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SmartBot 2025年

作者： Yuanbiao Ma Xuanyu An Qijun Yang Mingxue Cai Zhiqiang Tang Jinke Chang Veronica Iacovacci Tiantian Xu Li Zhang Qianqian Wang Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments School of Mechanical Engineering Southeast University Nanjing China Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Robotics and Intelligent System Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen China Department of Mechanical Engineering National University of Singapore Queenstown Singapore Department of Engineering Science University of Oxford Oxford UK Department of Surgical Biotechnology Division of Surgery & Interventional Science Centre for Biomaterials in Surgical Reconstruction and Regeneration University College London London UK BioRobotics Institute Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna Pisa Italy Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna Pisa Italy Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China Chow Yuk Ho Technology Center for Innovative Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China Multi-Scale Medical Robotics Center Hong Kong Science Park Hong Kong China

Magnetic continuum robots (MCRs) have garnered substantial attention as a new class of flexible robotic systems capable of navigating complex and confined spaces with remarkable dexterity. By combining continuous, deformable structures with remotely applied magnetic fields, MCRs achieve contactless, remote manipulation, making them well-suited for medical applications. This review introduces recent advances in MCR research, focusing on design principles, structural configurations, and control strategies. Various MCR designs and structures, including those integrated with permanent magnets, magnetic matter, ferromagnetic sphere, and micro coil, are discussed. Furthermore, different magnetic actuation platforms are introduced, and the level of MCR automation is classified based on control strategies. Key intelligent manipulation capabilities of MCRs, including navigation, delivery, printing, grasping, imaging, and sensing are explored. Finally, future development priorities and directions are identified to provide insights for advancing intelligent robotic systems.

关键词： intelligent manipulation magnetic actuation magnetic continuum robot medical application

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A flow supervisory control scheme in generic modular form

A flow supervisory control scheme in generic modular form

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2018 South-East Europe Design automation, Computer engineering, Computer Networks and Social Media Conference, SEEDA_CECNSM 2018

作者： Koumboulis, F.N. Fragkoulis, D.G. Stefanatou, S.G. Robotics and Automation Laboratory Division of Automatic Control Department of Automation Engineering Technological Education Institute of Sterea Ellada Psahna Evia34400 Greece

ISBN: (纸本)9786188331419

A Discrete Event Systems (DESs) model is developed for the synchronization and time modulation of flow systems. For the case of a four-way intersection, the model is developed into the form of two subsystems. The first is the generic model of the allowability signals and the second is the time modulation system. The separate study of the two subsystems provides the development of a generic supervisor control scheme providing safe and functional operation of the system for two different operation cases. © 2018 Tei of Western Macedonia.

关键词： Discrete event simulation

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Performance Analysis of Grid Interfaced Photovoltaic Systems for Reliable Agri-Microgrids using PVsyst

Performance Analysis of Grid Interfaced Photovoltaic Systems...

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International Conference on Information and Communications Technology (ICOIACT)

作者： Totappa Hasarmani Rajesh Holmukhe Santosh Tamke Engineering Science Department Bharati Vidyapeeth COE lavale Pune India Electrical Engineering Department Bharati Vidyapeeth University COE Pune India Green Energy Projects Division Sensycon Controls Robotics & Automation Pune India

Today most of the countries are fulfilling their energy need from fossil fuel resources, which are vastly depleting and era of fossil fuel is gradually ending. Power generation using fossil fuel is creating harmful effect on environment, leading to global warming which has become matter of great concern. Massive use of these fuels, release large amount of waste heat, causing thermal pollution in surrounding area, leading to destroy of various types of plant and animal life. In case of nuclear power plants, disposal of radioactive wastes and release of radioactivity during accident creates long term sever problems. Therefore every country is now embarking on search of alternative sources of energy, specifically, solar energy, which is inexhaustible source of energy and freely available in almost all parts of the *** research team suggested solar PV plant of 10 Kwp for Shree Samarth Agro-Tech Foundation, Which is a small scale Agricultural based business enterprise operated by farmer's self-help group, located in Solapur District of Maharashtra State, India. Thus, our research team, tried to provide technology up gradation to these conventional diesel generator powered jaggery making units that helps in reducing green house gas (GHG) emission. Detailed performance analysis of the proposed system will be carried out using PVsyst simulation tool.

关键词： Inverters Performance analysis Generators Radiation effects Information and communication technology Solar energy Green products

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Performance and exergy analysis of an inclined solar still with baffle arrangements

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Heliyon 2023年第4期9卷 e14807页

作者： S Seralathan G Chenna Reddy S Sathish A Muthuram Joshuva Arockia Dhanraj Natrayan Lakshmaiya Karthikeyan Velmurugan Chatchai Sirisamphanwong Rattapon Ngoenmeesri Chattariya Sirisamphanwong School of Aeronautical Sciences Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science Chennai 603103 Tamil Nadu India. Department of Mechanical Engineering Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science Chennai 603103 Tamil Nadu India. Centre for Automation & Robotics (ANRO) Department of Mechatronics Engineering Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science Chennai 603103 Tamil Nadu India. Department of Mechanical Engineering Saveetha School of Engineering Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences Chennai India. Center for Alternative Energy Research and Development Khon Kaen University Thailand. Mechanical Engineering Division Faculty of Engineering Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen Thailand. Smart Energy System Integration Research Unit Department of Physics Faculty of Science Naresuan University Thailand. Research and Academic Service Faculty of Science Naresuan University Thailand. Department of Physics and General Science Faculty of Science Nakhon Sawan Rajabhat University Thailand.

This study presents the details of performance and exergy investigations on an inclined solar still with baffle arrangements. The shortage of consumable water creates the transformation of accessible brackish water into consumable water an unavoidable one and this can be accomplished utilizing sun-oriented refining. To remove drinkable water from pungent water, sun-oriented still is broadly utilized. To build the contact season of the pungent water with sunlight-based brilliance, perplex course of action is set to expand the opposition in the stream. This prompts more vanishing of brackish water. Therefore, the objective of this study is to improve freshwater yield. The experimental study is performed for two different mass flow rates (m = 0.0833 kg/min and m = 0.166 kg/min). An increase in the mass flow of water directly deteriorates the yield of fresh water. Highest accumulated freshwater yield is achieved as 2.908 kg/m day during the month of May for m = 0.0833 kg/min. The accumulated freshwater yield improved by 4.23% in comparison with inclined solar still designs. Moreover, the yield is better by 3.49%-61.56% in comparison with various solar still designs. Using RSM, a polynomial statistical model is specified to estimate as well as maximize the freshwater yield of ISSB. The exergy analysis for m = 0.0833 kg/min shows a maximum hourly exergy efficiency of 6.82%.

关键词： Baffle arrangements Exergy efficiency Inclined solar still Performance yield

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New Grid for Particle Filtering of Multivariable Nonlinear Objects

New Grid for Particle Filtering of Multivariable Nonlinear O...

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Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems

作者： Piotr Kozierski Jacek Michalski Talar Sadalla Wojciech Giernacki Joanna Zietkiewicz Szymon Drgas Faculty of Computing Institute of Automation and Robotics Division of Signal Processing and Electronic Systems Poznan University of Technology Faculty of Electrical Engineering Institute of Control Robotics and Information Engineering Division of Control and Robotics Poznan University of Technology

ISBN: (纸本)9781538623718

In the paper a new grid (potentially linear, nonlinear and even semi-Markovian jump system) was presented. All transition and measurement functions were proposed. Moreover, the transition functions of two types were considered - dependent on one and many different state variables. Also 10 types of measurements were proposed for both nodal and branch cases. Based on the obtained results one can see, which measurement functions are "easy", and which are "hard" for state estimation task.

关键词： Measuring Function Particle filters grids Grid State variable Multivariable nonlinearity

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Saturated Continuous Twisting Algorithm 15

Saturated Continuous Twisting Algorithm

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15th International Workshop on Variable Structure Systems, VSS 2018

作者： Golkani, M.A. Fridman, L.M. Koch, S. Reichhartinger, M. Horn, M. Faculty of Electrical and Information Engineering Graz University of Technology Institute of Automation and Control Graz Austria Department of Control Engineering and Robotics Division of Electrical Engineering Engineering Faculty National Autonomous University of Mexico Mexico D.F. Mexico Institute of Automation and Control Graz University of Technology Christian Doppler Laboratory for Model Based Control of Complex Test Bed Systems Graz Austria

ISBN: (纸本)9781538664391

In this paper, a second-order system affected by perturbations is considered. A feedback control law adopting the continuous twisting algorithm is designed such that a saturated and continuous control signal is introduced to the system. In the case that a state variable is not measurable, estimate information obtained through a super-twisting observer is incorporated into the design. For the closed-loops (with and without observer), global finite-time stability properties are established. The feasibility and effectiveness of the strategy is shown employing numerical simulations. © 2018 IEEE.

关键词： Stability

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Understanding metric-related pitfalls in image analysis validation

arXiv

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Reinke, Annika Tizabi, Minu D. Baumgartner, Michael Eisenmann, Matthias Heckmann-Nötzel, Doreen Kavur, A. Emre Rädsch, Tim Sudre, Carole H. Acion, Laura Antonelli, Michela Arbel, Tal Bakas, Spyridon Benis, Arriel Blaschko, Matthew B. Buettner, Florian Cardoso, M. Jorge Cheplygina, Veronika Chen, Jianxu Christodoulou, Evangelia Cimini, Beth A. Collins, Gary S. Farahani, Keyvan Ferrer, Luciana Galdran, Adrian van Ginneken, Bram Glocker, Ben Godau, Patrick Haase, Robert Hashimoto, Daniel A. Hoffman, Michael M. Huisman, Merel Isensee, Fabian Jannin, Pierre Kahn, Charles E. Kainmueller, Dagmar Kainz, Bernhard Karargyris, Alexandros Karthikesalingam, Alan Kenngott, Hannes Kleesiek, Jens Kofler, Florian Kooi, Thijs Kopp-Schneider, Annette Kozubek, Michal Kreshuk, Anna Kurc, Tahsin Landman, Bennett A. Litjens, Geert Madani, Amin Maier-Hein, Klaus Martel, Anne L. Mattson, Peter Meijering, Erik Menze, Bjoern Moons, Karel G.M. Müller, Henning Nichyporuk, Brennan Nickel, Felix Petersen, Jens Rafelski, Susanne M. Rajpoot, Nasir Reyes, Mauricio Riegler, Michael A. Rieke, Nicola Saez-Rodriguez, Julio Sánchez, Clara I. Shetty, Shravya Summers, Ronald M. Taha, Abdel A. Tiulpin, Aleksei Tsaftaris, Sotirios A. van Calster, Ben Varoquaux, Gaël Yaniv, Ziv R. Jäger, Paul F. Maier-Hein, Lena Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany Heidelberg Division of Intelligent Medical Systems Germany NCT Heidelberg A Partnership Between DKFZ University Medical Center Heidelberg Germany Heidelberg Division of Medical Image Computing Germany Heidelberg Division of Intelligent Medical Systems Germany MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing UCL Centre for Medical Image Computing Department of Computer Science University College London London United Kingdom School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Science King’s College London London United Kingdom Instituto de Cálculo CONICET – Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina Centre for Medical Image Computing University College London London United Kingdom McGill University Montreal Canada Division of Computational Pathology Dept of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Indiana University School of Medicine IU Health Information and Translational Sciences Building Indianapolis United States University of Pennsylvania Richards Medical Research Laboratories FL7 PhiladelphiaPA United States Department of Digital Medical Technologies Holon Institute of Technology Holon Israel European Federation for Medical Informatics Le Mont-sur-Lausanne Switzerland Center for Processing Speech and Images Department of Electrical Engineering KU Leuven Leuven Belgium partner site Frankfurt/Mainz a partnership between DKFZ and UCT Frankfurt Marburg Germany Heidelberg Germany Goethe University Frankfurt Department of Medicine Germany Goethe University Frankfurt Department of Informatics Germany and Frankfurt Cancer Insititute Germany Department of Computer Science IT University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften – ISAS – e.V. Dortmund Germany Imaging Platform Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard CambridgeMA United States Centre for Statistics in Medicine University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom Center for Biomedical In

Validation metrics are key for tracking scientific progress and bridging the current chasm between artificial intelligence (AI) research and its translation into practice. However, increasing evidence shows that particularly in image analysis, metrics are often chosen inadequately. While taking into account the individual strengths, weaknesses, and limitations of validation metrics is a critical prerequisite to making educated choices, the relevant knowledge is currently scattered and poorly accessible to individual researchers. Based on a multi-stage Delphi process conducted by a multidisciplinary expert consortium as well as extensive community feedback, the present work provides the first reliable and comprehensive common point of access to information on pitfalls related to validation metrics in image analysis. While focused on biomedical image analysis, the addressed pitfalls generalize across application domains and are categorized according to a newly created, domain-agnostic taxonomy. The work serves to enhance global comprehension of a key topic in image analysis validation. © 2023, CC BY.

关键词： Computer vision

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Metrics Reloaded: Recommendations for image analysis validation

arXiv

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Maier-Hein, Lena Reinke, Annika Godau, Patrick Tizabi, Minu D. Buettner, Florian Christodoulou, Evangelia Glocker, Ben Isensee, Fabian Kleesiek, Jens Kozubek, Michal Reyes, Mauricio Riegler, Michael A. Wiesenfarth, Manuel Emre Kavur, A. Sudre, Carole H. Baumgartner, Michael Eisenmann, Matthias Heckmann-Nötzel, Doreen Rädsch, Tim Acion, Laura Antonelli, Michela Arbel, Tal Bakas, Spyridon Benis, Arriel Blaschko, Matthew B. Jorge Cardoso, M. Cheplygina, Veronika Cimini, Beth A. Collins, Gary S. Farahani, Keyvan Ferrer, Luciana Galdran, Adrian Ginneken, Bram Van Haase, Robert Hashimoto, Daniel A. Hoffman, Michael M. Huisman, Merel Jannin, Pierre Kahn, Charles E. Kainmueller, Dagmar Kainz, Bernhard Karargyris, Alexandros Karthikesalingam, Alan Kenngott, Hannes Kofler, Florian Kopp-Schneider, Annette Kreshuk, Anna Kurc, Tahsin Landman, Bennett A. Litjens, Geert Madani, Amin Maier-Hein, Klaus Martel, Anne L. Mattson, Peter Meijering, Erik Menze, Bjoern Moons, Karel G.M. Müller, Henning Nichyporuk, Brennan Nickel, Felix Petersen, Jens Rajpoot, Nasir Rieke, Nicola Saez-Rodriguez, Julio Sánchez, Clara I. Shetty, Shravya Smeden, Maarten Van Summers, Ronald M. Taha, Abdel A. Tiulpin, Aleksei Tsaftaris, Sotirios A. Calster, Ben Van Varoquaux, Gaël Jäger, Paul F. Heidelberg Division of Intelligent Medical Systems and HI Helmholtz Imaging Germany Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science and Medical Faculty Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany NCT Heidelberg a partnership between DKFZ University Medical Center Heidelberg Germany Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany Heidelberg Division of Intelligent Medical Systems Germany partner site Frankfurt/Mainz a partnership between DKFZ and UCT Frankfurt-Marburg Germany Heidelberg Goethe University Frankfurt Germany Department of Medicine Goethe University Frankfurt Germany Department of Informatics Frankfurt Cancer Insititute Germany Department of Computing Imperial College London London United Kingdom Heidelberg Division of Medical Image Computing and HI Applied Computer Vision Lab Germany Institute for AI in Medicine University Medicine Essen Essen Germany Centre for Biomedical Image Analysis Faculty of Informatics Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research University of Bern Bern Switzerland Department of Radiation Oncology University Hospital Bern University of Bern Bern Switzerland Simula Metropolitan Center for Digital Engineering Oslo Norway UiT The Arctic University of Norway Romsø Norway Heidelberg Division of Biostatistics Germany Heidelberg Division of Intelligent Medical Systems Division of Medical Image Computing HI Applied Computer Vision Lab Germany MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing UCL Centre for Medical Image Computing Department of Computer Science University College London London United Kingdom School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Science King’s College London London United Kingdom Heidelberg Division of Medical Image Computing Germany Instituto de Cálculo CONICET – Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina Centre for Medical Image Computing University College London London United Kingdom McGill University Montréal

Increasing evidence shows that flaws in machine learning (ML) algorithm validation are an underestimated global problem. Particularly in automatic biomedical image analysis, chosen performance metrics often do not reflect the domain interest, thus failing to adequately measure scientific progress and hindering translation of ML techniques into practice. To overcome this, we created Metrics Reloaded, a comprehensive framework guiding researchers in the problem-aware selection of metrics. It was developed by a large international consortium in a multi-stage Delphi process and is based on the novel concept of a problem fingerprint – a structured representation of the given problem that captures all aspects that are relevant for metric selection, from the domain interest to the properties of the target structure(s), data set and algorithm output. Based on the problem fingerprint, users are guided through the process of choosing and applying appropriate validation metrics while being made aware of potential pitfalls. Metrics Reloaded targets image analysis problems that can be interpreted as a classification task at image, object or pixel level, namely image-level classification, object detection, semantic segmentation, and instance segmentation tasks. To improve the user experience, we implemented the framework in the Metrics Reloaded online tool. Following the convergence of ML methodology across application domains, Metrics Reloaded fosters the convergence of validation methodology. Its applicability is demonstrated for various biomedical use cases. © 2022, CC BY.

关键词： Semantic Segmentation

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Correction: Gut microbiome in endometriosis: a cohort study on 1000 individuals

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BMC medicine 2024年第1期22卷 448页

作者： Inmaculada Pérez-Prieto Eva Vargas Eduardo Salas-Espejo Kreete Lüll Analuce Canha-Gouveia Laura Antequera Pérez Juan Fontes Andres Salumets Reidar Andreson Oliver Aasmets Katrine Whiteson Elin Org Signe Altmäe Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I Faculty of Sciences University of Granada Granada Spain. inmapprieto@ugr.es. Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA Granada Spain. inmapprieto@ugr.es. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I Faculty of Sciences University of Granada Granada Spain. Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA Granada Spain. Systems Biology Unit Department of Experimental Biology Faculty of Experimental Sciences University of Jaen Jaen Spain. Institute of Genomics Estonian Genome Centre University of Tartu Tartu Estonia. Department of Physiology Faculty of Veterinary University of Murcia Campus Mare Nostrum Murcia Spain. Department of Computer Engineering Automation and Robotics University of Granada Granada Spain. U. Reproducción UGC Laboratorio Clínico y UGC Obstetricia y Ginecología. HU Virgen de Las Nieves Granada Spain. Competence Centre On Health Technologies Tartu Estonia. Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department of Clinical Science Intervention and Technology Karolinska Institutet Huddinge Stockholm Sweden. Department of Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge Stockholm Sweden. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Tartu Tartu Estonia. Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology University of Tartu Tartu Estonia. School of Biological Sciences University of California Irvine CA USA.

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Common Limitations of Image Processing Metrics: A Picture Story

arXiv

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Reinke, Annika Tizabi, Minu D. Sudre, Carole H. Eisenmann, Matthias Rädsch, Tim Baumgartner, Michael Acion, Laura Antonelli, Michela Arbel, Tal Bakas, Spyridon Bankhead, Peter Benis, Arriel Blaschko, Matthew Buettner, Florian Cardoso, M. Jorge Chen, Jianxu Cheplygina, Veronika Christodoulou, Evangelia Cimini, Beth A. Collins, Gary S. Engelhardt, Sandy Farahani, Keyvan Ferrer, Luciana Galdran, Adrian van Ginneken, Bram Glocker, Ben Godau, Patrick Haase, Robert Hamprecht, Fred Hashimoto, Daniel A. Heckmann-Nötzel, Doreen Hirsch, Peter Hoffman, Michael M. Huisman, Merel Isensee, Fabian Jannin, Pierre Kahn, Charles E. Kainmueller, Dagmar Kainz, Bernhard Karargyris, Alexandros Karthikesalingam, Alan Kavur, A. Emre Kenngott, Hannes Kleesiek, Jens Kleppe, Andreas Koehler, Sven Kofler, Florian Kopp-Schneider, Annette Kooi, Thijs Kozubek, Michal Kreshuk, Anna Kurc, Tahsin Landman, Bennett A. Litjens, Geert Madani, Amin Maier-Hein, Klaus Martel, Anne L. Mattson, Peter Meijering, Erik Menze, Bjoern Moher, David Moons, Karel G.M. Müller, Henning Nichyporuk, Brennan Nickel, Felix Noyan, M. Alican Petersen, Jens Polat, Gorkem Rafelski, Susanne M. Rajpoot, Nasir Reyes, Mauricio Rieke, Nicola Riegler, Michael A. Rivaz, Hassan Saez-Rodriguez, Julio Sánchez, Clara I. Schroeter, Julien Saha, Anindo Selver, M. Alper Sharan, Lalith Shetty, Shravya Smeden, Maarten V.A.N. Stieltjes, Bram Summers, Ronald M. Taha, Abdel A. Tiulpin, Aleksei Tsaftaris, Sotirios A. Calster, Ben V.A.N. Varoquaux, Gaël Wiesenfarth, Manuel Yaniv, Ziv R. Jäger, Paul Maier-Hein, Lena Division of Intelligent Medical Systems and HI Helmholtz Imaging Heidelberg Germany Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany Division of Intelligent Medical Systems Heidelberg Germany NCT Heidelberg DKFZ University Medical Center Heidelberg Germany MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing UCL Centre for Medical Image Computing Department of Computer Science University College London London United Kingdom School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Science King’s College London London United Kingdom Division of Medical Image Computing Heidelberg Germany Instituto de Cálculo CONICET – Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina Centre for Medical Image Computing University College London London United Kingdom McGill University Montréal Canada Division of Computational Pathology Dept of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Indiana University School of Medicine IU Health Information and Translational Sciences Building Indianapolis United States University of Pennsylvania Richards Medical Research Laboratories FL7 PhiladelphiaPA United States Institute of Genetics and Cancer University of Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom Department of Digital Medical Technologies Holon Institute of Technology Holon Israel European Federation for Medical Informatics Le Mont-sur-Lausanne Switzerland Center for Processing Speech and Images Department of Electrical Engineering KU Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 10 - box 2441 Leuven3001 Belgium Frankfurt/Mainz DKFZ UCT Frankfurt-Marburg Germany Heidelberg Germany Goethe University Frankfurt Department of Medicine Germany Goethe University Frankfurt Department of Informatics Germany Frankfurt Cancer Insititute Germany Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften – ISAS – e.V. Dortmund Germany Department of Computer Science IT University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark Imaging Platform Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard CambridgeMA United States Centre for St

While the importance of automatic image analysis is continuously increasing, recent meta-research revealed major flaws with respect to algorithm validation. Performance metrics are particularly key for meaningful, objective, and transparent performance assessment and validation of the used automatic algorithms, but relatively little attention has been given to the practical pitfalls when using specific metrics for a given image analysis task. These are typically related to (1) the disregard of inherent metric properties, such as the behaviour in the presence of class imbalance or small target structures, (2) the disregard of inherent data set properties, such as the non-independence of the test cases, and (3) the disregard of the actual biomedical domain interest that the metrics should reflect. This living dynamically document has the purpose to illustrate important limitations of performance metrics commonly applied in the field of image analysis. In this context, it focuses on biomedical image analysis problems that can be phrased as image-level classification, semantic segmentation, instance segmentation, or object detection task. The current version is based on a Delphi process on metrics conducted by an international consortium of image analysis experts from more than 60 institutions worldwide. © 2021, CC BY.

关键词： Medical imaging

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