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Methods for Evaluating Medical Tests and Biomarkers

Diagnostic and Prognostic Research 2017年第1期1卷 1-34页

作者： Gowri Gopalakrishna Miranda Langendam Patrick Bossuyt Mariska Leeflang Rob Scholten Anna Noel-Storr James Thomas Iain Marshall Byron Wallace Penny Whiting Clare Davenport Gowri GopalaKrishna Isabel de Salis Sue Mallett Robert Wolff Marie Westwood Jos Kleinen Richard Riley Gary Collins Hans Reitsma Karel Moons Antonia Zapf Katharina Kramer Annika Hoyer Oliver Kuss J. Ensor R. D. Riley J. J. Deeks E. C. Martin Gerta Rücker Martin Schumacher Susanne Steinhauser Joie Ensor Kym Snell Brian Willis Jon Deeks Thomas Debray Lavinia Ferrante di Ruffano Sian Taylor-Phillips Chris Hyde Stuart A. Taylor Gauraang Batnagar Lavinia Ferrante Di Ruffano Farah Seedat Aileen Clarke Sarah Byron Frances Nixon Rebecca Albrow Thomas Walker Carla Deakin Zhivko Zhelev Harriet Hunt Yaling Yang Lucy Abel James Buchanan Thomas Fanshawe Bethany Shinkins Laure Wynants Sabine Van Huffel Jan Verbakel Dirk Timmerman Ben Van Calster Aeliko Zwinderman Jason Oke Jack O’Sullivan Rafael Perera Brian Nicholson Hannah L. Bromley Tracy E. Roberts Adele Francis Denniis Petrie G. Bruce Mann Kinga Malottki Holly Smith Lucinda Billingham Alice Sitch Oke Gerke Mie Holm-Vilstrup Eivind Antonsen Segtnan Ulrich Halekoh Poul Flemming Høilund-Carlsen Bernard G. Francq Jac Dinnes Julie Parkes Walter Gregory Jenny Hewison Peter Selby Doug Altman William Rosenberg Julien Asselineau Paul Perez Aïssatou Paye Emilie Bessede Cécile Proust-Lima Christiana Naaktgeboren Joris de Groot Johannes Reitsma Anne Rutjes Emmanuel Ogundimu Jonathan Cook Yannick Le Manach Yvonne Vergouwe Romin Pajouheshnia Rolf Groenwold Karen Moons Linda Peelen Bavo De Cock Daan Nieboer Ewout W. Steyerberg Micael J. Pencina Jennifer Cooper Nick Parsons Chris Stinton Steve Smith Andy Dickens Rachel Jordan Alexandra Enocson David Fitzmaurice Peymane Adab Charles Boachie Gaj Vidmar Karoline Freeman Martin Connock Rachel Court Carl Moons Jessica Harris Zoe Plummer Barnaby Reeves Chris Rogers Andrew Mumford Kurtis Lee Veerle Verheyden Gianni D. Angelini Gavin J. Murphy Jeremy Huddy Melody Ni George Hanna Department of Clinical Epidemiology Biostatistics & Bioinformatics Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam Amsterdam Netherlands Cochrane Netherlands Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht Netherlands Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group University of Oxford Oxford UK EPPI-Centre Department of Social Science University College London London UK Division of Health and Social Care Research King’s College London London UK College of Computer and Information Science Northeastern University Boston USA University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust School of Social and Community Medicine Bristol UK Institute of Applied Health Research University of Birmingham Birmingham UK School of Social and Community Medicine University of Bristol Bristol UK Kleijnen Systematic Reviews Ltd York UK Research Institute for Primary Care and Health Sciences Keele University Keele UK Centre for Statistics in Medicine Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences University of Oxford Oxford UK Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht The Netherlands Cochrane Netherlands University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht The Netherlands Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care University Medical Center Utrecht 3584 CG Utrecht Netherlands Department of Medical Statistics University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen Germany Institute for Biometry and Epidemiology German Diabetes Center Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf Germany Manchester Pharmacy School University of Manchester Manchester UK Institute for Medical Biometry and Statistics Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center – University of Freiburg Stefan-Meier-Str. 26 79104 Freiburg Germany

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Sequence data and association statistics from 12,940 type 2 diabetes cases and controls

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Scientific data 2017年第1期4卷 170179页

作者： Jason Flannick Christian Fuchsberger Anubha Mahajan Tanya M Teslovich Vineeta Agarwala Kyle J Gaulton Lizz Caulkins Ryan Koesterer Clement Ma Loukas Moutsianas Davis J McCarthy Manuel A Rivas John R B Perry Xueling Sim Thomas W Blackwell Neil R Robertson N William Rayner Pablo Cingolani Adam E Locke Juan Fernandez Tajes Heather M Highland Josee Dupuis Peter S Chines Cecilia M Lindgren Christopher Hartl Anne U Jackson Han Chen Jeroen R Huyghe Martijn van de Bunt Richard D Pearson Ashish Kumar Martina Müller-Nurasyid Niels Grarup Heather M Stringham Eric R Gamazon Jaehoon Lee Yuhui Chen Robert A Scott Jennifer E Below Peng Chen Jinyan Huang Min Jin Go Michael L Stitzel Dorota Pasko Stephen C J Parker Tibor V Varga Todd Green Nicola L Beer Aaron G Day-Williams Teresa Ferreira Tasha Fingerlin Momoko Horikoshi Cheng Hu Iksoo Huh Mohammad Kamran Ikram Bong-Jo Kim Yongkang Kim Young Jin Kim Min-Seok Kwon Juyoung Lee Selyeong Lee Keng-Han Lin Taylor J Maxwell Yoshihiko Nagai Xu Wang Ryan P Welch Joon Yoon Weihua Zhang Nir Barzilai Benjamin F Voight Bok-Ghee Han Christopher P Jenkinson Teemu Kuulasmaa Johanna Kuusisto Alisa Manning Maggie C Y Ng Nicholette D Palmer Beverley Balkau Alena Stančáková Hanna E Abboud Heiner Boeing Vilmantas Giedraitis Dorairaj Prabhakaran Omri Gottesman James Scott Jason Carey Phoenix Kwan George Grant Joshua D Smith Benjamin M Neale Shaun Purcell Adam S Butterworth Joanna M M Howson Heung Man Lee Yingchang Lu Soo-Heon Kwak Wei Zhao John Danesh Vincent K L Lam Kyong Soo Park Danish Saleheen Wing Yee So Claudia H T Tam Uzma Afzal David Aguilar Rector Arya Tin Aung Edmund Chan Carmen Navarro Ching-Yu Cheng Domenico Palli Adolfo Correa Joanne E Curran Dennis Rybin Vidya S Farook Sharon P Fowler Barry I Freedman Michael Griswold Daniel Esten Hale Pamela J Hicks Chiea-Chuen Khor Satish Kumar Benjamin Lehne Dorothée Thuillier Wei Yen Lim Jianjun Liu Marie Loh Solomon K Musani Sobha Puppala William R Scott Loïc Yengo Sian-Tsung Tan Herman A Taylor Farook Thameem Gregory Wilson Tien Yin Wong Pål Rasmu Department of Molecular Biology Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA. Program in Medical and Population Genetics Broad Institute Cambridge Massachusetts USA. Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA. Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics Nuffield Department of Medicine University of Oxford Oxford UK. Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts USA. Department of Statistics University of Oxford Oxford UK. Genetics of Complex Traits University of Exeter Medical School University of Exeter Exeter UK. MRC Epidemiology Unit Institute of Metabolic Science University of Cambridge Cambridge UK. Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology King's College London London UK. Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism Radcliffe Department of Medicine University of Oxford Oxford UK. Department of Human Genetics Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Hinxton Cambridgeshire UK. School of Computer Science McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada. McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre Montreal Quebec Canada. Human Genetics Center The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston Texas USA. Department of Biostatistics Boston University School of Public Health Boston Massachusetts USA. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study Framingham Massachusetts USA. Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch National Human Genome Research Institute National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland USA. Department of Biostatistics Harvard School of Public Health Boston Massachusetts USA. Chronic Disease Epidemiology Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute University of Basel Basel Switzerland. Institute of Genetic Epidemiology Helmholtz Zentrum München German R

To investigate the genetic basis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) to high resolution, the GoT2D and T2D-GENES consortia catalogued variation from whole-genome sequencing of 2,657 European individuals and exome sequencing of 12,940 individuals of multiple ancestries. Over 27M SNPs, indels, and structural variants were identified, including 99% of low-frequency (minor allele frequency [MAF] 0.1-5%) non-coding variants in the whole-genome sequenced individuals and 99.7% of low-frequency coding variants in the whole-exome sequenced individuals. Each variant was tested for association with T2D in the sequenced individuals, and, to increase power, most were tested in larger numbers of individuals (>80% of low-frequency coding variants in ~82 K Europeans via the exome chip, and ~90% of low-frequency non-coding variants in ~44 K Europeans via genotype imputation). The variants, genotypes, and association statistics from these analyses provide the largest reference to date of human genetic information relevant to T2D, for use in activities such as T2D-focused genotype imputation, functional characterization of variants or genes, and other novel analyses to detect associations between sequence variation and T2D.

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Reversible JPEG Data Hiding Based on EMD

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通讯和计算机（中英文版） 2012年第10期9卷 1135-1141页

作者： Wen-Chung Kuo Shao-Hung Kuo Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering National Yunlin University of Science & Technology Yunlin 672 Taiwan Graduate School of Engineering Science and Technology Doctoral Program National Yunlin University of Science and Technology Yunlin 640 Taiwan

As the rapid growth of smart phone technology, people have a lot of digital image information such as digital photos or videos. Both data hiding and data compression are very important technologies in image processing field. On the overview, it seems that there is no relationship between data hiding and data compression because data hiding mechanisms focus on information security and data compression mechanisms emphasize the compression ratio. However, the more secret data is embedded, the more capacity the stego image increases. Actually, they are closely related. Until now, there are many literatures to discuss the secret data how to be embedded into the media image and keeps the original capacity as soon as possible. In this paper, a reversible data hiding scheme based on EMD data hiding and JPEG (Joint Picture Experts Group) compression technology will be proposed. According to experimental results, the authors can prove that our proposed scheme maintains high embedding capacity, security and good compression ratio.

关键词：数据隐藏 JPEG EMD 可逆数字图像信息数据嵌入压缩技术数据压缩

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Evaluation of knowledge sharing in a collaborative software

Evaluation of knowledge sharing in a collaborative software

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5th International Multi-Conference on engineering and Technological Innovation, IMETI 2012

作者： Juliani, Douglas Juliani, Jordan De Abreu, Aline França De Souza, João Artur Postgraduate Programme in Engineering and Knowledge Management Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC Brazil Department of Computer Science Federal Institute of Santa Catarina - IFSC Brazil Department of Library and Information Management State University of Santa Catarina - UDESC Florianopolis Brazil

ISBN: (纸本)9781936338740

The widespread use of collaborative applications as a means of communication, research and collation of information, among others, has significantly accelerated the acquisition, dissemination, and especially the sharing of information and knowledge among individuals. Thus, understanding the factors influencing this process is crucial to the success of a software based on the contribution of people. In this research, among the various factors analyzed, it was found that the usability and the characteristics of individuals are crucial to assess knowledge sharing in a knowledge-based system, in this case, the social software PreipoPublico. We chose to use questionnaire with 23 items as an evaluation tool that, based on two existing, refurbished and was validated by pre-testing and statistical technique. Being 19 closed questions (categorical measures) and 4 open, descriptive. Results showed that users are predisposed to share their knowledge and information about product prices in the software. Still, it was shown that the system has a high degree of usability, despite some difficulties encountered by most respondents coming from the fact it is the first system to access them. The comments collected from the open questions suggest system improvements. Copyright © 2008 by the International Institute of Informatics and Systemics.

关键词： Knowledge based systems

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Case Study of Service Oriented Enterprise Architecture Framework

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computer Technology and Application 2012年第3期3卷 240-249页

作者： Nassir Dino Awel Dico Dida Midekso Worku Alemu Software Engineering Track IT Doctoral Program Addis A baba University Addis A baba P. O. BOX 1176 Ethiopia Graduate Programme HiLCoE School of Computer Science ＆ Technology Addis Ababa P.O.BOX 33465 Ethiopia

Many organizations have now adopted Service Oriented Architecture （SOA） as an architectural style to help them with architecture, design and implementation of their core services and systems. Most of these organizations are challenged in integrating SOA style with their overall Enterprise Architecture work. This framework links an SOA style with the Enterprise Architecture （EA） methodologies to help organizations organize their SOA effort as a key part of their Enterprise Architecture. The case study demonstrates the implementation of architecture goal with organization vision in service oriented organizational structure using services that align Business with Technology. The framework is validated and has reserved the privileges of SOA and EA.

关键词： SOA （service oriented architecture） EA （enterprise architecture） service oriented enterprise （SOE） SOE strategicarchitecture SOE domain architecture SOE solution architecture SOE lifecycle service oriented enterprise architecture （SOEA）framework.

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Erratum to: Methods for evaluating medical tests and biomarkers

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Diagnostic and prognostic research 2017年第1期1卷 11页

作者： Gowri Gopalakrishna Miranda Langendam Rob Scholten Patrick Bossuyt Mariska Leeflang Anna Noel-Storr James Thomas Iain Marshall Byron Wallace Penny Whiting Clare Davenport Gowri GopalaKrishna Isabel de Salis Sue Mallett Robert Wolff Richard Riley Marie Westwood Jos Kleinen Gary Collins Hans Reitsma Karel Moons Antonia Zapf Annika Hoyer Katharina Kramer Oliver Kuss J Ensor J J Deeks E C Martin R D Riley Gerta Rücker Susanne Steinhauser Martin Schumacher Joie Ensor Kym Snell Brian Willis Thomas Debray Jon Deeks Lavinia Ferrante di Ruffano Sian Taylor-Phillips Chris Hyde Stuart A Taylor Gauraang Batnagar Lavinia Ferrante Di Ruffano Farah Seedat Aileen Clarke Sarah Byron Frances Nixon Rebecca Albrow Thomas Walker Carla Deakin Zhivko Zhelev Harriet Hunt Yaling Yang Lucy Abel James Buchanan Thomas Fanshawe Bethany Shinkins Laure Wynants Jan Verbakel Sabine Van Huffel Dirk Timmerman Ben Van Calster Aeliko Zwinderman Jason Oke Jack O'Sullivan Rafael Perera Brian Nicholson Hannah L Bromley Tracy E Roberts Adele Francis Denniis Petrie G Bruce Mann Kinga Malottki Holly Smith Lucinda Billingham Alice Sitch Oke Gerke Mie Holm-Vilstrup Eivind Antonsen Segtnan Ulrich Halekoh Poul Flemming Høilund-Carlsen Bernard G Francq Jac Dinnes Julie Parkes Walter Gregory Jenny Hewison Doug Altman William Rosenberg Peter Selby Julien Asselineau Paul Perez Aïssatou Paye Emilie Bessede Cécile Proust-Lima Christiana Naaktgeboren Joris de Groot Anne Rutjes Johannes Reitsma Emmanuel Ogundimu Jonathan Cook Yannick Le Manach Yvonne Vergouwe Romin Pajouheshnia Rolf Groenwold Karen Moons Linda Peelen Daan Nieboer Bavo De Cock Micael J Pencina Ewout W Steyerberg Jennifer Cooper Nick Parsons Chris Stinton Steve Smith Andy Dickens Rachel Jordan Alexandra Enocson David Fitzmaurice Peymane Adab Charles Boachie Gaj Vidmar Karoline Freeman Martin Connock Rachel Court Carl Moons Jessica Harris Andrew Mumford Zoe Plummer Kurtis Lee Barnaby Reeves Chris Rogers Veerle Verheyden Gianni D Angelini Gavin J Murphy Jeremy Huddy Melody Ni Katherine Good Graham Cooke 1Department of Clinical Epidemiology Biostatistics & Bioinformatics Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands. 2Cochrane Netherlands Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht Netherlands. 234Department of Clinical Epidemiology Biostatistics & Bioinformatics Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands. 49Department of Clinical Epidemiology Biostatistics & Bioinformatics Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands. 3Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group University of Oxford Oxford UK. 4EPPI-Centre Department of Social Science University College London London UK. 5Division of Health and Social Care Research King's College London London UK. 6College of Computer and Information Science Northeastern University Boston USA. 13University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust School of Social and Community Medicine Bristol UK. 275Institute of Applied Health Research University of Birmingham Birmingham UK. 9Department of Clinical Epidemiology Biostatistics & Bioinformatics Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands. 10School of Social and Community Medicine University of Bristol Bristol UK. 179Institute of Applied Health Research University of Birmingham Birmingham UK. 12Kleijnen Systematic Reviews Ltd York UK. 25Research Institute for Primary Care and Health Sciences Keele University Keele UK. 188Centre for Statistics in Medicine Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences University of Oxford Oxford UK. 191Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care University Medical Center Utrecht 3584 CG Utrecht Netherlands. 237Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care University Medical Center Utrecht 3584 CG Utrecht Netherlands. 18Department of Medical Statistics University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen Germany. 19Institute for B

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s41512-016-0001-y.].

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Comparing the collaborative and independent viewing of program visualizations

Comparing the collaborative and independent viewing of progr...

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Frontiers in Education (FIE) Conference

作者： Teemu Rajala Erkki Kaila Johannes Holvitie Riku Haavisto Mikko-Jussi Laakso Tapio Salakoski Department of Information Technology Doctoral Programme for Multidisciplinary Research on Learning Environments (OPMON) and Turku Centre for Computer Science (TUCS) University of Turku Finland

In this paper, we report a study on the differences of using a program visualization tool collaboratively or independently. We conducted a study, where students were divided randomly into two groups: the treatment group used a visualization tool called ViLLE in collaboration with another student, while the control group used the tool alone. During the study, we recorded screen captures and students' conversations. Our previous results confirmed that the treatment group outperformed the control group in the post-test in questions related to functions and in total score. Thus, we now annotated and tagged students' actions in answering the exercises, trying to find out an explanation for the difference in learning results. The results show, that the students working in collaboration spent more time answering the difficult exercises than the students working alone, and moreover, spent more time in higher level of engagement, both relatively and absolutely measured. Furthermore, we found out that the students working in pairs discussed the most when in the higher level of engagement and that almost all discussion was related to the exercise they were doing.

关键词： Visualization Collaboration Tutorials Programming profession Taxonomy Materials

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The research and design on hardware in the loop of bus-based automotive body control with rule description

The research and design on hardware in the loop of bus-based...

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Chinese Control Conference (CCC)

作者： Jiang-Hong Han Lei Liu Xing Wei Wei Xia School of Computer & Information Hefei University of Technology 230009. China Computer Science & Technology Post-doctoral Research Center Hefei University of Technology Hefei China Engineering Research Center of Safety Critical Industrial Measurement & Control Technology Ministry of Education Hefei China

Oriented the design procedures of bus-based automotive body control system, rules are used to describe the control intention of prototype model first. This paper represents the approach of modeling bus-based automotive body control system with rules description, and designed hardware-in-the-loop system based on distributed control, which merges virtual reality into physical simulation on vehicle. The HILS can verify the reliability and safety in the system modeling phase. We made HIL simulation using typical case, and the results shows that HIL approach could quantify the system time delay which affects the reliability, and improve the robustness of body control system.

关键词： Automotive engineering Control systems Solid modeling Delay Delay effects Reliability Safety

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The research and design on hardware in the loop of bus-based automotive body control with rule description

The research and design on hardware in the loop of bus-based...

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作者： Han, Jiang-Hong Liu, Lei Wei, Xing Xia, Wei School of Computer and Information Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 China Computer Science and Technology Post-doctoral Research Center Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 China Engineering Research Center of Safety Critical Industrial Measurement and Control Technology Ministry of Education Hefei 230009 China

ISBN: (纸本)9789881725592

关键词： Hardware-in-the-loop simulation

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Assessment of NER solutions against the first and second CALBC Silver Standard Corpus

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Journal of Biomedical Semantics 2011年第5期2卷 1-12页

作者： Rebholz-Schuhmann, Dietrich Yepes, Antonio Jimeno Li, Chen Kafkas, Senay Lewin, Ian Kang, Ning Corbett, Peter Milward, David Buyko, Ekaterina Beisswanger, Elena Hornbostel, Kerstin Kouznetsov, Alexandre Witte, René Laurila, Jonas B Baker, Christopher JO Kuo, Cheng-Ju Clematide, Simone Rinaldi, Fabio Farkas, Richárd Móra, György Hara, Kazuo Furlong, Laura I Rautschka, Michael Neves, Mariana Lara Pascual-Montano, Alberto Wei, Qi Collier, Nigel Chowdhury, Md Faisal Mahbub Lavelli, Alberto Berlanga, Rafael Morante, Roser Van Asch, Vincent Daelemans, Walter Marina, José Luís van Mulligen, Erik Kors, Jan Hahn, Udo European Bioinformatics Institute EMBL Outstation Hinxton Cambridge CB10 1SD United Kingdom Erasmus University Medical Center Dept. of Medical Informatics Rotterdam Netherlands St. John's Innovation Centre Linguamatics Ltd Cambridge United Kingdom Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Language and Information Engineering (JULIE) Lab Jena Germany University of New Brunswick Dept. of Computer Science and Applied Statistics Canada Concordia University Dept. of Computer Science and Software Engineering Montreal Canada Academia Sinica Institute of Information Science Taipei 115 Taiwan University of Zürich Switzerland Hungarian Academy of Sciences Research Group on Artificial Intelligence Hungary Nara Institute of Science and Technology Nara Japan IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute) Universitat Pompeu Fabra Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB) Barcelona Spain National Center for Biotechnology-CSIC Madrid Spain National Institute of Informatics Tokyo Japan Fondazione Bruno Kessler Trento Italy Universitat Jaume I Spain University of Antwerp CLiPS Belgium Complutense University of Madrid Spain

Background: Competitions in text mining have been used to measure the performance of automatic text processing solutions against a manually annotated gold standard corpus (GSC). The preparation of the GSC is time-consuming and costly and the final corpus consists at the most of a few thousand documents annotated with a limited set of semantic groups. To overcome these shortcomings, the CALBC project partners (PPs) have produced a large-scale annotated biomedical corpus with four different semantic groups through the harmonisation of annotations from automatic text mining solutions, the first version of the Silver Standard Corpus (SSC-I). The four semantic groups are chemical entities and drugs (CHED), genes and proteins (PRGE), diseases and disorders (DISO) and species (SPE). This corpus has been used for the First CALBC Challenge asking the participants to annotate the corpus with their text processing solutions. Results: All four PPs from the CALBC project and in addition, 12 challenge participants (CPs) contributed annotated data sets for an evaluation against the SSC-I. CPs could ignore the training data and deliver the annotations from their genuine annotation system, or could train a machine-learning approach on the provided pre-annotated data. In general, the performances of the annotation solutions were lower for entities from the categories CHED and PRGE in comparison to the identification of entities categorized as DISO and SPE. The best performance over all semantic groups were achieved from two annotation solutions that have been trained on the SSC-I. The data sets from participants were used to generate the harmonised Silver Standard Corpus II (SSC-II), if the participant did not make use of the annotated data set from the SSC-I for training purposes. The performances of the participants' solutions were again measured against the SSC-II. The performances of the annotation solutions showed again better results for DISO and SPE in comparison to CHED and P

关键词： Chemical Entity Cosine Similarity Semantic Type Semantic Group Annotate Corpus

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