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npj biodiversity 2024年第1期3卷 31页

作者： Ann M Mc Cartney Giulio Formenti Alice Mouton Diego De Panis Luísa S Marins Henrique G Leitão Genevieve Diedericks Joseph Kirangwa Marco Morselli Judit Salces-Ortiz Nuria Escudero Alessio Iannucci Chiara Natali Hannes Svardal Rosa Fernández Tim De Pooter Geert Joris Mojca Strazisar Jonathan M D Wood Katie E Herron Ole Seehausen Phillip C Watts Felix Shaw Robert P Davey Alice Minotto José M Fernández Astrid Böhne Carla Alegria Tyler Alioto Paulo C Alves Isabel R Amorim Jean-Marc Aury Niclas Backstrom Petr Baldrian Laima Baltrunaite Endre Barta Bertrand BedHom Caroline Belser Johannes Bergsten Laurie Bertrand Helena Bilandija Mahesh Binzer-Panchal Iliana Bista Mark Blaxter Paulo A V Borges Guilherme Borges Dias Mirte Bosse Tom Brown Rémy Bruggmann Elena Buena-Atienza Josephine Burgin Elena Buzan Alessia Cariani Nicolas Casadei Matteo Chiara Sergio Chozas Fedor Čiampor Angelica Crottini Corinne Cruaud Fernando Cruz Love Dalen Alessio De Biase Javier Del Campo Teo Delic Alice B Dennis Martijn F L Derks Maria Angela Diroma Mihajla Djan Simone Duprat Klara Eleftheriadi Philine G D Feulner Jean-François Flot Giobbe Forni Bruno Fosso Pascal Fournier Christine Fournier-Chambrillon Toni Gabaldon Shilpa Garg Carmela Gissi Luca Giupponi Jessica Gomez-Garrido Josefa González Miguel L Grilo Björn Grüning Thomas Guerin Nadege Guiglielmoni Marta Gut Marcel P Haesler Christoph Hahn Balint Halpern Peter W Harrison Julia Heintz Maris Hindrikson Jacob Höglund Kerstin Howe Graham M Hughes Benjamin Istace Mark J Cock Franc Janžekovič Zophonias O Jonsson Sagane Joye-Dind Janne J Koskimäki Boris Krystufek Justyna Kubacka Heiner Kuhl Szilvia Kusza Karine Labadie Meri Lähteenaro Henrik Lantz Anton Lavrinienko Lucas Leclère Ricardo Jorge Lopes Ole Madsen Ghislaine Magdelenat Giulia Magoga Tereza Manousaki Tapio Mappes Joao Pedro Marques Gemma I Martinez Redondo Florian Maumus Shane A McCarthy Hendrik-Jan Megens Jose Melo-Ferreira Sofia L Mendes Matteo Montagna Joao Moreno Mai-Britt Mosbech Mónica Moura Zuzana Musilova Eugene Myers Will J N Genomics Institute University of California Santa Cruz CA USA. anmmccar@ucsc.edu. The Vertebrate Genome Laboratory The Rockefeller University New York NY USA. Department of Biology University of Florence Sesto Fiorentino Italy. InBios-Conservation Genetics Laboratory University of Liege Liege Belgium. Leibniz Institut für Zoo und Wildtierforschung Berlin Germany. Berlin Center for Genomics in Biodiversity Research Berlin Germany. Department of Biology University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium. Institute of Zoology University of Cologne Cologne Germany. Department of Chemistry Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability University of Parma Parma Italy. Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra) Barcelona Spain. Naturalis Biodiversity Center Leiden The Netherlands. Neuromics Support Facility VIB Center for Molecular Neurology VIB Antwerp Belgium. Neuromics Support Facility Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium. Tree of Life Wellcome Sanger Institute Hinxton Cambridge UK. School of Biology and Environmental Science University College Dublin Belfield Ireland. Aquatic Ecology & Evolution Institute of Ecology & Evolution University of Bern Bern Switzerland. Department of Fish Ecology & Evolution Eawag Kastanienbaum Switzerland. Department of Biological and Environmental Science University of Jyvaskyla Jyvaskyla Finland. The Earlham Institute Norwich Research Park Norwich UK. Digital Science London UK. Barcelona Supercomputing Center Spanish National Bioinformatics Institute ELIXIR Spain Getafe Spain. Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change Museum Koenig Bonn Bonn Germany. CE3C-Centre for Ecology Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute Faculdade de Ciências Universidade de Lisboa Campo Grande Lisboa Portugal. Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG) Barcelona Spain. Universitat de Barcelona (UB) Barcelona Spain. CIBIO C

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Global investments in pandemic preparedness and COVID-19: development assistance and domestic spending on health between 1990 and 2026

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The Lancet Global Health 2023年第3期11卷 e385-e413页

作者： Micah, Angela E. Bhangdia, Kayleigh Cogswell, Ian E. Lasher, Dylan Lidral-Porter, Brendan Maddison, Emilie R. Nguyen, Trang Nhu Ngoc Patel, Nishali Pedroza, Paola Solorio, Juan Stutzman, Hayley Tsakalos, Golsum Wang, Yifeng Warriner, Wesley Zhao, Yingxi Zlavog, Bianca S. Abbafati, Cristiana Abbas, Jaffar Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abdelmasseh, Michael Abdulah, Deldar Morad Abedi, Aidin Abegaz, Kedir Hussein Abhilash, E.S. Aboagye, Richard Gyan Abolhassani, Hassan Abrigo, Michael R.M. Abubaker Ali, Hiwa Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Adem, Mohammed Hussien Afzal, Muhammad Sohail Ahmadi, Ali Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed Rashid, Tarik Aji, Budi Akbarialiabad, Hossein Akelew, Yibeltal Al Hamad, Hanadi Alam, Khurshid Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour Alanzi, Turki M. Al-Hanawi, Mohammed Khaled Alhassan, Robert Kaba Aljunid, Syed Mohamed Almustanyir, Sami Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M. Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J. Amare, Azmeraw T. Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena Amini-Rarani, Mostafa Amu, Hubert Ancuceanu, Robert Andrei, Tudorel Anwar, Sumadi Lukman Appiah, Francis Aqeel, Muhammad Arabloo, Jalal Arab-Zozani, Morteza Aravkin, Aleksandr Y. Aremu, Olatunde Aruleba, Raphael Taiwo Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin Avila-Burgos, Leticia Ayanore, Martin Amogre Azari, Samad Baig, Atif Amin Bantie, Abere Tilahun Barrow, Amadou Baskaran, Pritish Basu, Sanjay Batiha, Abdul-Monim Mohammad Baune, Bernhard T. Berezvai, Zombor Bhardwaj, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhaskar, Sonu Boachie, Micheal Kofi Bodolica, Virginia Botelho, João Silva Botelho Braithwaite, Dejana Breitborde, Nicholas J.K. Busse, Reinhard Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero Catalá-López, Ferrán Chansa, Collins Charan, Jaykaran Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chen, Simiao Chukwu, Isaac Sunday Dadras, Omid Dandona, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dargahi, Abdollah Debela, Sisay Abebe Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar Desye, Belay Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda Diao, Nancy Doan, Linh Phuong Dodangeh, Milad dos Santos, Wendel Mombaque Doshmangir, Leila Dube, John Eini, Ebrahim El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa El Tantawi, Maha Enyew, Daniel Berhanie Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Applied Mathematics University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Nuffield Department of Medicine University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom Department of Juridical and Economic Studies La Sapienza University Rome Italy Antai College of Economics Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China Non-communicable Diseases Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Research Center for Immunodeficiencies Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Multiple Sclerosis Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Children’s Medical Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Tehran Heart Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Faculty of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran National Institute for Health Research Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Pharmacology Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Cardiology Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Digestive Diseases Research Institute Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Neurology Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Social Determinants of Health Research Center Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Epidemiology Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Health Economics and Statistics Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Neurosurgery Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Ophthalmic R

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted gaps in health surveillance systems, disease prevention, and treatment globally. Among the many factors that might have led to these gaps is the issue of the financing of national health systems, especially in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), as well as a robust global system for pandemic preparedness. We aimed to provide a comparative assessment of global health spending at the onset of the pandemic;characterise the amount of development assistance for pandemic preparedness and response disbursed in the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic;and examine expectations for future health spending and put into context the expected need for investment in pandemic preparedness. Methods: In this analysis of global health spending between 1990 and 2021, and prediction from 2021 to 2026, we estimated four sources of health spending: development assistance for health (DAH), government spending, out-of-pocket spending, and prepaid private spending across 204 countries and territories. We used the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)'s Creditor Reporting System (CRS) and the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database (GHED) to estimate spending. We estimated development assistance for general health, COVID-19 response, and pandemic preparedness and response using a keyword search. Health spending estimates were combined with estimates of resources needed for pandemic prevention and preparedness to analyse future health spending patterns, relative to need. Findings: In 2019, at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, US$9·2 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9·1–9·3) was spent on health worldwide. We found great disparities in the amount of resources devoted to health, with high-income countries spending $7·3 trillion (95% UI 7·2–7·4) in 2019;293·7 times the $24·8 billion (95% UI 24·3–25·3) spent by low-income countries in 2019. That same year, $43·1 billion in development assistance was provided

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A synthetic biological secondary metabolite,Lycogen^TM,produced and extracted from Rhodobacter sphaeroides WL-APD911 in an optimizatioal scale-up strategy

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Food science and Human Wellness 2017年第4期6卷 195-201页

作者： Cheng-Chin Wang Shi-Ying Huang Shu-Hung Huang Zhi-Hong Wen Jyun-Ying Huang Wen-Sheng Liu Hui-Min David Wang Research and Development Department Chia-Yi SteelTainan 717TaiwanChina College of Oceanology and Food Science Quanzhou Normal UniversityQuanzhou 362000China Fujian Province Key Laboratory for the Development of Bioactive Material from Marine Algae Quanzhou 362000China Division of Plastic Surgery Department of SurgeryKaohsiung Medical University HospitalKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung 807TaiwanChina Graduate Institute of Medicine College of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung 807TaiwanChina Center for Stem Cell Research Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung 807TaiwanChina Department of Surgery Faculty of MedicineCollege of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung 807TaiwanChina Orthopaedic Research Center Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung 807TaiwanChina Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology National Sun Yat-sen University and Academia SinicaKaohsiung 804TaiwanChina Marine Biomedical Laboratory and Center for Translational Biopharmaceuticals Department of Marine Biotechnology and ResourcesNational Sun Yat-sen UniversityKaohsiung 804TaiwanChina Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering National Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung 402TaiwanChina Department and Graduate Institute of Aquaculture National Kaohsiung Marine UniversityKaohsiung 811TaiwanChina Asia-Pacific Biotech Developing Inc.Kaohsiung 803TaiwanChina Department of Medical Research China Medical University HospitalChina Medical UniversityTaichung 404TaiwanChina

The optimization of fermentation medium is important for synthetic biological secondary metabolite *** effect of rotation speed,inoculum amount,and medium supplements on the cell growth and Lycogen^TM secretion of photobacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides WL-APD911 was *** results reveal that a higher rotational speed exhibit a higher cell density,and the increasing in the amount of inoculum amount show a slight augment on the growth of *** *** the case of nitrogen sources adding,Lycogen^TM production was achieved with a 0.5 mM l-lysine ***,the attention of Tween 80 presented a tremendous increase in the secondary *** surface methodology(RSM)exhibited the optimization of medium supplements for Lycogen^TM invention is accomplished at molasses concentration of 10 g/L,yeast extract concentration of 40 g/L,0.3%Tween 80 and NaCl concentration of 5 g/L,***,the batch fermentation is carried out in both 5 L and 20 L fermentors to study the scale-up process factors to be *** a 20 L fermentor,Lycogen^TM yields under the optimal culture condition are over 2 times than in the shake *** present results provide the Lycogen^TM optimal culture mediums,scale-up procedures and efficient extractions from *** WL-APD911.

关键词： Rhodobacter sphaeroides WL-APD911 Lycogen^TM Response surface methodology(RSM) Ferementation

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Infrared Communication of Leader-Follower Robots in Home Security System

Infrared Communication of Leader-Follower Robots in Home Sec...

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International Conference on Industrial Technology

作者： Kuo-Hsien Hsia Kuo-Lan Su Hung Guo Cheng-Yun Chung Department of Electrical Engineering Far East University Tainan Taiwan (R.O.C.) Department of Electrical Engineering National Yunlin University of Science & Technology Yunlin Taiwan (R.O.C.) Department of Electrical Engineering National Chin-Yi University of Technology Taichung Taiwan (R.O.C.) Grad. School of Engr. Sci. & Tech. (Doctoral Program) National Yunlin University of Science & Technology Yunlin Taiwan (R.O.C.)

ISBN: (纸本)9781467380768

In this paper, we applied CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access) with infrared communication on leader-follower robot system via hierarchical communication. We define a simple protocol for communication between robots in the system. A home security system with many security modules installed in a house and a group of leader-follower mobile robots in charge of patrolling and monitoring was simulated for the communication. When fire or any accident happens, the leader robot will command the follower robots to the location.

关键词： leader-follower robot infrared communication CSMA

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From Dissemination to Propagation: A New Paradigm for Education Developers

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Change 2017年第4期49卷 35-42页

作者： Froyd, Jeffrey E. Henderson, Charles Cole, Renée S. Friedrichsen, Debra Khatri, Raina Stanford, Courtney Jeffrey E. Froyd is a Research Professor at Texas A&M University. His research interests include sustained adoption of improvements in learning and teaching systematic reviews in engineering education evaluation of faculty campus climates and assessment of complex learning outcomes. Charles Henderson is a Professor at Western Michigan University with a joint appointment between the Department of Physics and the Mallinson Institute for Science Education. His research focuses on promoting productive changes in higher education at the individual department institution and national levels. Renée S. Cole is an Associate Professor of Chemistry at the University of Iowa. She teaches introductory and advanced courses in chemistry and runs a research program focused on the design and assessment of instructional materials and teaching strategies and faculty professional development. Debra Friedrichsen founded and operates a small consulting company. She received her Ph.D. from Oregon State University in Chemical Engineering with a dissertation focused on engineering education. Debra also has a MBA a MS and a patent for sensor development. Raina Khatri is a doctoral student in the Mallinson Institute for Science Education at Western Michigan University. Her research focus is understanding how education developers in STEM can promote sustained adoption of their innovations. Courtney Stanford is a postdoctoral researcher in the Department of Chemistry at Virginia Commonwealth University. Her current research focuses on the identification development and assessment of process skills (also known as professional skills) in active learning undergraduate STEM classrooms.

Scholarly studies and national reports document failure of current efforts to achieve broad, sustained adoption of research-based instructional practices, despite compelling bodies of evidence supporting efficacy of many of these practices. The authors of this paper argue that many change agents who are working to promote systemic adoption of these teaching practices use approaches that are characterized by what the authors call the "dissemination paradigm." A dissemination paradigm characterizes patterns of these current, failing efforts. Change agents, working within the dissemination paradigm, try to convince adopters that their innovations can help their students. Efforts within the dissemination paradigm have not led, and are unlikely to lead, to systemic adoption. The authors offer the "propagation paradigm" as an alternative with the potential to produce improved results. Change agents, working within the propagation paradigm, engage with adopters early and often to understand their instructional systems and interactively develop a strong product adaptable to specific contexts.

关键词： Models Change Agents Teaching Methods Information Dissemination Educational Innovation Instructional Systems STEM Education Comparative Analysis

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Suffix sequences based morphological segmentation for Afaan Oromo

Suffix sequences based morphological segmentation for Afaan ...

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AFRICON Conference

作者： Getachew Mamo Wegari Massimo Melucci Solomon Teferra IT Doctoral Program Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa Ethiopia Department of Information Engineering University of Padua Padua Italy Department of Information Science Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa Ethiopia

This paper reports on a morphological segmentation model for Afaan Oromo based on suffix sequences approach. Understanding and identifying the suffix sequences of a language allow us to detect morpheme boundaries of many words of Afaan Oromo. Morphological segmentation models can be used in many Natural Language Processing applications such as machine translation, speech recognition, information retrieval and part-of-speech tagging. A divisive hierarchical clustering and frequency distribution were used to build a tree of candidate stems from which segmented suffix sequences can be modeled. The proposed morphological segmentation model was evaluated with test word-lists. The accuracy obtained by our morphological segmentation model is encouraging.

关键词： Computational modeling Training Natural language processing Algorithm design and analysis Clustering algorithms Pragmatics

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From the Field: Neck lesions in ungulates from collars incorporating satellite technology

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Wildlife Society Bulletin 2019年第3期32卷

作者： Paul R. Krausman Vernon C. Bleich James W. Cain III Thomas R. Stephenson Don W. DeYoung Philip W. McGrath Pamela K. Swift Becky M. Pierce Brian D. Jansen California Department of Fish and Game 407 West Live Street Bishop CA 93514 USA University Animal Care The University of Arizona Tucson AZ 85721 USA. James W. Cain III(top second from left) is a graduate research assistant working towards his Ph.D. in wildlife ecology at the University of Arizona Tucson. He is studying the habitat relationships of desert bighorn sheep in Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge Arizona. He received his B.S. degree in biology from Colorado State University in 1997 and an M.S. degree in Biological conservation from California State University Sacramento in 2001. Don W. DeYoung(top third from left) received his D.V.M. from Michigan State University and Ph.D. from Colorado State University. He is a Diplomate from the American College of Veterinary Surgeons. Don has worked at the University of Arizona Tucson since 1979 and is the Associate Director of University Animal Care and has been involved with numerous studies of wildlife. Brian D. Jansen(top right) is a graduate research assistant working towards his M.S. degree in wildlife ecology at the University of Arizona Tucson. He is studying desert bighorn sheep responses to disease and mining in the Silver Bell Mountains Arizona. He received his B.S. in wildlife from the University of Arizona in 2002. Vernon C. Bleich(bottom left) received B.S. and M.A. degrees from California State University Long Beach and a Ph.D. from the University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF). He is a senior environmental scientist with the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG) where he supervises the Sierra Nevada Bighorn Sheep Recovery Program (SNBSRP) and directs the Round Valley Project a long-term effort examining relationships between habitat quality prey densities and populations of mule deer and mountain sheep in the eastern Sierra Nevada. He has been a Professional Member of the Boone and Crockett Club since 1999 and in 2002 received the Outstanding Alumnus Award from the College of Science Engineering and Mathematics at UA

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Surface modification of yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia with different glass based liners

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Dental Materials 2016年 32卷 e95-e96页

作者： D. Silva-Herzog Rivera D. Masuoka-Ito L.O. Sanchez-Vargas J.L. Menchaca-Arredondo A. Aragón-Piña B.I. Cerda-Cristerna Institutional Doctoral Program of Engineering and Materials Science Universidad Autónoma De San Luis Potosí México Mexico Dentistry Department Universidad Autónoma De Aguascalientes México Mexico Faculty of Physics and Mathematics Universidad Autónoma De Nuevo León México Mexico Research Center and Post-Graduate Studies Universidad Autónoma De San Luis Potosí México Mexico Faculty of Dentistry Río Blanco Universidad Veracruzana-Región Córdoba-Orizaba México Mexico

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Anaerobic sequencing batch reactor in pilot scale for treatment of tofu industry wastewater

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AIP Conference Proceedings 2015年第1期1699卷

作者： Suparni Setyowati Rahayu Purwanto Budiyono 1Doctoral Program in Environmental Science University of Diponegoro Semarang Indonesia 2Department of Mechanical Engineering State Polytechnic of Semarang Semarang Indonesia 3Department of Chemical Engineering Faculty of Engineering Diponegoro University Semarang Indonesia

The small industry of tofu production process releases the waste water without being processed first, and the wastewater is directly discharged into water. In this study, Anaerobic Sequencing Batch Reactor in Pilot Scale for Treatment of Tofu Industry was developed through an anaerobic process to produce biogas as one kind of environmentally friendly renewable energy which can be developed into the countryside. The purpose of this study was to examine the fundamental characteristics of organic matter elimination of industrial wastewater with small tofu effective method and utilize anaerobic active sludge with Anaerobic Sequencing Bath Reactor (ASBR) to get rural biogas as an energy source. The first factor is the amount of the active sludge concentration which functions as the decomposers of organic matter and controlling selectivity allowance to degrade organic matter. The second factor is that HRT is the average period required substrate to react with the bacteria in the Anaerobic Sequencing Bath Reactor (ASBR).The results of processing the waste of tofu production industry using ASBR reactor with active sludge additions as starter generates cumulative volume of 5814.4 mL at HRT 5 days so that in this study it is obtained the conversion 0.16 L of CH4/g COD and produce biogas containing of CH4: 81.23% and CO2: 16.12%. The wastewater treatment of tofu production using ASBR reactor is able to produce renewable energy that has economic value as well as environmentally friendly by nature.

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Comparative study of leaf image recognition with a novel learning-based approach

Comparative study of leaf image recognition with a novel lea...

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science and Information Conference (SAI)

作者： Jou-Ken Hsiao Li-Wei Kang Ching-Long Chang Chih-Yang Lin Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering National Yunlin University of Science and Technology Yunlin Taiwan Graduate School of Engineering Science and Technology-Doctoral Program National Yunlin University of Science and Technology Yunlin Taiwan Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering Asia University Taichung Taiwan

Automatic plant identification via computer vision techniques has been greatly important for a number of professionals, such as environmental protectors, land managers, and foresters. In this paper, we conduct a comparative study on leaf image recognition and propose a novel learning-based leaf image recognition technique via sparse representation (or sparse coding) for automatic plant identification. In our learning-based method, in order to model leaf images, we learn an overcomplete dictionary for sparsely representing the training images of each leaf species. Each dictionary is learned using a set of descriptors extracted from the training images in such a way that each descriptor is represented by linear combination of a small number of dictionary atoms. Moreover, we also implement a general bag-of-words (BoW) model-based recognition system for leaf images, used for comparison. We experimentally compare the two approaches and show unique characteristics of our sparse coding-based framework. As a result, efficient leaf recognition can be achieved on public leaf image dataset based on the two evaluated methods, where the proposed sparse coding-based framework can perform better.

关键词： Image recognition Dictionaries Training Feature extraction Shape Vectors Image coding

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