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IEEE Journal on Flexible Electronics 2025年

作者： Wang, Zixin Saleh, Mahdi Alwattar, Aula Alfredsson, Maria Horne, Robert J. Ang, Chee S. Condell, Joan Flowers, Emily Matcham, Faith Robinson, Tony Rooksby, John Saha, Sian Rose, Louise Batchelor, John C. Casson, Alexander J. Henry Royce Institute for Advanced Materials Manchester United Kingdom The University of Manchester School of Engineering Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Manchester United Kingdom The University of Manchester School of Natural Sciences Department of Chemistry Manchester United Kingdom University of Kent School of Chemistry and Forensic Science Canterbury United Kingdom University of Kent School of Engineering Canterbury United Kingdom University of Kent School of Computing Canterbury United Kingdom Ulster University School of Computing Engineering and Intelligent Systems Derry United Kingdom King’s College London Division of Digital Health and Applied Technology Assessment London United Kingdom University of Sussex School of Psychology Falmer United Kingdom Northumbria University Department of Computer and Information Sciences Newcastle upon Tyne United Kingdom

Printed electronics using flexible substrates are an emerging area, allowing next-generation electronics to conform and flex with different surfaces, from human skin to clothing. In the hybrid integration, or sea-of-rigids, approach, conventional microchips are mounted onto (generally) plastic substrates such as polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), with (typically) printed silver tracks for interconnections between components. An ongoing research direction is to replace plastic substrates with biodegradable substrates and to replace silver tracks with non-heavy metal-based tracks. While the substrates and tracks form only part of an overall system, replacing them is a step towards increased sustainability and helps to meet net-zero goals for printed electronic systems. Previously, several papers have investigated printed carbon tracks for low-frequency analog sensing applications. This paper explores the feasibility of using printed carbon tracks on biodegradable substrates for high-frequency applications such as digital signaling over a Serial-Peripheral Interface (SPI). We investigate the printability, thermal stability, and electrical conductivity of carbon ink screen-printed onto six commercially available sustainable and flexible substrates. Our results demonstrate that multi-layer screen printing substantially reduced the electrical resistance of carbon tracks, enabling SPI communication at frequencies up to 16 MHz with three layers of carbon ink. A Natureflex™ substrate provided the best balance of printability, thermal stability, and electrical performance. Substrates such as greaseproof paper and ClearFilm PU showed potential for flexible electronics, but require further optimization. This study provides valuable insights into selecting and optimizing biodegradable substrates for high-frequency digital systems, supporting the move towards more sustainable printed electronics. © 2022 IEEE.

关键词： Variable frequency oscillators

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Erosion risk assessment through prioritization of sub-watersheds in Nyabarongo river catchment, Rwanda

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Environmental Challenges 2021年 5卷

作者： Kulimushi, Luc Cimusa Choudhari, Pandurang Maniragaba, Abias Elbeltagi, Ahmed Mugabowindekwe, Maurice Rwanyiziri, Gaspard Byizigiro, Rutazuyaza Vaillant Pingale, Santosh Murlidhar Singh, Sudhir Kumar Faculty of Environmental studies University of Lay Adventists of Kigali P.O. Box: 6392 Kigali Rwanda Department of Geography University of Mumbai Mumbai India Agricultural Engineering Deptartment Faculty of Agriculture Mansoura University Mansoura 35516 Egypt Centre for Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing (CGIS) College of Science and Technology University of Rwanda Nyarugenge Campus. P.O. Box: 3900 Kigali Rwanda Department of Geography and Urban Planning College of Science and Technology University of Rwanda Nyarugenge Campus. P.O. Box: 3900 Kigali Rwanda Geography College of Education University of Rwanda Rukara Campus. P.O. Box: 55 Kayonza Rwanda Hydrological Investigations Division National Institute of Hydrology (NIH) Roorkee 247667 India K. Banerjee Centre of Atmospheric & Ocean Studies IIDS Nehru Science Centre University of Allahabad Prayagraj 211002 Uttar Pradesh India

Soil erosion is a multi-dimension problem that attracted the attention of researchers and planners worldwide. Literature reports, soil conservation strategies should be integrated with the priority assessment to deal with such a problem and taking up a focus according to the priority order. However, in spite of various forms of land and water degradation in Rwanda, a holistic investigation or multi-criteria based watersheds prioritization that integrate various aspects and methods has yet to be assessed. Thus, Nyabarongo River Catchment which is the major river catchment in Rwanda that drains about 33% of the total Rwanda coverage has been selected and sub-watersheds were grouped into three order clusters (C1, C2, and C3) using Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA). The priority assessment was estimated using the combination of Compound parameter index (Ci) and Erosion Hazard Rate Index (EHRI) derived from the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in Geographic information System (GIS) using remote sensing, soil and geology data. Based on the literature, the Ci technique, in general, considered four parameters viz. morphometric analysis dimensionally reduced using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) together with land cover, soil, and geology. Whereas EHRI considered five Erosion Hazard Parameters (EHPs) viz. Soil Loss (SL), Sediment Production Rate (SPR), Sediment Transport Index (STI), Runoff Potential (RP), and Slope. The priority assessment was categorized into High, Moderate, and Low priority classes. The priority assessment based on Ci and EHRI provided the same outcome. They noticed high priority in sub-watersheds under cluster C2 account for (35.94%), those under cluster C3 comprise for (16.27%) were identified as a moderate priority, and sub-watersheds belonging to cluster C1 account for (47.8%) falling under low priority sub-watersheds for conservation measures. Therefore, effective soil conservation measures at a priority basis are needed for sustained prod

关键词： Analytical hierarchy process Erosion hazard rate index Hierarchical cluster analysis Nyabarongo catchment Rwanda Principal component analysis Watershed prioritization

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STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2021

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BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2022年第8期103卷 S1-S1页

作者： Blunden, Jessica NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information Asheville NC United States NOAA NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information Silver Spring MD United States Met Office Hadley Centre Exeter United Kingdom Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies North Carolina State University Asheville NC United States Communications and Outreach NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information Asheville NC United States Innovative Consulting and Management Services LLC NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information Asheville NC United States European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reading United Kingdom CMNS-Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center University of Maryland College Park MD United States Department of Meteorology National Centre for Earth Observation University of Reading Reading United Kingdom Department of Atmospheric and Planetary Science Hampton University Hampton VA United States National Research Institute for Agriculture Food and Environment (INRAE) CARRTEL Université Savoie Mont Blanc Thonon les Bains France Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences Osaka Prefecture University Osaka Sakai Japan University of Bremen Bremen Germany NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory Boulder CO United States Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación Spanish National Research Council (CIDE CSIC-UV-Generalitat Valenciana) Climate Atmosphere and Ocean Laboratory (Climatoc-Lab) Moncada Valencia Spain Instituto de Geografía Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Valparaíso Chile Climatic Research Unit School of Environmental Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich United Kingdom Joint Research Centre of the European Commission Ispra Italy GloH2O Almere Netherlands University of Reading Reading United Kingdom School of Engineering Newcastle University Newcastle-upon-Tyne United Kingdom Université de Paris Cité Institut de physique du globe de Paris CNRS IGN Paris

Editors note: For easy download the posted pdf of the State of the Climate in 2021 is a low-resolution file. A high-resolution copy of the report is available by clickinghere. Please be patient as it may take a few mi... 详细信息

关键词： Greenhouse gases

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Robust Static Output Feedback Stabilization of Continuous-Time Linear systems via Enhanced LMI Conditions

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IFAC-PapersOnLine 2020年第2期53卷 4540-4545页

作者： Hassène Gritli Ali Zemouche Safya Belghith Taous-Meriem Laleg-Kirati Higher Institute of Information and Communication Technologies Université de Carthage 1164 Borj Cedria Tunis Tunisia University of Lorraine CRAN CNRS UMR 7039 54400 Cosnes et Romain France Laboratory of Robotics Informatics and Complex Systems (RISC Lab - LR16ES07) National Engineering School of Tunis Université de Tunis El Manar BP. 37 Le Belvédère 1002 Tunis Tunisia Mathematical and Computational Sciences and Engineering Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

This paper addresses the problem of Static Output Feedback (SOF) stabilization for continuous-time linear systems subject to norm-bounded parameter uncertainties. Usually this issue leads to the feasibility of a Bilinear Matrix Inequality (BMI), which is difficult to linearize to get non conservative Linear matrix inequality (LMI) conditions. In this paper, by means of some technical lemmas, we transform the BMI into a new LMI with a line search over two scalar variables. The obtained LMI conditions are less conservative than those existing in the literature. Numerical evaluations are presented to show the superiority of the proposed method.

关键词： Continuous-time Linear systems Robust control Parametric uncertainty Static output feedback Linear matrix inequality (LMI)

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Metrics Reloaded: Recommendations for image analysis validation

arXiv

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Maier-Hein, Lena Reinke, Annika Godau, Patrick Tizabi, Minu D. Buettner, Florian Christodoulou, Evangelia Glocker, Ben Isensee, Fabian Kleesiek, Jens Kozubek, Michal Reyes, Mauricio Riegler, Michael A. Wiesenfarth, Manuel Emre Kavur, A. Sudre, Carole H. Baumgartner, Michael Eisenmann, Matthias Heckmann-Nötzel, Doreen Rädsch, Tim Acion, Laura Antonelli, Michela Arbel, Tal Bakas, Spyridon Benis, Arriel Blaschko, Matthew B. Jorge Cardoso, M. Cheplygina, Veronika Cimini, Beth A. Collins, Gary S. Farahani, Keyvan Ferrer, Luciana Galdran, Adrian Ginneken, Bram Van Haase, Robert Hashimoto, Daniel A. Hoffman, Michael M. Huisman, Merel Jannin, Pierre Kahn, Charles E. Kainmueller, Dagmar Kainz, Bernhard Karargyris, Alexandros Karthikesalingam, Alan Kenngott, Hannes Kofler, Florian Kopp-Schneider, Annette Kreshuk, Anna Kurc, Tahsin Landman, Bennett A. Litjens, Geert Madani, Amin Maier-Hein, Klaus Martel, Anne L. Mattson, Peter Meijering, Erik Menze, Bjoern Moons, Karel G.M. Müller, Henning Nichyporuk, Brennan Nickel, Felix Petersen, Jens Rajpoot, Nasir Rieke, Nicola Saez-Rodriguez, Julio Sánchez, Clara I. Shetty, Shravya Smeden, Maarten Van Summers, Ronald M. Taha, Abdel A. Tiulpin, Aleksei Tsaftaris, Sotirios A. Calster, Ben Van Varoquaux, Gaël Jäger, Paul F. Heidelberg Division of Intelligent Medical Systems and HI Helmholtz Imaging Germany Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science and Medical Faculty Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany NCT Heidelberg a partnership between DKFZ University Medical Center Heidelberg Germany Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany Heidelberg Division of Intelligent Medical Systems Germany partner site Frankfurt/Mainz a partnership between DKFZ and UCT Frankfurt-Marburg Germany Heidelberg Goethe University Frankfurt Germany Department of Medicine Goethe University Frankfurt Germany Department of Informatics Frankfurt Cancer Insititute Germany Department of Computing Imperial College London London United Kingdom Heidelberg Division of Medical Image Computing and HI Applied Computer Vision Lab Germany Institute for AI in Medicine University Medicine Essen Essen Germany Centre for Biomedical Image Analysis Faculty of Informatics Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research University of Bern Bern Switzerland Department of Radiation Oncology University Hospital Bern University of Bern Bern Switzerland Simula Metropolitan Center for Digital Engineering Oslo Norway UiT The Arctic University of Norway Romsø Norway Heidelberg Division of Biostatistics Germany Heidelberg Division of Intelligent Medical Systems Division of Medical Image Computing HI Applied Computer Vision Lab Germany MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing UCL Centre for Medical Image Computing Department of Computer Science University College London London United Kingdom School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Science King’s College London London United Kingdom Heidelberg Division of Medical Image Computing Germany Instituto de Cálculo CONICET – Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina Centre for Medical Image Computing University College London London United Kingdom McGill University Montréal

Increasing evidence shows that flaws in machine learning (ML) algorithm validation are an underestimated global problem. Particularly in automatic biomedical image analysis, chosen performance metrics often do not reflect the domain interest, thus failing to adequately measure scientific progress and hindering translation of ML techniques into practice. To overcome this, we created Metrics Reloaded, a comprehensive framework guiding researchers in the problem-aware selection of metrics. It was developed by a large international consortium in a multi-stage Delphi process and is based on the novel concept of a problem fingerprint – a structured representation of the given problem that captures all aspects that are relevant for metric selection, from the domain interest to the properties of the target structure(s), data set and algorithm output. Based on the problem fingerprint, users are guided through the process of choosing and applying appropriate validation metrics while being made aware of potential pitfalls. Metrics Reloaded targets image analysis problems that can be interpreted as a classification task at image, object or pixel level, namely image-level classification, object detection, semantic segmentation, and instance segmentation tasks. To improve the user experience, we implemented the framework in the Metrics Reloaded online tool. Following the convergence of ML methodology across application domains, Metrics Reloaded fosters the convergence of validation methodology. Its applicability is demonstrated for various biomedical use cases. © 2022, CC BY.

关键词： Semantic Segmentation

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Calibrated intervention and containment of the COVID-19 pandemic

arXiv

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arXiv 2020年

作者： Tian, Liang Li, Xuefei Qi, Fei Tang, Qian-Yuan Tang, Viola Liu, Jiang Li, Zhiyuan Cheng, Xingye Li, Xuanxuan Shi, Yingchen Liu, Haiguang Tang, Lei-Han COVID-19 Modelling Group Hong Kong Baptist University Kowloon Hong Kong Department of Physics Institute of Computational and Theoretical Studies Hong Kong Baptist University Kowloon Hong Kong CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology Shenzhen518055 China Center for Complex Systems Biology Universal Biology Institute University of Tokyo Tokyo113-0033 Japan Department of Information Systems Business Statistics and Operations Management Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong Scarsdale NY10583 United States Center for Quantitative Biology Peking University Haidian Beijing100871 China Department of Engineering Physics Tsinghua University Haidian Beijing100084 China Complex Systems Division Beijing Computational Science Research Center Haidian Beijing100193 China Physics Department Beijing Normal University Haidian Beijing100875 China

Within a short period of time, COVID-19 grew into a world-wide pandemic. Transmission by pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic viral carriers rendered intervention and containment of the disease extremely challenging. Based on reported infection case studies, we construct an epidemiological model that focuses on transmission around the symptom onset. The model is calibrated against incubation period and pairwise transmission statistics during the initial outbreaks of the pandemic outside Wuhan with minimal non-pharmaceutical interventions. Mathematical treatment of the model yields explicit expressions for the size of latent and presymptomatic subpopulations during the exponential growth phase, with the local epidemic growth rate as input. We then explore reduction of the basic reproduction number RO through specific disease control measures such as contact tracing, testing, social distancing, wearing masks and sheltering in place. When these measures are implemented in combination, their effects on ROmultiply. We also compare our model behaviour to the first wave of the COVID-19 spreading in various affected regions and highlight generic and less generic features of the pandemic development. Copyright © 2020, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Disease control

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THE CALIFORNIA LEGACY SURVEY III. ON THE SHOULDERS OF (SOME) GIANTS: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INNER SMALL PLANETS AND OUTER MASSIVE PLANETS

arXiv

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Rosenthal, Lee J. Knutson, Heather A. Chachan, Yayaati Dai, Fei Howard, Andrew W. Fulton, Benjamin J. Chontos, Ashley Crepp, Justin R. Dalba, Paul A. Henry, Gregory W. Kane, Stephen R. Petigura, Erik A. Weiss, Lauren M. Wright, Jason T. Cahill Center for Astronomy & Astrophysics California Institute of Technology PasadenaCA91125 United States Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences California Institute of Technology PasadenaCA91125 United States IPAC-NASA Exoplanet Science Institute PasadenaCA91125 United States Institute for Astronomy University of Hawai0i HonoluluHI96822 United States NSF United States Department of Physics University of Notre Dame Notre DameIN46556 United States Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of California RiversideCA92521 United States NSF Astronomy & Astrophysics United States Center of Excellence in Information Systems Tennessee State University NashvilleTN37209 United States Department of Physics & Astronomy University of California Los Angeles Los AngelesCA90095 United States Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics The Pennsylvania State University University ParkPA16802 United States Center for Exoplanets and Habitable Worlds The Pennsylvania State University University ParkPA16802 United States Penn State Extraterrestrial Intelligence Center The Pennsylvania State University University ParkPA16802 United States

We use a high-precision radial velocity survey of FGKM stars to study the conditional occurrence of two classes of planets: close-in small planets (0.023–1 au, 2–30 M+) and distant giant planets (0.23–10 au, 30–6000 M+). We find that 41+15−13% of systems with a close-in, small planet also host an outer giant, compared to 17.6+2−149% for stars irrespective of small planet presence. This implies that small planet hosts may be enhanced in outer giant occurrence compared to all stars with 1.7σ significance. Conversely, we estimate that 42+17−13% of cold giant hosts also host an inner small planet, compared to 27.6+5−488% of stars irrespective of cold giant presence. We also find that more massive and close-in giant planets are not associated with small inner planets. Specifically, our sample indicates that small planets are less likely to have outer giant companions more massive than approximately 120 M+ and within 0.3–3 au than to have less massive or more distant giant companions, with ~2.2σ confidence. This implies that massive gas giants within 0.3–3 au may suppress inner small planet formation. Additionally, we compare the host-star metallicity distributions for systems with only small planets and those with both small planets and cold giants. In agreement with previous studies, we find that stars in our survey that only host small planets have a metallicity distribution that is consistent with the broader solar-metallicity-median sample, while stars that host both small planets and gas giants are distinctly metal-rich with ~2.3σ confidence. © 2021, CC BY.

关键词： Planets

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Secrecy Outage Analysis Over Fluctuating Two-Ray Fading Channels

arXiv

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arXiv 2019年

作者： Zhao, Hui Yang, Liang Pan, Gaofeng Alouini, M.-S. Thuwal23955-6900 Saudi Arabia Communication Systems Department EURECOM Sophia Antipolis06410 France College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering Hunan University Changsha410082 China School of Information and Electronics Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing100081 China Computer Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal23955-6900 Saudi Arabia

In this letter, we analyze the secrecy outage probability (SOP) over fluctuating two-ray fading channels but with a different definition from the one adopted in [5]. Following the new defined SOP, we derive an analytical closed-form expression for our proposed SOP, as well as an asymptotic formula valid in the high signal-to-noise ratio region of the source to destination link. In the numerical results section, we perform some Monte-Carlo simulations to validate the accuracy of our derived expressions, and also present the probability gap between our proposed SOP and the SOP in [5]. Copyright © 2019, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Fading channels

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Imaging spinon density modulations in a 2D quantum spin liquid

arXiv

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arXiv 2020年

作者： Ruan, Wei Chen, Yi Tang, Shujie Hwang, Jinwoong Tsai, Hsin-Zon Lee, Ryan Wu, Meng Ryu, Hyejin Kahn, Salman Liou, Franklin Jia, Caihong Aikawa, Andrew Hwang, Choongyu Wang, Feng Choi, Yongseong Louie, Steven G. Lee, Patrick A. Shen, Zhi-Xun Mo, Sung-Kwan Crommie, Michael F. Department of Physics University of California BerkeleyCA94720 United States Materials Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory BerkeleyCA94720 United States Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Stanford University Menlo ParkCA94025 United States Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials Departments of Physics and Applied Physics Stanford University StanfordCA94305 United States Advanced Light Source Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory BerkeleyCA94720 United States CAS Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai200050 China School of Physical Science and Technology Shanghai Tech University Shanghai200031 China Department of Physics Pusan National University Busan46241 Korea Republic of Center for Spintronics Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seoul02792 Korea Republic of International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronic Science & Technology of Ministry of Education Engineering Technology Research Center for 2D Material Information Function Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province Shenzhen University Shenzhen518060 China Henan Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials and Laboratory of Low-dimensional Materials Science School of Physics and Electronics Henan University Kaifeng475004 China Kavli Energy Nano Sciences Institute University of California Berkeley Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory BerkeleyCA94720 United States Advanced Photon Source Argonne National Laboratory ArgonneIL60439 United States Department of Physics Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA02139 United States

Two-dimensional triangular-lattice antiferromagnets are predicted under some conditions to exhibit a quantum spin liquid ground state whose low-energy behavior is described by a spinon Fermi surface. Directly imaging the resulting spinons, however, is difficult due to their fractional, chargeless nature. Here we use scanning tunneling spectroscopy to image spinon density modulations arising from a spinon Fermi surface instability in single-layer 1T-TaSe2, a two-dimensional Mott insulator. We first demonstrate the existence of localized spins arranged on a triangular lattice in single-layer 1T-TaSe2 by contacting it to a metallic 1H-TaSe2 layer and measuring the Kondo effect. Subsequent spectroscopic imaging of isolated, single-layer 1T-TaSe2 reveals long-wavelength modulations at Hubbard band energies that reflect spinon density modulations. This allows direct experimental measurement of the spinon Fermi wavevector, in good agreement with theoretical predictions for a 2D quantum spin liquid. These results establish single-layer 1T-TaSe2 as a new platform for studying novel two-dimensional quantum-spin-liquid phenomena. Copyright © 2020, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Ground state

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High-resolution sensors and deep learning models for tree resource monitoring

Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering

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Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering 2024年 13-26页

作者： Martin Brandt Sizhuo Li Rasmus Fensholt Jerome Chave Philippe Ciais Jean-Pierre Wigneron Fabian Gieseke Christian Igel Sassan Saatchi C. J. Tucker Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement CEA/CNRS/UVSQ/Université Paris Saclay Gif-sur-Yvette France Centre de Recherche sur la Biodiversité et Environnement UMR5300 CNRS INPT IRD Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse France ISPA UMR 1391 INRAE Nouvelle-Aquitaine Bordeaux Villenave d’Ornon France Department of Information Systems University of Münster Münster Germany Department of Computer Science University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA USA Earth Sciences Division NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt MD USA

Trees contribute to carbon dioxide absorption through biomass, regulate the climate, support biodiversity, enhance soil, air and water quality, and offer economic and health benefits. Traditionally, tree monitoring on continental and global scales has focused on forest cover, whereas assessing biomass and species diversity, as well as trees outside closed-canopy forests, has been challenging. A new generation of commercial and public satellites and sensors provide high-resolution spatial and temporal optical data that can be used to identify trees as objects. Technologies from the field of artificial intelligence, such as convolutional neural networks and vision transformers, can go beyond detecting these objects as two-dimensional representations, and support characterization of the three-dimensional structure of objects, such as canopy height and wood volume, via contextual learning from two-dimensional images. These advancements enable reliable characterization of trees, their structure, biomass and diversity both inside and outside forests. Furthermore, self-supervision and foundation models facilitate large-scale applications without requiring extensive amounts of labels. Here, we summarize these advances, highlighting their application towards consistent tree monitoring systems that can assess carbon stocks, attribute losses and gains to underlying drivers and, ultimately, contribute to climate change mitigation.

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