The East Java Province has experienced a significant surge in number of confirmed cases of COVID-19. This study endeavors to investigate the potential correlation between weather conditions and the incidence of number...
The East Java Province has experienced a significant surge in number of confirmed cases of COVID-19. This study endeavors to investigate the potential correlation between weather conditions and the incidence of number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 in East Java. To achieve this, a nonparametric regression model, specifically, the Negative Binomial Regression (NBR) model based on the least squares spline estimator, was utilized. The outcomes of the study indicate that the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of nonparametic regression model is 0.30. Meanwhile, the MAPE for the parametric regression model is 0.34. The results show that a nonparametric regression model approach is better than parametric regression model approach. The study establishes that the truncated spline estimator based NBR model represents the best fit, with an MLCV value of -256.71. The findings of the study suggest that a temperature less than 21.75°C is associated with a decrease of 13.28 number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 per each 1°C increase, while a temperature between 21.75°C and 25.78°C is linked to an increase of 6.85 number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 per each 1°C increase. In contrast, a temperature greater than 25.78°C is associated with a decrease of 139.42 number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 per each 1°C increase. Similarly, a wind speed less than 5.57 m/s is related to a decrease of 12.99 number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 per each 1 m/s increase, whereas a wind speed between 5.57 m/s and 8.99 m/s is associated with a decrease of 10.29 number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 per each 1 m/s increase. Furthermore, a wind speed greater than 8.99 m/s is linked to a decrease of 19.16 number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 per each 1 m/s increase. The study provides evidence that higher temperatures and wind speeds result in a slower rise in the incidence of the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19. Consequently, it is recommended that the local government remains vigilant du
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted gaps in health surveillance systems, disease prevention, and treatment globally. Among the many factors that might have led to these gaps is the issue of the financing of ...
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted gaps in health surveillance systems, disease prevention, and treatment globally. Among the many factors that might have led to these gaps is the issue of the financing of national health systems, especially in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), as well as a robust global system for pandemic preparedness. We aimed to provide a comparative assessment of global health spending at the onset of the pandemic;characterise the amount of development assistance for pandemic preparedness and response disbursed in the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic;and examine expectations for future health spending and put into context the expected need for investment in pandemic preparedness. Methods: In this analysis of global health spending between 1990 and 2021, and prediction from 2021 to 2026, we estimated four sources of health spending: development assistance for health (DAH), government spending, out-of-pocket spending, and prepaid private spending across 204 countries and territories. We used the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)'s Creditor Reporting system (CRS) and the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database (GHED) to estimate spending. We estimated development assistance for general health, COVID-19 response, and pandemic preparedness and response using a keyword search. Health spending estimates were combined with estimates of resources needed for pandemic prevention and preparedness to analyse future health spending patterns, relative to need. Findings: In 2019, at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, US$9·2 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9·1–9·3) was spent on health worldwide. We found great disparities in the amount of resources devoted to health, with high-income countries spending $7·3 trillion (95% UI 7·2–7·4) in 2019;293·7 times the $24·8 billion (95% UI 24·3–25·3) spent by low-income countries in 2019. That same year, $43·1 billion in development assistance was provided
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