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Global burden of chronic respiratory diseases and risk factors, 1990-2019: an update from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019

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ECLINICALMEDICINE 2023年 59卷 101936-101936页

作者： Momtazmanesh, Sara Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi Ghamari, Seyyed-Hadi Rad, Elaheh Malakan Rezaei, Negar Shobeiri, Parnian Aali, Amirali Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abdelmasseh, Michael Abdoun, Meriem Abdulah, Deldar Morad Abdullah, Abu Yousuf Md Abedi, Aidin Abolhassani, Hassan Abrehdari-Tafreshi, Zahra Achappa, Basavaprabhu Adane, Denberu Eshetie Adane Adane, Tigist Demssew Addo, Isaac Yeboah Adnan, Mohammad Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmadi, Ali Ahmadi, Keivan Ahmed, Ali Ahmed, Ayman Rashid, Tarik Ahmed Al Hamad, Hanadi Alahdab, Fares Alemayehu, Astawus Alif, Sheikh Mohammad Aljunid, Syed Mohamed Almustanyir, Sami Altirkawi, Khalid A. Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Dehkordi, Javad Aminian Amir-Behghadami, Mehrdad Ancuceanu, Robert Andrei, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Antony, Catherine M. Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward Arabloo, Jalal Arulappan, Judie Ashraf, Tahira Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin Attia, Engi F. Ayele, Meshesha Tsegazeab Azadnajafabad, Sina Babu, Abraham Samuel Bagherieh, Sara Baltatu, Ovidiu Constantin Banach, Maciej Bardhan, Mainak Barone-Adesi, Francesco Barrow, Amadou Basu, Saurav Bayileyegn, Nebiyou Simegnew Bensenor, Isabela M. Bhardwaj, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhat, Ajay Nagesh Bhattacharyya, Krittika Bouaoud, Souad Braithwaite, Dejana Brauer, Michael Butt, Muhammad Hammad Butt, Zahid A. Calina, Daniela Camera, Luis Alberto Chanie, Gashaw Sisay Charalampous, Periklis Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel Chu, Dinh-Toi Cohen, Aaron J. Cruz-Martins, Natalia Dadras, Omid Darwesh, Aso Mohammad Das, Saswati Debela, Sisay Abebe Delgado-Ortiz, Daniel Dereje, Diriba Dianatinasab, Mostafa Diao, Nancy Diaz, Daniel Digesa, Lankamo Ena Dirirsa, Gebisa Doku, Paul Narh Dongarwar, Deepa Douiri, Abdel Dsouza, Haneil Larson Eini, Ebrahim Ekholuenetale, Michael Ekundayo, Temitope Cyrus Elagali, Ahmed Elabbas Mustafa Elhadi, Muhammed Enyew, Daniel Berhanie Erkhembayar, Ryenchindorj Etaee, Farshid Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis Faro, Andre Fatehizadeh, Ali Fekadu, Ginenus Filip, Irin Univ Tehran Med Sci Noncommunicable Dis Res Ctr Endocrinol & Metab Populat Sci Inst 10 Al E Ahmad & Chamran Highway Intersect Tehran *** Iran Univ Tehran Med Sci Endocrinol & Metab Res Ctr Endocrinol & Metab Clin Sci Inst Tehran Iran Univ Tehran Med Sci Sch Med Tehran Iran Univ Tehran Med Sci Dept Pediat Cardiol Tehran Iran Univ Tehran Med Sci Res Ctr Immunodeficiencies Tehran Iran Univ Tehran Med Sci Inst Environm Res Tehran Iran Univ Tehran Med Sci Students Sci Res Ctr Tehran Iran Univ Tehran Med Sci Childrens Med Ctr Tehran Iran Univ Tehran Med Sci Dept Cardiol Tehran Iran Univ Tehran Med Sci Tehran Heart Ctr Tehran Iran Univ Tehran Med Sci Natl Inst Hlth Res Tehran Iran Univ Tehran Med Sci Dept Med Tehran Iran Kiel Inst World Econ Kiel Germany Mashhad Univ Med Sci Fac Med Mashhad Razavi Khorasan Iran Mashhad Univ Med Sci Appl Biomed Res Ctr Mashhad Razavi Khorasan Iran Mashhad Univ Med Sci Biotechnol Res Ctr Mashhad Razavi Khorasan Iran Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci Social Determinants Hlth Res Ctr Tehran Iran Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci Dept Epidemiol Tehran Iran Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci Funct Neurosurg Ctr Tehran Iran Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci Sch Med Tehran Iran Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci Urol & Nephrol Res Ctr Tehran Iran Marshall Univ Dept Surg Huntington WV USA Univ Setif Algeria Fac Med Setif Algeria Univ Duhok Community & Matern Nursing Unit Duhok Iraq Univ Waterloo Sch Planning Fac Environm Waterloo ON Canada Univ Waterloo Sch Publ Hlth & Hlth Syst Waterloo ON Canada Univ Southern Calif Dept Neurosurg Los Angeles CA USA Univ Southern Calif Keck Sch Med Los Angeles CA USA Univ Southern Calif Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informat Inst Los Angeles CA USA Karolinska Univ Hosp Dept Biosci & Nutr Huddinge Sweden Univ Tehran Cellular & Mol Biol Dept Tehran Iran Manipal Acad Higher Educ Dept Internal Med Mangalore India Manipal Acad Higher Educ Dept Gen Med Mangalore India Manipal Acad Hi

Background Updated data on chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) are vital in their prevention, control, and treatment in the path to achieving the third UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), a one-third reduction in premature mortality from non-communicable diseases by 2030. We provided global, regional, and national estimates of the burden of CRDs and their attributable risks from 1990 to 2019. Methods Using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors study (GBD) 2019, we estimated mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), prevalence, and incidence of CRDs, i.e. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pneumoconiosis, interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis, and other CRDs, from 1990 to 2019 by sex, age, region, and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) in 204 countries and territories. Deaths and DALYs from CRDs attributable to each risk factor were estimated according to relative risks, risk exposure, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level input. Findings In 2019, CRDs were the third leading cause of death responsible for 4.0 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval 3.6-4.3) with a prevalence of 454.6 million cases (417.4-499.1) globally. While the total deaths and prevalence of CRDs have increased by 28.5% and 39.8%, the age-standardised rates have dropped by 41.7% and 16.9% from 1990 to 2019, respectively. COPD, with 212.3 million (200.4-225.1) prevalent cases, was the primary cause of deaths from CRDs, accounting for 3.3 million (2.9-3.6) deaths. With 262.4 million (224.1-309.5) prevalent cases, asthma had the highest prevalence among CRDs. The age-standardised rates of all burden measures of COPD, asthma, and pneumoconiosis have reduced globally from 1990 to 2019. Nevertheless, the age-standardised rates of incidence and prevalence of interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis have increased throughout this period. Lowand low-middle SDI count

关键词： Asthma Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Epidemiology Interstitial lung disease Lung disease Morbidity Mortality Pneumoconiosis Pulmonary emphysema

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The burden of antimicrobial resistance in the Americas in 2019: a cross-country systematic analysis

LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH-AMERICAS

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LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH-AMERICAS 2023年 25卷 100561-100561页

作者： Aguilar, Gisela Robles Swetschinski, Lucien R. Weaver, Nicole Davis Ikuta, Kevin S. Mestrovic, Tomislav Gray, Authia P. Chung, Erin Wool, Eve E. Han, Chieh Hayoon, Anna Gershberg Araki, Daniel T. Abdollahi, Ashkan Abu-Zaid, Ahmed Adnan, Mohammad Agarwal, Ramesh Dehkordi, Javad Aminian Aravkin, Aleksandr Y. Areda, Demelash Azzam, Ahmed Y. Berezin, Eitan N. Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth Bhutta, Zulfiqar A. Bhuyan, Soumitra S. Browne, Annie J. Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A. Chandrasekar, Eeshwar K. Ching, Patrick R. Dai, Xiao-chen Darmstadt, Gary L. De la Hoz, Fernando Pio Diao, Nancy Diaz, Daniel dos Santos, Wendel Mombaque Eyre, David Garcia, Coralith Haines-Woodhouse, Georgina Hassen, Mohammed Bheser Henry, Nathaniel J. Hopkins, Susan Hossain, Md Mahbub Iregbu, Kenneth Chukwuemeka Iwu, Chidozie C. D. Jacobs, Jan Adriaan Janko, Mark M. Jones, Ronald Karaye, Ibraheem M. Khalil, Ibrahim A. Khan, Imteyaz A. Khan, Taimoor Khubchandani, Jagdish Khusuwan, Suwimon Kisa, Adnan Koyaweda, Giscard Wilfried Krapp, Fiorella Kumaran, Emmanuelle A. P. Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe Lim, Stephen S. Liu, Xuefeng Luby, Stephen Maharaj, Sandeep B. Maronga, Christopher Martorell, Miquel May, Jurgen McManigal, Barney Mokdad, Ali H. Moore, Catrin E. Mostafavi, Ebrahim Murillo-Zamora, Efren Mussi-Pinhata, Marisa Marcia Nanavati, Ruchi Nassereldine, Hasan Natto, Zuhair S. Qamar, Farah Naz Nunez-Samudio, Virginia Ochoa, Theresa J. Ojo-Akosile, Tolulope R. Olagunju, Andrew T. Olivas-Martinez, Antonio Ortiz-Brizuela, Edgar Ounchanum, Pradthana Paredes, Jose L. Patthipati, Venkata Suresh Pawar, Shrikant Pereira, Marcos Pollard, Andrew Ponce-De-Leon, Alfredo Prates, Elton Junio Sady Qattea, Ibrahim Reyes, Luis Felipe Roilides, Emmanuel Rosenthal, Victor Daniel Rudd, Kristina E. Sangchan, Weerawut Seekaew, Samroeng Seylani, Allen Shababi, Niloufar Sham, Sunder Sifuentes-Osornio, Jose Singh, Harpreet Stergachis, Andy Tasak, Nidanuch Tat, Nathan Y. Thaiprakong, Areerat Valdez, Pascual R. Yada, Dereje Y. Yunusa, Ismaeel Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich Hay, Simon I Univ Oxford Nuffield Dept Med Oxford England Univ Oxford Big Data Inst Oxford England Univ Oxford Dept Pediat Oxford England Univ Oxford Oxford Ctr Global Hlth Res Oxford England Univ Oxford Ctr Trop Med & Global Hlth Oxford England Univ Washington Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat Seattle WA USA Univ Washington Seattle Childrens Hosp Dept Pediat Seattle WA USA Univ Washington Dept Appl Math Seattle WA USA Univ Washington Dept Hlth Metr Sci Sch Med Seattle WA USA Univ Washington Dept Global Hlth Seattle WA USA Univ Washington Dept Biostat Seattle WA USA Univ Washington Dept Pharm Seattle WA USA Vet Affairs Greater Los Angeles Div Infect Dis Los Angeles LA USA Univ North Univ Ctr Varazdin Varazhdin Croatia Univ Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston TX USA Johns Hopkins Univ Div Cardiol Dept Surg Baltimore MD USA Shiraz Univ Med Sci Sch Med Shiraz Iran Alfaisal Univ Dept Surg Riyadh Saudi Arabia Univ Tennessee Coll Grad Hlth Sci Memphis TN USA Indiana Univ Hlth Ball Mem Hosp Dept Neonatol Muncie IN USA All India Inst Med Sci Div Neonatol New Delhi India Univ Calif Berkeley Appl Sci & Technol Dept Berkeley CA USA Tarbiat Modares Univ Dept Chem Engn Biotechnol Grp Tehran Iran Univ Ottawa Coll Art & Sci Surprise AZ USA Arizona State Univ Coll Liberal Arts & Sci Tempe AZ USA Nested Knowledge Inc Dept Neurovasc Res St Paul MN USA October 6 Univ Fac Med 6th Of October City Egypt Univ Sao Paulo Dept Pediat Sao Paulo Brazil Santa Casa Sao Paulo Univ Hosp Dept Pediat Sao Paulo Brazil Univ Arkansas Dept Hlth Human Performance & Recreat Fayetteville AR USA Univ Toronto Ctr Global Child Hlth Toronto ON Canada Aga Khan Univ Ctr Excellence Women & Child Hlth Karachi Pakistan Rutgers State Univ Edward J Bloustein Sch Planning & Publ Policy New Brunswick NJ USA Rutgers State Univ Dept Pediat New Brunswick NJ USA Natl Inst Hlth Colombian Natl Hlth Observ Bogota Colombia Univ Nacl Colombia Dept Publ Hlth Bogota Colombia Univ Rochester Dept

Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an urgent global health challenge and a critical threat to modern health care. Quantifying its burden in the WHO Region of the Americas has been elusive-despite the region's long history of resistance surveillance. This study provides comprehensive estimates of AMR burden in the Americas to assess this growing health *** Weestimated deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) attributable to and associated with AMR for 23 bacterial pathogens and 88 pathogen-drug combinations for countries in the WHO Region of the Americas in 2019. We obtained data from mortality registries, surveillance systems, hospital systems, systematic literature reviews, and other sources, and applied predictive statistical modelling to produce estimates of AMR burden for all countries in the Americas. Five broad components were the backbone of our approach: the number of deaths where infection had a role, the proportion of infectious deaths attributable to a given infectious syndrome, the proportion of infectious syndrome deaths attributable to a given pathogen, the percentage of pathogens resistant to an antibiotic class, and the excess risk of mortality (or duration of an infection) associated with this resistance. We then used these components to estimate the disease burden by applying two counterfactual scenarios: deaths attributable to AMR (compared to an alternative scenario where resistant infections are replaced with susceptible ones), and deaths associated with AMR (compared to an alternative scenario where resistant infections would not occur at all). We generated 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for final estimates as the 25th and 975th ordered values across 1000 posterior draws, and models were cross-validated for out-of-sample predictive validity. Findings We estimated 569,000 deaths (95% UI 406,000-771,000) associated with bacterial AMR and 141,000 deaths (99,900-196,000) attributable to bacterial AMR among the 35 coun

关键词： Antimicrobial resistance AMR Bacteria Disease burden Mortality Americas

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Mapping geographical inequalities in oral rehydration therapy coverage in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000-17

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LANCET GLOBAL HEALTH 2020年第8期8卷 1038-1060页

作者： Wiens, Kirsten E. Lindstedt, Paulina A. Blacker, Brigette F. Johnson, Kimberly B. Baumann, Mathew M. Schaeffer, Lauren E. Abbastabar, Hedayat Abd-Allah, Foad Abdelalim, Ahmed Abdollahpour, Ibrahim Abegaz, Kedir Hussein Abejie, Ayenew Negesse Abreu, Lucas Guimaraes Abrigo, Michael R. M. Abualhasan, Ahmed Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou Acharya, Dilaram Adabi, Maryam Adamu, Abdu A. Adebayo, Oladimeji M. Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji Adekanmbi, Victor Adetokunboh, Olatunji O. Adhena, Beyene Meressa Afarideh, Mohsen Ahmad, Sohail Ahmadi, Keivan Ahmed, Anwar E. Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Rushdia Akalu, Temesgen Yihunie Alahdab, Fares Al-Aly, Ziyad Alam, Noore Alam, Samiah Alamene, Genet Melak Alanzi, Turki M. Alcalde-Rabanal, Jacqueline Elizabeth Ali, Beriwan Abdulqadir Alijanzadeh, Mehran Alipour, Vahid Aljunid, Syed Mohamed Almasi, Ali Almasi-Hashiani, Amir Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M. Altirkawi, Khalid A. Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J. Amini, Saeed Amit, Arianna Maever L. Andrei, Catalina Liliana Anjomshoa, Mina Anoushiravani, Amir Ansari, Fereshteh Antonio, Carl Abelardo T. Antony, Benny Antriyandarti, Ernoiz Arabloo, Jalal Aref, Hany Mohamed Amin Aremu, Olatunde Armoon, Bahram Arora, Amit Aryal, Krishna K. Arzani, Afsaneh Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran Atalay, Hagos Tasew Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Seyyede Masoume Atre, Sachin R. Ausloos, Marcel Awoke, Nefsu Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Ayano, Getinet Ayanore, Martin Amogre Aynalem, Yared Asmare Azari, Samad Azzopardi, Peter S. Babaee, Ebrahim Babalola, Tesleem Kayode Badawi, Alaa Bairwa, Mohan Bakkannavar, Shankar M. Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar Bali, Ayele Geleto Banach, Maciej Banoub, Joseph Adel Mattar Barac, Aleksandra Barnighausen, Till Winfried Basaleem, Huda Basu, Sanjay Bay, Vo Dinh Bayati, Mohsen Baye, Estifanos Bedi, Neeraj Beheshti, Mahya Behzadifar, Masoud Behzadifar, Meysam Bekele, Bayu Begashaw Belayneh, Yaschilal Muche Bell, Michelle L. Bennett, Derrick A. Berbada, Dessalegn Ajema Bernstein, Robert S. Bhat, Anusha Ganapati Bhattacharyya, Kri Univ Washington Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat Seattle WA 98195 USA Univ Washington Sch Med Dept Hlth Metr Sci Seattle WA USA Univ Washington Dept Global Hlth Seattle WA 98195 USA Univ Washington Div Plast & Reconstruct Surg Seattle WA 98195 USA Univ Washington Dept Med Seattle WA USA Univ Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA Univ Tehran Med Sci Adv Diagnost & Intervent Radiol Res Ctr Tehran Iran Univ Tehran Med Sci Endocrinol & Metab Res Ctr Tehran Iran Univ Tehran Med Sci Digest Dis Res Inst Tehran Iran Univ Tehran Med Sci Multiple Sclerosis Res Ctr Tehran Iran Univ Tehran Med Sci Noncommunicable Dis Res Ctr Tehran Iran Univ Tehran Med Sci Dept Environm Hlth Engn Tehran Iran Univ Tehran Med Sci Sch Med Tehran Iran Univ Tehran Med Sci Dept Pharmacol Tehran Iran Univ Tehran Med Sci Dept Microbiol Tehran Iran Univ Tehran Med Sci Dept Epidemiol & Biostat Tehran Iran Univ Tehran Med Sci Pediat Chron Kidney Dis Res Ctr Tehran Iran Univ Tehran Med Sci Hematol Oncol & Stem Cell Transplantat Res Ctr Tehran Iran Univ Tehran Med Sci Natl Inst Hlth Res Tehran Iran Univ Tehran Med Sci Dept Hlth Policy Management & Econ Tehran Iran Univ Tehran Med Sci Metabol & Genom Res Ctr Tehran Iran Univ Tehran Med Sci Iranian Natl Ctr Addict Studies Tehran Iran Univ Tehran Med Sci Sina Trauma & Surg Res Ctr Tehran Iran Univ Tehran Med Sci Canc Res Inst Tehran Iran Univ Tehran Med Sci Canc Biol Res Ctr Tehran Iran Univ Tehran Med Sci Tehran Iran Cairo Univ Dept Neurol Cairo Egypt Cairo Univ Neurophysiol Dept Cairo Egypt Cairo Univ Endem Med & Hepatogastroentrol Dept Cairo Egypt Cairo Univ Natl Hepatol & Trop Med Res Inst Cairo Egypt Cairo Univ Dept Med Parasitol Cairo Egypt Cairo Univ Urol Dept Cairo Egypt Isfahan Univ Med Sci Neurosci Res Ctr Esfahan Iran Isfahan Univ Med Sci Isfahan Cardiovasc Res Inst Esfahan Iran Near East Univ Dept Biostat Nicosia Cyprus Madda Walabu Univ Dept Biostat & Hlth Informat Bale Robe Ethiopia Madda Walabu Univ

Background Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is a form of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) for diarrhoea that has the potential to drastically reduce child mortality;yet, according to UNICEF estimates, less than half of children younger than 5 years with diarrhoea in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) received ORS in 2016. A variety of recommended home fluids (RHF) exist as alternative forms of ORT;however, it is unclear whether RHF prevent child mortality. Previous studies have shown considerable variation between countries in ORS and RHF use, but subnational variation is unknown. This study aims to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of relative and absolute coverage of ORS, RHF, and ORT (use of either ORS or RHF) in LMICs. Methods We used a Bayesian geostatistical model including 15 spatial covariates and data from 385 household surveys across 94 LMICs to estimate annual proportions of children younger than 5 years of age with diarrhoea who received ORS or RHF (or both) on continuous continent-wide surfaces in 2000-17, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. Additionally, we analysed geographical inequality in coverage across administrative units and estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths averted by increased coverage over the study period. Uncertainty in the mean coverage estimates was calculated by taking 250 draws from the posterior joint distribution of the model and creating uncertainty intervals (UIs) with the 2 center dot 5th and 97 center dot 5th percentiles of those 250 draws. Findings While ORS use among children with diarrhoea increased in some countries from 2000 to 2017, coverage remained below 50% in the majority (62 center dot 6%;12 417 of 19 823) of second administrative-level units and an estimated 6 519 000 children (95% UI 5 254 000-7 733 000) with diarrhoea were not treated with any form of ORT in 2017. Increases in ORS use corresponded with declines in RHF in many locations, resulting in relatively

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Ecological fidelity of functional traits based on species presence-absence in a modern mammalian bone assemblage (Amboseli, Kenya)

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PALEOBIOLOGY 2014年第4期40卷 560-583页

作者： Miller, Joshua H. Behrensmeyer, Anna K. Du, Andrew Lyons, S. Kathleen Patterson, David Toth, Aniko Villasenor, Amelia Kanga, Erustus Reed, Denne Univ Cincinnati Dept Geol Cincinnati OH 45221 USA Univ Florida Florida Museum Nat Hist Gainesville FL 32611 USA Univ Alaska Museum Dept Geol & Geophys Fairbanks AK 99775 USA Smithsonian Inst Natl Museum Nat Hist Dept Paleobiol Washington DC 20013 USA Smithsonian Inst Natl Museum Nat Hist ETE Program Washington DC 20013 USA George Washington Univ Dept Anthropol Ctr Adv Study Hominid Paleobiol Hominid Paleobiol Doctoral Program Washington DC 20052 USA Kenya Wildlife Serv Ecosyst Conservat & Management Dept Nairobi 00100 Kenya Univ Texas Austin Dept Anthropol Austin TX 78712 USA

Comparisons between modern death assemblages and their source communities have demonstrated fidelity to species diversity across a variety of environments and taxonomic groups. However, differential species preservation and collection (including body-size bias) in both modern and fossil death assemblages may still skew the representation of other important ecological characteristics. Here, we move beyond live-dead taxonomic fidelity and focus on the recovery of functional ecology (how species interact with their ecosystem) at the community level for a diverse non-volant mammal community (87 species;Amboseli, Kenya). We use published literature to characterize species, using four functional traits and their associated categorical attributes (i) dietary mode (11 attributes;e.g., browser, grazer), (ii) preferred feeding habitat (16 attributes;e.g., grassland, woodland), (iii) preferred sheltering habitat (17 attributes;e.g., grassland, underground cavity), and (iv) activity time (7 attributes;e.g., diurnal, nocturnal, nocturnally dominated crepuscular). For each functional ecological trait we compare the death assemblage's recovered richness and abundance structure of constituent functional attributes with those of the source community, using Jaccard similarity, Spearman's rho, and the Probability of Interspecific Encounter (evenness). We use Monte Carlo simulations to evaluate whether these empirical comparisons are significantly different from expectations calculated from randomized sampling of species from the source community. Results indicate that although the Amboseli death assemblage is significantly overrepresented by large-bodied species relative to the Amboseli source community, it captures many functional dimensions of the ecosystem within expectations of a randomized collection of species. Additional resampling simulations and logistic regressions further illustrate that the size bias inherent to the Amboseli death assemblage is not a major driver of deviat

关键词： Mammals Ecosystems Body size Animal communities Species diversity Fossils Marine ecology

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A model of quality assurance and quality improvement for post-graduate medical education in Europe

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MEDICAL TEACHER 2010年第2期32卷 e57-e64页

作者： Da Dalt, Liviana Callegaro, Silvia Mazzi, Anna Scipioni, Antonio Lago, Paola Chiozza, Maria L. Zacchello, Franco Perilongo, Giorgio Univ Padua Dept Pediat Postgrad Pediat Training Program Resident Affair CommPaediat Emergency Unit I-35128 Padua Italy Univ Padua Fac Engn Environm & Qual Study Ctr I-35128 Padua Italy Univ Padua Fac Med I-35128 Padua Italy Univ Padua Paediat Residency Programme I-35128 Padua Italy Univ Padua Dept Pediat Doctoral Sch Dev Med & Planning Sci I-35128 Padua Italy Univ Padua Dept Pediat Qual Improvement & Risk Management Programme I-35128 Padua Italy Univ Padua Univ Hosp Qual Programme I-35128 Padua Italy

Aim: To describe a model of implementing a system for internal QA and QI within a post-graduate paediatric training programme based on the ISO 9001:2000 standard. Methods: For the ISO 9001:2000 standard, the curriculum was managed as a series of interrelated processes and their level of function was monitored by ad hoc elaborated objective indicators. Results: The training programme was fragmented in 19 interlinked processes, 15 related procedures and 24 working instructions. All these materials, along with the quality policy, the mission, the strategies and the values were made publicly available. Based on the measurable indicators developed to monitor some of the processes, areas of weakness of the system were objectively identified and consequently QI actions implemented. The appropriateness of all this allowed the programme to finally achieve an official ISO 9000:2001 certification. Conclusions: The application of the ISO 9001:2000 standard served to develop an internal QA and QI system and to meet most of the standards developed for QA in higher and medical education.

关键词： QUALITY assurance MEDICAL education CURRICULA (Courses of study) STRATEGIC planning EDUCATIONAL standards ISO 9000 Series Standards TRAINING PEDIATRICS STANDARDS

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The Social Affordances of the Internet for Networked Individualism

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Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 2006年第3期8卷

作者： Barry Wellman Anabel Quan-Haase Jeffrey Boase Wenhong Chen Keith Hampton Isabel Díaz Kakuko Miyata In 1965 moved from his Bronx High School of Science slide rule to IBM cards and an 029 keypunch in the bowels of Harvard University. Since then he's been primarily interested in the interplay between large-scale social processes and how people use technology to be connected at work and in the community. His NetLab research network is trying to get a handle on how the Internet fits into everyday life. Wellman founded the International Network for Social Network Analysis in 1976. He is a recent Chair of the Community section of the American Sociological Association has been nominated for the Chair of the Communication and Information Technology section of the ASA the Virtual Community focus area leader for SIGGROUP/ACM and a Executive Cmmittee member of the Association for Internet Researchers. Wellman's (co)edited books are: Social Structures: A Network Approach (2d ed CSPI 2003) Networks in the Global Village (Westview Press 1999) and The Internet in Everyday Life (Blackwell Publishers 2002). Address:Centre for Urban & Community Studies University of Toronto 455 Spadina Avenue Toronto Canada M5S 2G8. Fax: +1-416-978-7162 Address:Centre for Urban & Community Studies University of Toronto 455 Spadina Avenue Toronto M5S 2G8 Canada. Address:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Mass. Ave. Room 9-522 Cambridge MA 02139. Address:IN3 Av. Tibidabo 47 08035 Barcelona Spain. Phone: +*** Fax: +***. Address:Department of Sociology Meiji Gakuin University 1-2-37 Shirokanedai Minato-ku Tokyo 108-8636 JAPAN. Phone: +81-3-5421-5565 Fax: +81-3-5421-5697. Doctoral student at the Faculty of Information Studies University of Toronto. She has been a Fellow of the Knowledge Media Design Institute and the McLuhan Program in Culture and Technology. Her articles address the nature of Internet-related social change for social integration and information flow. Her articles have examined the implications of these changes for communities and her thesis focuses on organizations. University of Toronto doctoral

We review the evidence from a number of surveys in which our NetLab has been involved about the extent to which the Internet is transforming or enhancing community. The studies show that the Internet is used for connectivity locally as well as globally, although the nature of its use varies in different countries. Internet use is adding on to other forms of communication, rather than replacing them. Internet use is reinforcing the pre-existing turn to societies in the developed world that are organized around networked individualism rather than group or local solidarities. The result has important implications for civic involvement.

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