degree (1950) and his M.S. degree (1952). both in Mechanical Engineering. and his Ph.D. degree (1954) in Mechanical Engineering and Mathematics. Mr. H. Richard Stiles graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1965. Prior to leaving the naval service in 1970 he was designated as a Naval Aviator and authored two Patents one for an aircraft optical glide slope reference system and the second for an intercommunications system for air traffic control. As an author he has had technical papers published by SNAME — “Planning Hull Structure” — and by the Offshore Technology Conference — “A Fourth Generation Crewboat.” At the present time he serves as an Engineering Specialist for the Hull Technical Department at Ingalls Shipbuilding Division. Mr. Stephen P.K. Ho is also with Ingalls Shipbuilding Division where since 1970 he has worked on various phases of naval engineering and advanced studies. He received both his B.S. and M.S. degrees in Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering from the University of Michigan in 1958 and 1959 respectively. and prior to joining Ingalls Shipbuilding Division also worked with other Marine Firms in ship design particularly in computer applications to Preliminary Design the Construction Process and the Management Information System. Besides ASNE which he joined in January 1980. he is a member of SNAME.

Lower Fleet operating costs and independence from foreign fossil fuel resources are the goals of energy conservation efforts for Navy surface ship. This paper describes an evaluation of a wide variety of energy conservation approaches. A standard 20-knot, 300-hour Destroyer mission is established so that all of the approaches can be compared on a total fuel required basis. The approaches studied include use of aluminum hull construction; light weight machinery; trail-shaft or cross-connect operation for twin screw ships; improved performance propulsors; advanced power plant types, such as COGAS or cruise engines; use of energy storage techniques to improve ship service generator performance; electrical load reductions; improved performance ship service generators; hull drag reductions; crew size reductions; design margin reduction; reduced performance requirement (such as top speed); and habitability standard reductions. The overall results can be effected by reductions in range requirements as well. Mission duration was held constant at 45 days throughout the study. The results of the study indicate that the combination of these various possible improvements may reduce the fuel used to be as low as one-third of the current levels. Weight reductions are very effective for achieving significant fuel savings.

关键词：

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

WATER-ENERGY CONSERVATION IN NAVY SHIPS

引用

NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1980年第2期92卷 264-270页

作者： SCHATZBERG, P MCPHEE, AD KELLY, CM LARD, EW Mr. Pad Schatzberg received his B.S. degree in Chemistry from Western Maryland College and his M.S. degree in Chemistry from Duke University. He is currently a Senior Research Chemist in the Environmental Protection Division David W. Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center. He has authored I7 technical papers and holds two patents in the areas of Physical Chemistry Lubrication and Wear and Environmental Protection. He is a member of the American Chemical Society and is listed in AmericanMen andWomen ofScience. Mr. Archie D. McPhee received his B.S. degree in Chemical Engineering from the University of Alberta (Canada) and his M.E. degree in Chemical Engineering from New York University. He is currently a Chemical Engineer in the Environmental Protection Division David W. Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center. Previously he was a Research Chemical Engineer at the National Marine Fisheries Service and a Process Engineer for Conoco FMC B.F. Goodrich and Exxon Corporations. He is a member of the American Institute of Professional Engineers Canadian Council of Engineers Alberta Association of Professional Engineers and the Water Pollution Control Federation. Mr. Charles M. Kelly received his B.S. degree in Chemical Engineering from the University of Maryland. He is currently a Chemical Engineer in the Environmental Protection Division David W. Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center where his efforts have focused on solving engineering problems in pollution abatement and energy conservation. He holds two patents dealing with a reduced-flow. water-conserving bathing shower. Mr. Edwin W. Lard received his B.S. degree in Chemistry from Arkansas State University and his M.S. degree in Organic Chemistry from Memphis State University. He is currently a Chemist in the Environmental Protection Division David W. Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center. Previously he was a Research Supervisor at the Washington Research Center of W.R. Grace and Company a Senior Chemist for th

Maintaining adequate underway production of fresh water for potable and boilerfeed consumption her been a chronic problem for many Navy ships for decades. Although “energy free” low pressure auxiliary exhaust steam is used in water production, a recent investigation ( Naval Engineers Journal , April 1976) concluded that a significant net energy cost is involved. This energy cost has become more significant due to 1) the rapid rise in fuel costs and 2) the reduction in available auxiliary exhaust steam as the Navy's Energy Conservation Program becomes implemented. Indeed, as the Navy's ships begin to increase their operating efficiency, the energy cost of fresh water will rice. Many ships exceed their water allocation of 30 gal/man-day by 10 to 20 gallons. A goal was set to demonstrate that potable water consumption can be reduced by 20 to 25 gal/mm-day without Impairing “Hotel” services by the use of water conserving approaches such as reduced-flow showers; a modified laundry procedure; installation of flow meters at key locations; and other techniques. This conservation was demonstrated successfully during extended underway periods in USS Saratoga (CV-60) and USS Jonas Ingram (DD-938). Fleet-wide implementation of these conservation approaches could save the Navy millions of dollars.

关键词：

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

SEAKEEPING BY DESIGN

引用

NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1980年第2期92卷 157-178页

作者： COMSTOCK, EN KEANE, RG Mr. Edward N. Comstock is currently Head of the Surface Ship Hydrodynamics Section (SEA 32132) of the Hull Form Design Performance and Stability Branch Naval Sea Systems Command. He received his B.S.E. degree in Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering in 1970 and his M.S. degree in Ship Hydrodynamics in 1974 both from the University of Michigan. Mr. Comstock began his professional career with the U.S. Navy in 1974 as a Seakeeping Specialist in the Hull Form and Fluid Dynamics Branch of the former Naval Ship Engineering Center being involved in improving the design of naval ships through the integration of R&D technology advances into the ship design process. His efforts prior to 1980 were mainly aimed at developing and establishing Seakeeping Performance Assessment and Design Practices. Other responsibilities have included numerous ship performance investigations in still water and in the sea environment in support of ship design and specific Fleet problems. Prior to his employment by the Navy he worked in the Structural and Hydrodynamic Groups of General Dynamics' Electric Boat Division. There his activities spanned the areas of Submarine structural and Hydrodynamic Design and Construction. A member of ASNE since 1978. he is also a member of ASE and SNAME and has been active in supporting the efforts of the SNAME H-7 (Seakeeping) Panel the National Science Foundation (NSF). and the NATO Naval Armaments Group 6/Sub-Group 5 (Seakeeping). Mr. Robert G. Keane Jr. is presently Head of the Hull Form Design. Performance and Stability Branch (SEA 3213). Ship Design and Integration Directorate (SEA 03). Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA). He received his B.E.S. degree in Mechanical Engineering from The Johns Hopkins University in 1962. his M.S. degree in Mechanical Engineering from the Stevens Institute of Technology in 1967. and his M.S.E. degree in Naval Architecture from the University of Michigan in 1970. Additionally he has done graduate work in Management Science and Operations Research at The Johns Ho

“Seakeeping … is the ability of our ships to go to sea, and Successfully and safely execute their missions despite adverse environmental factors.” — VAdm. R.E. Adamson. USN In June 1975, VAdm. R.E. Adamson, USN, then Commander Naval Surface Forces, U.S. Atlantic Fleet, addressed the participants of the Seakeeping Workshop [1] and established what has come to be a most profound definition of seakeeping as it relates to the U.S. Navy. In those few words he identified the two major issues facing the operator today and provided the focus for all subsequent seakeeping efforts within the design community at the Naval Sea systems Command (NAVSEA). For it is these two hues of mission sum and safety at sea which are addressed within NAVSEA, for each new ship design and for ships in the Fleet, in terms of: SEAKEEPING PERFORMANCE — Ability to execute mission in a sea environment, and SEAWORTHINESS — Ability to survive in an extreme sea environment. In the past, the design of ships exhibiting superior seakeeping performance and seaworthiness and seaworthiness has been looked upon by many as an art or an academic exercise. The objective of this paper then is to demonstrate clearly that the ability of our ships to execute their missions successfully and safely in a sea environment is not by chance but by design.

关键词：

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

THE EFFECT OF THERMAL FABRICATION PRACTICES ON ALUMINUM

引用

NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1980年第5期92卷 37-43页

作者： HAY, RA HOLTYN, CH Mr. Robert A. Hayis currently a Welding Consultant and prior to his retirement in 1977 was the Director of Welding. Engineering & Technical Services Department. Reynolds Metals Company a position he had held since 1974. He received his formal education in Pennsylvania and New Jersey with additional studies in Welding Metallurgy at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA). after which he spent seven years at the New York Naval Shipyard where he was a Welding Supervisor in charge of underwater welders (divers) and other specialized welding applications. Subsequent thereto he worked for the Linde Company Division Union Carbide Corporation in the R&D Laboratory on the development of the inert gas-welding processes TIG and MIG and as a Technical Sales Representative. In 1959. he joined the Engineering Services Department Reynolds Metals Company as a Welding Engineer where he specialized in cryogenic applications welder training programs and marine construction and was the Resident Welding Engineer in New Orleans. La. during the construction of the 306-foot all-aluminum Trailer shipSacal Borincano.In 1963 he accepted a position with Aero jet General Von Karman Center Azusa Calif. as a Process Engineer on the development of the aluminum and stainless steel propulsion systems for the APOLLO and ABLESTAR Space Vehicles. during which time he promoted the use of an electron beam welding system and a high strength aluminum alloy to produce the reliability required of the APOLLO Space Unit. Mr. Hay rejoined the Reynolds Metals Company as Chief Welding Engineer where he produced the first high speed technical movie “The Effect of Arc Variation on Aluminum Welds” and also developed the widely used technical comic book “MIG Welding Aluminum”with Pete and Harry which was later translated into the Parsi language for use in the Mideast. A Life Member of the American Welding Society a Past Chairman of the Welding and Joining Committee and a Past Member of SNAME. he has contributed numerous technical papers

Various thermal practices may be used during metal fabrication. Although certain operations are routine for steel, they are not for aluminum. The properties of aluminum are different from those of steel, and the effect of high temperature on each metal is different. Aluminum does not experience any color change while being heated to the melting point. Temperature control is essential in order to prevent damage, to minimize the loss of mechanical properties, and to safeguard against reduced corrosion resistance. Hot forming and flame straightening can be used effectively to fabricate aluminum provided adjustments are made to the shipyard's routine steel practices. Even with the best procedures the post thermal properties of thick, heavy, aluminum parts may be below the published minimums. Accordingly, parts that are exposed to high temperatures for extended periods of time should be designed with reduced properties in mind. Ship structures must meet prescribed fairness tolerances. Distorted aluminum assemblies can be brought within standards through the use of a flame/quench technique. The shipyard's procedures must be approved for Navy work and scrupulously followed by trained crews in order to obtain acceptable results.

关键词：

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

SHINPADS — A NEW SHIP INTEGRATION CONCEPT

引用

Naval Engineers Journal 1979年第2期91卷 155-163页

作者： CARRUTHERS, JAMES F. CANADIAN FORCES Cdr. James F. Carruthers is a native of Drumheller Alberta Canada. He joined the Royal Canadian Navy in 1961 and attended the Royal Roads Military College from 1961 to 1963 receiving his BE degree in Electrical Engineering. Following Pre-Fleet Training he was assigned to HMCS Gatineau for watchkeeping and engineering training. Work on the prototype AN/SQS-505 Sonar ASROC Missile System and the prototype ASW Data System (ASWDS) followed including shipboard installation and evaluation of the system in HMCS Terra Nova during which time he was the “guinea pig” Combat Systems Engineer. Later during the construction phase of the Canadian Navy's Combined Support Center he acted as Principal Engineer subsequently returning to graduate studies at the Nova Scotia Technical College in 1971 from which he received his Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering designing and building a computer intended for ship machinery health monitoring in the process. Posted to Headquarters in 1974 he served as Project Officer for a mini command and control system known as ADLIPS his additional interests being that of originating plasma and digital television developments. It was during this period that the SHINPADS concept was first put forward and following a year at the Canadian Forces Command and Staff College he was promoted to his present rank in 1977 and posted as Head of the Naval Command and Control Design Authority (DCMS 7). Cdr. Carruthers is a registered Professional Engineer (Ontario). and as an author has had several technical papers published on digital design machinery health monitoring and the SHINPADS concept. At the present time he is Assistant Director Maritime Combat Systems at the National Defense Headquarters in Ottawa where his current responsibilities include all aspects of C2systems. A member of ASNE since February 1978 he is also a member of IEEE U.S. Naval Institute and the IEEE Computer Society.

The Shipboard Integrated processing And Display System (SHINPADS) is a Canadian Forces Trademark, and is not really a system. It is rather a concept of ship integration. Not combat system integration or propulsion and machinery system integration but ship integration. It encompasses the entire ship system including all combat system equipments, marine engineering systems, and extending into administrative support hardware. It is a concept based upon the idea of synergism, a property which is best explained by stating the whole is greater than the sum of its constituent parts. When the normal horizons of the subsystem designer are discarded and the entire ship is considered as an entity, the number of constituent parts available increases dramatically. But how does one “get it all together”? A distributed system approach in which former local subsystem equipments are made to function as global ship resources is the answer. Whereas until recently (where shipboard computers were concerned) “bigger was better,” a distributed approach requires more numerous small processors to be considered. Of course information must be made available to all processors, so a high speed data exchange method must be provided. Enter the SHINPADS Data Bus which not only provides this “ship central nervous system” capability but replaces tons of point‐to‐point wiring in the process. Other aspects of the concept include standardization of hardware, software, and interfacing. The SHINPADS concept is Considered to provide redundancy and system survivability at a reduced life‐cycle cost. It is suggested that such survivability cannot otherwise be achieved. © 1979 American Society of Naval Engineers

关键词：

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

THE AUTOMATIC DATA LINK PLOTTING SYSTEM (ADLIPS)

引用

Naval Engineers Journal 1979年第2期91卷 185-191页

作者： CARRUTHERS, JAMES F. CANADIAN FORCES Cdr. James F. Carruthers is a native of Drumheller Alberta Canada. He joined the Royal Canadian Navy in 1961 and attended the Royal Roads Military College from 1961 to 1963 receiving his BE degree in Electrical Engineering. Following Pre-Fleet Training he was assigned to HMCS Gatineau for watchkeeping and engineering training. Work on the prototype AN/SQS-505 Sonar. ASROC Missile System and the prototype ASW Data System (ASWDS) followed including shipboard installation and evaluation of the system in HMCS Terra Nova during which time he was the “guinea pig” Combat Systems Engineer. Later during the construction phase of the Canadian Navy's Combined Support Center he acted as Principal Engineer subsequently returning to graduate studies at the Nova Scotia Technical College in 1971 from which he received his Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering designing and building a computer intended for ship machinery health monitoring in the process. Posted to Headquarters in 1974 he served as Project Officer for a mini command and control system known as ADLIPS his additional interests being that of originating plasma and digital television developments. It was during this period that the SHINPADS concept was first put forward and following a year at the Canadian Forces Command and Staff College he was promoted to his present rank in 1977 and posted as Head of the Naval Command and Control Design Authority (DCMS 7). Cdr. Carruthers is a registered Professional Engineer (Ontario) and as an author has had several technical papers published on digital design machinery health monitoring and the SHINPADS concept. At the present time he is Assistant Director Maritime Combat Systems at the National Defense Headquarters in Ottawa where his current responsibilities include all aspects of C2systems. A member of ASNE since February 1978 he is also a member of IEEE U.S. Naval Institute and the IEEE Computer Society.

The Automatic Date Link Plotting System (ADLIPS) about to enter production in Canada might be described as a “poor man's NTDS.” It has been designed to operate actively on both Link 11 and Link 14, integrate current ship sensors, control weapon designation, and to provide synthetic and raw radar pictures to the command. Displays include three‐man, 22‐inch, horizontally mounted CRTs, remote plasmas for applications such as the Bridge and EW Office, and a hard copy plotter. One of the design objectives of ADLIPS was to avoid inventing anything. The displays, computer, bulk storage, et cetera, were all chosen from “off‐the‐shelf” equipments. The production version will incorporate standard USN equipments in the form of the AN/UYK‐20 minicomputer and AN/USH‐26 cartridge magnetic tape. The only “new” elements are some unique interface cards and the computer software. The prototype received in excess of one year's evaluation in a land based test site followed by a year's operation at sea. Over two years of failure free operation demonstrated the viability of the concept, with the result that a program is underway to outfit all Canadian Navy surface warships. Due to its modularity, capability, and low cost ADLIPS is considered to be a prime candidate for fitment in a variety of NATO and Allied Navies. © 1979 American Society of Naval Engineers

关键词：

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

SHIP SYSTEM SEAKEEPING EVALUATION - STOCHASTIC APPROACH

引用

NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1979年第6期91卷 33-46页

作者： JOHNSON, RA CARACOSTAS, NP COMSTOCK, EN Mr. Robert A. Johnson is currently a Naval Architect in the Hull Group (SEA 32) Ship Design and Integration Directorate Naval Sea Systems Command. He received his Associate in Engineering degree in Drafting and Design Technology in 1959 his B.S. degree in Aerospace Engineering in 1965 and his M.S. degree in Engineering Mechanics in 1970 all from Pennsylvania State University. In 1973 he was selected for the Navy's Long-Term Training Program at the University of Michigan from which he received his M.S.E. degree in Naval Architecture in 1974. Mr. Johnson began his professional career at the Ordnance Research Laboratory Pennsylvania State University in 1959 where he was involved in the design of hydroelastic submarine models and conducted research in the area of flow-induced structural vibrations. Subsequently he joined HRB-Singer at State College Pennsylvania in 1967 as a Research Engineer and in 1969 joined the former Naval Ship Engineering Center (NAVSEC) where he was employed in the Submarine Structures Branch Surface Ship Structures Branch and the Performance and Stability Branch of the Hull Division. Currently he is the CASDAC Hull System Technical Director and also Head of the Surface Ship Hydrodynamics Section (SEA 32133) Naval Architecture Division Naval Sea Systems Command a member of ASE SNAME and Tau Beta Pi and one of the Navy Subcommittee Members of the Ship Structures Committee. Mr. Nicholas P. Casacostas is currently a Section Chief for Naval Architecture in the Washington D.C. office of M. Rosenblatt & Son Inc. His professional career has been in both Navy and commercially related fields and he has had published several technical papers dealing with the subjects of Ship Propulsion and Hydrodynamics as well as Shipping Economics and Operations. A member of ASNE since 1977 he also is a member of the Royal Institute of Naval Architects and SNAME and presently serving on the latter's H-2 (Resistance and Propulsion) Panel. Mr. Edward N. Comstock is currently a Seakeeping Speciali

The recent trend in Naval Forces has been a shrinking Fleet in both numbers and ship size. This dictates that our ships must have greater operational effectiveness if the Navy is to continue to carry out its mission in the future as it has done in the past. The seakeeping performance of a ship is a major determinant of its overall operational effectiveness. The methodology presented in this paper is a comprehensive approach to the evaluation of a ship's seakeeping performance. The scope of this methodology encompasses the assessment of ship mission scenarios and the relative importance of associated mission requirements as well as the probabilistic description of the uncertainties imposed by the variable ocean environment. The methodology is presented in a general sense so that the seakeeping performance of a ship's configuration can be evaluated as a function of mission scenario, mission area, sea state, ship heading, and speed. In order to utilize the full potential of the methodology, more refined scenario descriptions and more accurate environment specifications must be obtained. A simplified example is presented in which a comparison of the operational effectiveness of two small hull forms is made, using information now available to the designer. It is anticipated that the methodology presented can be used not only as a powerful tool in the decision-making process of practical ship design, but also as the basis for parametric studies of mission strategies.

关键词：

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Algorithms for On-line Computer control of Steel Ingot processing

引用

IFAC Proceedings Volumes 1978年第1期11卷 131-137页

作者： James R. Cook Edward J. Longwell Chester L. Nachtigal Senior Staff Engineer Applied Math and Physics Research Division ARMCO Steel Corporation Middletown Ohio Process Engineer E. I. duPont Parkersburg W. Virginia Associate Professor Automatic Control Center School of Mech. Engineering Purdue University Lafayette Indiana

A substantial proportion of steel production is provided in cast ingot form. These ingots are reheated in a soaking pit furnace to provide metallurgically acceptable conditions for the subsequent slabbing process. Substantial savings in processing cost can be realized as a direct consequence of efficient scheduling between successive operations. Efficiency is improved by appropriately choosing from a limited inventory of ingots of known thermal history, and by charging, and firing the furnaces according to strategies which can satisfy the slab mill demand while minimizing cost. An on-line model of ingot thermal behavior has been developed to provide estimates of thermal profile and heat content at each processing stage between teeming and slabbing. This algorithm provides a consistent basis for ranking the utility of various processing options for meeting slab mill demand. Once the charging decision has been made and firing has commenced, it is necessary to monitor and control the reheating process to meet actual demand. An on-line calculation of the thermal state is used to project ingot thermal profiles since these cannot usually be measured directly. The furnace set-point can be modified to insure that the ingots achieve the soaked condition as required by slabbing demand. This paper describes a compact, on-line interactive control algorithm using a suboptimal but practical firing strategy which minimizes fuel cost and slab mill delay.

关键词： Ingot soaking process ingot temperature gradient optimal control ready-to-roll time real-time control soaking pit firing strategy sub-optimal practical control

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

An Lsi Circuit Linking Microprocessor, Operator, And Valve

引用

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics and control Instrumentation 1976年第3期IECI-23卷 254-257页

作者： Przvbvlskl, Frank J. Demark, Anthony Hohmann, Jere Senior Development Engineer Honeywell Inc. Process Control Division Fort Washington Pennsylvania United States Supervisor Microprocessor Control Systems Honeywell Inc. Process Control Division Fort Washington Pennsylvania United States Manager Digital Technology Development Leads and Northrup North Wales Pennsylvania United States

The availability of low cost, reliable, microprocessors has substantially reduced the cost and widened the applicability of digital control. This paper describes a custom MOS IC that fulfills the need of a modern, microprocessor based digital system to have a reliable, cost effective, interface between the microprocessor, operator, and valve. © 1976, IEEE. All right reserved.

关键词： Large scale integration Circuits Joining processes Microprocessors Valves Displays Costs Automatic control Switches process control

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

建议与咨询留下您的常用邮箱和电话号码，以便我们向您反馈解决方案和替代方法

时间限定

文献类型

馆藏选择

核心期刊

语言

文献类型

帮助

文字说明：

检索规则说明：

检索范例：

分类表

所选分类

限定检索结果

文献类型

馆藏范围

日期分布

学科分类号

主题

机构

作者

语言

请选择保存的检索档案：

请选择收藏分类：

通借通还

建议与咨询 留下您的常用邮箱和电话号码，以便我们向您反馈解决方案和替代方法

时间限定

文献类型

馆藏选择

核心期刊

语言

文献类型

帮助

文字说明：

检索规则说明：

检索范例：

分类表

所选分类

限定检索结果

文献类型

馆藏范围

日期分布

学科分类号

主题

机构

作者

语言

请选择保存的检索档案： 新增检索档案 确定 取消

请选择收藏分类： 新增自定义分类 确定 取消

通借通还

建议与咨询留下您的常用邮箱和电话号码，以便我们向您反馈解决方案和替代方法

请选择保存的检索档案：

请选择收藏分类：