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Practical formula to calculate solar factor in Semarang

AIP Conference Proceedings 2024年第1期2710卷

作者： Lili Kusumawati Erni Setyowati Agus Budi Purnomo Department of Architecture Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning Trisakti University Jakarta Indonesia Doctoral Program in Architecture and Urban Science Diponegoro University Semarang Indonesia Department of Architecture Faculty of Engineering Diponegoro University Semarang Indonesia

To get the OTTV value, you must first calculate the solar radiation value. Solar radiation occurs as a result of the sun’s heat being exposed to the surface of the building and then goes inside so that the air temperature inside the building gets hotter. The solar factor is one of the elements of solar radiation which is important in determining the overall thermal transfer value for each outer area of a building. The availability of solar factor data in one place is very important to use for building design purposes. Calculating the solar factor is very difficult, moreover, SNI only contains data for the city of Jakarta. There are several ways to calculate the solar factor, with available SNI tables or by laboratory experiments or direct measurements of sunlight. So to make it easier for the designer, we propose to use the rule of thumb formula. The method used is based on local solar factor data, then a radian angle is made from 0 ° -360 °, which results in an ellipse shape in an equation. This paper concludes that the Rule of thumb formula is very helpful for architects in calculating the SF value and can also complete the table in SNI: 2011, which only contains the SF value for the city of Jakarta, meaning that it only applies in Jakarta, so similar research is needed to get the SF value for other cities in Indonesia.

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Impact of leachate on irrigation water quality around TPST Piyungan

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AIP Conference Proceedings 2024年第1期3019卷

作者： Farida Afriani Astuti Syafrudin Indah Susilowati Doctoral Program of Environmental Science Graduate School of University Diponegoro Semarang-Indonesia Environmental Engineering UPN Veteran Yogyakarta Yogyakarta-Indonesia Graduate School of University Diponegoro Semarang-Indonesia

Rubbish is becoming a global environmental issue as the amount of waste generated constantly increases due to the continuous growth in the level of consumption. The previous investigation reported that the existence of waste management facility known as TPST such as Piyungan in Bantul Regency as a facility for managing rubbish can have a positive or negative impact on the environment. This is because the leachate from the waste is suspected to pollute the surrounding irrigation water. Therefore, this study aims to determine the impact of leachate on the quality of irrigation water around TPST Piyungan using field surveys and laboratory tests. The water sample was taken in Sitimulyo, one of the villages affected by TPST Piyungan activities, and in Jambidan village as point control. The physical and chemical parameters of the water sample tested include temperature, pH, COD, BOD, TSS, TDS, Zn, Fe, Cr, Cu, and Pb. This was followed by the evaluation of the Index Pollution raw quality Class IV, as stated in the Governor Regulation of the Special Region of Yogyakarta Number 20 of 2008 to determine the quality status. The results showed that the status of the water sample is in category IV, which fulfills raw quality (good condition), where point 1 has a value of 0.22 and 0.13 for points 2 and 3. This indicated that the irrigation water quality is not affected by the leachate generated from the TPST Piyungan.

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Analysis of Imerg Rainfall Records in Mexican States to Evaluate Trends and Precipitation Change

SSRN

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Acosta-Reyes, Miguel-Ángel Hernández-Anguiano, Jesús-Horacio Carrión-Viramontes, Francisco-Javier Li, Yanmei Quintana-Rodríguez, Juan-Antonio Rojo-Hernández, Julián-David Navarro-Céspedes, Juan-Manuel Piña-González, Viridiana Zha, Xiaoxiao Xu, Liao Doctoral program in Water Science and Technology University of Guanajuato Mexico Department of Geomatics and Hydraulics of The University of Guanajuato Benito Juárez Avenue 77 Guanajuato Guanajuato36000 Mexico Instituto Mexicano del Transporte 12 km State Highway No. 431 "El Colorado-Galindo" San Fandila Pedro Escobedo Querétaro76703 Mexico Department of Mining Engineering Metallurgy and Geology of The University of Guanajuato Mexico University of Massachusetts Amherst United States

This study extensively assesses the performance of IMERG satellite-based rainfall data in the Mexican states in relation to their potential applications in water resource planning and *** a detailed daily, monthly, and annual scale comparison between IMERG and ground-based weather stations, the research identified and discarded outliers in the weather station data to enhance analytical reliability. Employing a state-by-state zonal analysis, the study evaluated the accuracy, trends, and percentage of change of IMERG between 2001–*** particular, the leeward/windward mountain effect revealed to be a significant constraint on IMERG performance in mountainous regions, introducing uncertainties due to under/*** results propose the suitability of IMERG in eight states of Mexico with acceptable uncertainty at annual scale. However, a more nuanced and state-specific exploration of the various satellite-based rainfall products is crucial to determine the optimal choice for water resource planning and management. © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Satellites

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Conductivities of Room Temperature Molten Salts Containing ZnCl2, Measured by a Computerized Direct Current Method

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ECS Proceedings Volumes 2002年第1期2002-19卷

作者： Hsin-Yi Hsu Chao-Chen Yang Graduate School of Engineering Science & Technology (Doctoral Program) National Yunlin University of Science and Technology 123 University Road Sec. 3 Touliu Yunlin Taiwan 640 R. O. C.

The conductivities of the binary room-temperature molten salt systems ZnCl2-N-n-butylpridinnnium chloride (BPC), ZnCl2-1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chloride (EMIC) and ZnCl2-benzyltriethylammonium chloride (BTEAC) have been measured at different temperatures and compositions by a d.c. four-probes method. The conductivities of the three RTMS are in the order ZnCl2-EMIC > ZnCl2-BPC > ZnCl2-BTEAC. In the ZnCl2-BPC system the conductivity at 70 to 150°C, has a maxima at 40 mol% ZnCl2. In the ZnCl2-EMIC system, the conductivity is slightly different at 30 mol% to 50 mol% ZnCl2, while it considerably increases from 70 to 150°C, and it has the lowest activation energy 25.21 kJ/mol. For these two systems, the conductivities decrease rapidly beyond 50 mol% ZnCl2, owing to the rapid increase in cross-linking and resultant tightening of the polyelectrolyte structure. As to the ZnCl2-BTEAC system, the conductivities at 110–170°C gradually decrease between 30–60 mol% ZnCl2. The conductivities of ZnCl2-EMIC melt are compared with those of the AlCl3-EMIC melt previously studied. The stability of the ZnCl2-EMIC melt system is explored by the effect of external environment on the conductivity and the FTIR spectrum. It reveals that the effect is slight, and that the ZnCl2-EMIC melt may be classified as a stable melt.

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Conductivity and Electrochemistry of Cobalt (II) and Dysprosium Chloride in Zinc Chloride-1-Ethyl-3-Methyl-Imidazolium Chloride Room-Temperature Molten Salt

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ECS Proceedings Volumes 2002年第1期2002-19卷

In this present study, zinc chloride-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMIC) was used to form a room temperature melt. Although these melts are being examined for electrochemical applications, little conductivity data appears in the literature. The sequence of conductivities for the different component melts is ZnCl2-EMIC > ZnCl2-EMIC-CoCl2 > ZnCl2-EMIC-DyCl3 > ZnCl2-EMIC-CoCl2-DyCl3. The results may be explained in terms of the viscosity increase and complex formation when the cobalt chloride or dysprosium chloride is added into the acidic ZnCl2-EMIC melt. The electrochemistry of cobalt(II) and/or dysprosium chloride in acidic ZnCl2-EMIC melts at different temperature has been investigated by cyclic voltammetry. The results reveal the reduction of Dy(III) to Dy(II) or Dy(III) to Dy may have occurred, and the electrodeposition of Co-Dy or Zn-Co-Dy alloys was not formed from the melt at 80°C. Nevertheless, the cathodic reduction of Co2+/Dy3+ species will occur more readily at 110°C and 120°C than at 100°C.

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Probing time series multiplicative model and fuzzy relation methodologies

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2021年第1期1869卷

作者： H I Pratiwi Y Heriadi L Lukas A Wibowo Doctoral Program Department of Computer Science Bina Nusantara University Jl. Anggrek Kemanggisan Jakarta Indonesia Cognitive Engineering Research Group (CERG) Faculty of Engineering Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya Jakarta Indonesia

Probing of a question between two methodologies of the multiplicative model of Time Series and Fuzzy Relation is challenging to answer, without exploring each of both theories. This paper aims to discern any discrepancies or similarities in them, since each has detailed items that could lead to practical advantages to proceed on forecasting or decision making. Pseudo coding is a chance to explore theories and to surface those practical advantages. The finding states that the multiplicative model of time series factually has components that could have dependencies one to another, and the fuzzy relations help to map each point along their processes to determine how much dependency contained in the system that could conclude of a decision making.

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El Niño-Southern Oscillation extrema in the Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum

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Paleoceanography 2012年第4期27卷

作者： Koutavas, Athanasios Joanides, Stephan Department of Engineering Science and Physics College of Staten Island City University of New York Staten Island NY 10314 2800 Victory Blvd. United States Doctoral Program in Earth and Environmental Sciences Graduate Center of the City University of New York New York NY United States Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory Columbia University Palisades NY United States Environmental Science Program College of Staten Island City University of New York Staten Island NY United States Los Gatos Union School District Los Gatos CA United States

The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the largest engine of interannual climate variability on the planet, yet its past behavior and potential for future change are poorly understood and vigorously contested. Reconstructions of past ENSO are indispensable for testing climate models tasked with predicting future ENSO activity in a warming world, but suitable geologic archives are scarce, especially for the last glacial period. Here we reconstruct mean climate and ENSO variability in the Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) from oxygen isotopic ratios (δ¹⁸O) of individual foraminifera retrieved from deep-sea sediments. Our results document coordinated adjustments of the tropical Pacific/ENSO system between two diametrically opposite states: an "amplified ENSO" state in the LGM associated with a reduced zonal temperature gradient, and a "damped ENSO" state in the Mid-Holocene with enhanced gradient. Orbital precession provided the switch between these states and acted as the dominant external driver of the tropical Pacific/ENSO system in the past 25,000 years. The linked response of the mean state and variability to orbital forcing provides an integrated framework for testing ENSO theory and models. © 2012. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.

关键词： ENSO G. ruber Holocene Last Glacial Maximum sea surface temperature tropical Pacific

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Sustainable Revitalization in Cultural Heritage Kampong Kauman Surakarta Supported by Spatial Analysis

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IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental science 2018年第1期123卷

作者： M Musyawaroh T S Pitana M Masykuri Nandariyah Doctoral Candidate Study Program of Environmental Science Graduate School of Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta Indonesia Study Program of Architecture Faculty of Engineering Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta Indonesia Study Program of Environmental Science Graduate School of Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta Indonesia Study Program of Agronomy Graduate School of Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta Indonesia

Revitalization is a much-needed for a historic kampong as a settlement, place of business, and as tourist destinations. The research was conducted in Kauman as one of the cultural heritage kampong which was formerly as a residence of abdidalemulamaKeraton who also work as batik entrepreneurs. This study aims to formulate a sustainable revitalization step based on the character of the area and the building. Aspects of sustainable revitalization that analyzed are the physical and non-physical condition of the environment. This research is an applied research with qualitative rationalistic approach supported with spatial distribution analysis through satellite imagery and Arch-GIS. The results revealed that sustainable revitalization for Kaumancan be done through: 1) Physical condition of the environment consists of land and building use, green open space, recreational park and sport activities, streets, drainage network, sewer network, the garbage disposal network; 2) Non-physical of the environment consists of economy, heritage socio-cultural, and the engagement of relevant stakeholders. The difference of this study with others is, this study is a continuation of the Kauman revitalization assistance program which involves community participation to produce a more appropriate solution for the problem of kampong.

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Anaerobic sequencing batch reactor in pilot scale for treatment of tofu industry wastewater

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AIP Conference Proceedings 2015年第1期1699卷

作者： Suparni Setyowati Rahayu Purwanto Budiyono 1Doctoral Program in Environmental Science University of Diponegoro Semarang Indonesia 2Department of Mechanical Engineering State Polytechnic of Semarang Semarang Indonesia 3Department of Chemical Engineering Faculty of Engineering Diponegoro University Semarang Indonesia

The small industry of tofu production process releases the waste water without being processed first, and the wastewater is directly discharged into water. In this study, Anaerobic Sequencing Batch Reactor in Pilot Scale for Treatment of Tofu Industry was developed through an anaerobic process to produce biogas as one kind of environmentally friendly renewable energy which can be developed into the countryside. The purpose of this study was to examine the fundamental characteristics of organic matter elimination of industrial wastewater with small tofu effective method and utilize anaerobic active sludge with Anaerobic Sequencing Bath Reactor (ASBR) to get rural biogas as an energy source. The first factor is the amount of the active sludge concentration which functions as the decomposers of organic matter and controlling selectivity allowance to degrade organic matter. The second factor is that HRT is the average period required substrate to react with the bacteria in the Anaerobic Sequencing Bath Reactor (ASBR).The results of processing the waste of tofu production industry using ASBR reactor with active sludge additions as starter generates cumulative volume of 5814.4 mL at HRT 5 days so that in this study it is obtained the conversion 0.16 L of CH4/g COD and produce biogas containing of CH4: 81.23% and CO2: 16.12%. The wastewater treatment of tofu production using ASBR reactor is able to produce renewable energy that has economic value as well as environmentally friendly by nature.

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The potential recovery energy of SWD (sea water desalination) by SGP (salinity gradient power)

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2021年第1期1858卷

作者： Suka Handaja Budi Heru Susanto Hermawan Environmental Science Doctoral Program Diponegoro University Semarang Indonesia Instrumentation Engineering Departement Polytechnic of Energy And Minerals Akamigas Cepu-Blora Indonesia Chemical Engineering Departement Diponegoro University Semarang Indonesia Electrical Engineering Departement Diponegoro University Semarang Indonesia

Fresh water is needed in industrial activities. For these needs sea water is usually used as raw material if the plant is near the sea and far from the river. SWD (sea water desalination) is used to process sea water to fresh water, that is by reducing levels of salinity or reducing levels of total dissolved solid (TDS). There are two technologies in SWD, namely thermal distillation and reverse osmosis (RO) membrane technology. Residual SWD process or also called blowdown water has high salinity levels can be converted into electrical energy through SGP (salinity gradient power). There are two technologies to capture energy from salinity differences, namely PRO (Pressure Retarded Osmosis) and RED (Reverse Electrodialysis). PRO and RED are renewable energy technology, there are no emision, no moving part, abundant availability in nature and can be recycled. In this article, an analysis for SWD of oil refinery is carried out. From the analysis results it is known that the plant uses thermal distillation technology, requires power as 64.25 MW and 3,403 m3/h seawater to produce 242 m3/h freshwater. With SGP, the potential recovery of power gained is 0.786 MW. This recovery potential is still too small when compared to energy requirements of SWD with thermal distillation technology, but if it use RO technology that only requires 3.6-5.7 kWh/m3 or 0.87 - 1.40 MW to produce 242 m3/h, a significant impack to saving energy will be obtained.

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