A genomic database of all Earth’s eukaryotic species could contribute to many scientific discoveries;however, only a tiny fraction of species have genomic information available. In 2018, scientists across the world u...
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted gaps in health surveillance systems, disease prevention, and treatment globally. Among the many factors that might have led to these gaps is the issue of the financing of ...
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted gaps in health surveillance systems, disease prevention, and treatment globally. Among the many factors that might have led to these gaps is the issue of the financing of national health systems, especially in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), as well as a robust global system for pandemic preparedness. We aimed to provide a comparative assessment of global health spending at the onset of the pandemic;characterise the amount of development assistance for pandemic preparedness and response disbursed in the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic;and examine expectations for future health spending and put into context the expected need for investment in pandemic preparedness. Methods: In this analysis of global health spending between 1990 and 2021, and prediction from 2021 to 2026, we estimated four sources of health spending: development assistance for health (DAH), government spending, out-of-pocket spending, and prepaid private spending across 204 countries and territories. We used the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)'s Creditor Reporting System (CRS) and the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database (GHED) to estimate spending. We estimated development assistance for general health, COVID-19 response, and pandemic preparedness and response using a keyword search. Health spending estimates were combined with estimates of resources needed for pandemic prevention and preparedness to analyse future health spending patterns, relative to need. Findings: In 2019, at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, US$9·2 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9·1–9·3) was spent on health worldwide. We found great disparities in the amount of resources devoted to health, with high-income countries spending $7·3 trillion (95% UI 7·2–7·4) in 2019;293·7 times the $24·8 billion (95% UI 24·3–25·3) spent by low-income countries in 2019. That same year, $43·1 billion in development assistance was provided
In this paper a flow inside a pipe is modeled by a hyperbolic system (written in terms of a partial differential equation). One boundary condition is given by the coupling with a finite-dimensional dynamic model of he...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781479977970
In this paper a flow inside a pipe is modeled by a hyperbolic system (written in terms of a partial differential equation). One boundary condition is given by the coupling with a finite-dimensional dynamic model of heating column and a static modeling of ventilator. Then, the classical finite-dimensional technique is applied for the linearization of first order hyperbolic systems with dynamics associated to the boundary conditions. The discretization of the infinite-dimensional system is used and an augmented discrete linear system with dimension depending on the step size of discretization in space is obtained. The results are illustrated on simulations considering a Poiseuille flow experimental setup.
There is good evidence that naltrexone, an opioid antagonist, has a strong neuroprotective role and may be a potential drug for the treatment of fibromyalgia. In previous work, some of the authors used experimental cl...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781479901777
There is good evidence that naltrexone, an opioid antagonist, has a strong neuroprotective role and may be a potential drug for the treatment of fibromyalgia. In previous work, some of the authors used experimental clinical data to identify input-output linear time invariant models that were used to extract useful information about the effect of this drug on fibromyalgia symptoms. Additional factors such as anxiety, stress, mood, and headache, were considered as additive disturbances. However, it seems reasonable to think that these factors do not affect the drug actuation, but only the way in which a participant perceives how the drug actuates on herself. Under this hypothesis the linear time invariant models can be replaced by State-Space Affine Linear Parameter Varying models where the disturbances are seen as a scheduling signal signal only acting at the parameters of the output equation. In this paper a new algorithm for identifying such a model is proposed. This algorithm minimizes a quadratic criterion of the output error. Since the output error is a linear function of some parameters, the Affine Linear Parameter Varying system identification is formulated as a separable nonlinear least squares problem. Likewise other identification algorithms using gradient optimization methods several parameter derivatives are dynamical systems that must be simulated. In order to increase time efficiency a canonical parametrization that minimizes the number of systems to be simulated is chosen. The effectiveness of the algorithm is assessed in a case study where an Affine Parameter Varying Model is identified from the experimental data used in the previous study and compared with the time-invariant model.
This paper proposes the use of admission and traffic control schemes for real-time applications. The admission control scheme determines the admission of high-priority real-time applications such as voice and video st...
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This paper proposes the use of admission and traffic control schemes for real-time applications. The admission control scheme determines the admission of high-priority real-time applications such as voice and video streams in terms of their bandwidth utilization time (medium time), whereas the traffic control scheme maintains the communication quality of applications permitted admission by restricting other traffic. Owing to the use of contention-based access, a conventional scheme without admission control will degrade the communication quality when the number of terminals using high-priority applications increases. Moreover, only the capabilities (i.e., frame and sequence procedures) of admission control are defined in the IEEE 802.11e standard;the detailed usage in terms of the application characteristics is not specified, and it may be difficult to achieve a sufficient level of quality of service (QoS). The proposed schemes achieve the optimum QoS for actual services. The software used in the proposed schemes was implemented into hardware at the access point, and was evaluated experimentally. Based on the evaluation results, excellent performances with high QoS applications were obtained.
This paper discusses a problem concerning intertemporal decision-making under uncertainty when its subject has psychological biases. Here, we consider an investment company as a decision maker that invests money from ...
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There is a growing body of experimental evidence suggesting that the Ca2+ signaling in ventricular myocytes is characterized by a high gradient near the cell membrane and a more uniform Ca2+ distribution in the cell i...
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There is a growing body of experimental evidence suggesting that the Ca2+ signaling in ventricular myocytes is characterized by a high gradient near the cell membrane and a more uniform Ca2+ distribution in the cell interior [1]--[7]. An important reason for this phenomenon might be that in these cells the t-tubular system forms a network of extracellular space, extending deep into the cell interior. This allows the electrical signal, that propagates rapidly along the cell membrane, to reach the vicinity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), where intracellular Ca2+ required for myofilament activation is stored [1], [8]--[11]. Early studies of cardiac muscle showed that the t-tubules are found at intervals of about 2 lm along the longitudinal cell axis in close proximity to the Z-disks of the sarcomeres [12]. Subsequent studies have demonstrated that the t-tubular system has also longitudinal extensions [9]--[11], [13].
This paper investigates driverpsilas behavior of checking a traffic situation by analyzing driverpsilas eye movement when the driver is cognitively distracted during preparation of changing lanes. We made an experimen...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9784907764302
This paper investigates driverpsilas behavior of checking a traffic situation by analyzing driverpsilas eye movement when the driver is cognitively distracted during preparation of changing lanes. We made an experiment with a motion-based driving simulator under conditions of several types of secondary tasks. Collected data resulted in lower detection rates of intent of changing lanes, less checking behaviors and longer time length of checking behavior. These facts clarified that there are discrepancies between secondary tasks and no secondary one. It showed an influence of cognitively distracting activity on driverpsilas behavior.
A treatment consisting of resistance heat treatment and artificial aging was developed to improve the product strength and press formability of Al-Mg-Si alloy sheets having paint bake hardenability used for automobile...
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A treatment consisting of resistance heat treatment and artificial aging was developed to improve the product strength and press formability of Al-Mg-Si alloy sheets having paint bake hardenability used for automobile body panels. In this treatment, the sheets are re-solution heat-treated by resistance heating and water quenching just before the press forming. The formed sheets are artificially aged just after the press forming to increase the product strength. In the experiment, Al-0.60%Si-0.74%Mg (A6061) alloy sheets were chosen. The solution heat treatment of the sheets was sufficiently accomplished by the rapid resistance heat treatment, and the press formability of the sheets was improved. The hardness of formed products is increased by the artificial aging and paint bake hardening. It was found that the present heat treatment is effective in improving the product strength and press formability of the Al-Mg-Si alloy sheets having the paint bake hardenability.
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