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A Modified 2:1 Multiplexer-Based Low Power Ternary ALU for IoT Applications

Journal of engineering Science and Technology Review 2024年第5期17卷 104-109页

作者： Allwin Devaraj, S. Magdalin Mary, D. Kannan, P. Esakki Rajavel, S. Thangaraj, Cynthia Anbuselvi Gurumoorthy, K.B. William, Blanie Scrimshaw Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Francis Xavier Engineering College Tamilnadu Tirunelveli627003 India Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Sri Krishna College of Technology Tamilnadu Coimbatore641042 India Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Karpagam Academy of Higher Education Tamilnadu Coimbatore641021 India Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering SEA College of Engineering and Technology Karnataka Bengaluru560049 India Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology Tamilnadu Coimbatore641407 India Department of Computer Science and Engineering Rohini College of Engineering and Technology Tamilnadu Kanyakumari629401 India

The ternary logic has a benefit over the binary logic which provides a secured solution to achieve a trade-off between the area and power of the design. However, from the structure of the ternary Aritmetic Logic Unit (ALU), it is clear that its architecture increases the area, propagation delay, and power consumption. To overcome this drawback, a loopback algorithm is proposed to achieve low power and high throughput Internet of Things (IoT) processors. The loopback algorithm reduces the number of processing stages in multipliers and adders which can significantly reduce area and power dissipation. The proposed 2:1 multiplexer-based approach reduces the need for a decoder and results in low power consumption. The proposed design will be implemented in Xilinx ISE 13.0 and simulation will be done in Modelsim. The modified Ternary ALU (TALU) performs finer than the previous TALU method. The number of registers used in this architecture is reduced by up to 25% than the existing system therefore there is a reduction in power dissipation. © (2024), (International Hellenic University - School of Science). All rights reserved.

关键词： Logic design

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Fuzzy clustering for electric field characterization and its application to thunderstorm interpretability

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Digital Communications and Networks 2025年第2期11卷 299-307页

作者： Xu Yang Hongyan Xing Xinyuan Ji Wei Xu Witold Pedrycz School of Electronics and Information Engineering Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing 210044China Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of AlbertaEdmonton AB T6G 2R3Canada Systems Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences00-901 WarsawPoland Department of Computer Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Natural SciencesIstinye University34010 IstanbulTurkey

Changes in the Atmospheric Electric Field Signal(AEFS)are highly correlated with weather changes,especially with thunderstorm ***,little attention has been paid to the ambiguous weather information implicit in AEFS *** this paper,a Fuzzy C-Means(FCM)clustering method is used for the first time to develop an innovative approach to characterize the weather attributes carried by ***,a time series dataset is created in the time domain using AEFS *** AEFS-based weather is evaluated according to the time-series Membership Degree(MD)changes obtained by inputting this dataset into the ***,thunderstorm intensities are reflected by the change in distance from a thunderstorm cloud point charge to an AEF ***,a matching relationship is established between the normalized distance and the thunderstorm dominant MD in the space ***,the rationality and reliability of the proposed method are verified by combining radar charts and expert *** results confirm that this method accurately characterizes the weather attributes and changes in the AEFS,and a negative distance-MD correlation is obtained for the first *** detection of thunderstorm activity by AEF from the perspective of fuzzy set technology provides a meaningful guidance for interpretable thunderstorms.

关键词： Atmospheric electric field(AEF) Thunderstorm Fuzzy C-means(FCM) Attribute

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An analysis of energy consumption and carbon footprints of cryptocurrencies and possible solutions

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Digital Communications and Networks 2023年第1期9卷 79-89页

作者： Varun Kohli Sombuddha Chakravarty Vinay Chamola Kuldip Singh Sangwan Sherali Zeadally Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Engineering National University of SingaporeSingapore Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering&APPCAIR BITS-PilaniPilani Campus333031India Department of Mechanical Engineering BITS-PilaniPilani Campus333031India College of Communication and Information University of KentuckyLexingtonKY40506-0224USA

There is an urgent need to control global warming caused by humans to achieve a sustainable ***_(2) levels are rising steadily,and while countries worldwide are actively moving toward the sustainability goals proposed during the Paris Agreement in 2015,we are still a long way to go from achieving a sustainable mode of global *** increased popularity of cryptocurrencies since the introduction of Bitcoin in 2009 has been accompanied by an increasing trend in greenhouse gas emissions and high electrical energy *** energy tracking studies(e.g.,Digiconomist and the Cambridge Bitcoin Energy Consumption Index(CBECI))have estimated energy consumption ranges from 29.96 TWh to 135.12 TWh and 26.41 TWh to 176.98 TWh,respectively for Bitcoin as of July 2021,which are equivalent to the energy consumption of countries such as Sweden and *** latest estimate by Digiconomist on carbon footprints shows a 64.18 MtCO_(2) emission by Bitcoin as of July 2021,close to the emissions by Greece and *** review compiles estimates made by various studies from 2018 to *** compare the energy consumption and carbon footprints of these cryptocurrencies with countries around the world and centralized transaction methods such as *** identify the problems associated with cryptocurrencies and propose solutions that can help reduce their energy consumption and carbon ***,we present case studies on cryptocurrency networks,namely,Ethereum 2.0 and Pi Network,with a discussion on how they can solve some of the challenges we have identified.

关键词： Blockchain Carbon footprint Climate change Cryptocurrency Sustainability

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A Deep Learning Based Enhancing the Power by Reducing the Harmonics in Grid Connected Inverters

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Distributed Generation and Alternative Energy Journal 2024年第1期39卷 137-164页

作者： Sarma, Subramanya S. Sarada, K. Jithendar, P. Maddileti, Telugu Kumar, G. Nanda Kishor Department of EEE Ramachandra College of Engineering Vatluru Andhra Pradesh Eluru534007 India Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation Andhra Pradesh Vaddeswaram India Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering MLR institute of Technology Hyderabad India Telangana 500100 India Computer Science and Engineering Malla Reddy University Telangana Hyderabad India

The increasing use of renewable energy systems has led to a rise in the number of grid-connected inverters, which can have a detrimental effect on the superiority and constancy of grid electricity due to the injected current harmonics. In this study, the proportional integral (PI) and proportional resonant (PR) controllers have been investigated for their effectiveness inreducing harmonics in grid-connected inverters. The study also investigates the impact of harmonics compensators (HC) on the control strategies. The results of the study suggest that the implementation of PI and PR controllers in the synchronous frame can effectively reduce the injected current harmonics in grid-connected inverters. The use of harmonics compensators can further enhance the performance of the controllers by reducing the distortion and improving the stability of the grid. The efficiency of the regulator strategies be contingent on the type and level of harmonics in the grid, as well as the design and tuning of the controllers and compensators. The statement that the "PR+HC controller has a superior quality output current" is more specific and suggests that this control method may be more effective than the others in reducing harmonics and enlightening the value of the productivity current. The comparison of the IEEE 1547 standard by three viable inverters from diverse constructors is also noteworthy, as it can provide insights into the compatibility and performance of different types of inverters with the standard. The use of deep learning with the RCNN network for analyzing harmonics and providing information about power is an interesting application of machine learning in power systems research. This approach may have the probable to development the accuracy and competence of harmonics analysis as well as power monitoring in grid-connected inverters. Overall, the study highlights the importance of effective control strategies for managing harmonics in grid-connected inverters, parti

关键词： Controllers

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Analysis of Coupling Coefficient Between Two UCA-OAM Antennas Based on Infinitesimal Dipole Modeling

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IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 2025年第6期24卷 1502-1506页

作者： Jeong, Jaehoon Jung, Bang Chul Kim, Young Dam Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute Daejeon34129 Korea Republic of Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Ajou University Suwon16499 Korea Republic of Department of Electronics Engineering Chungnam National University Daejeon34134 Korea Republic of

An infinitesimal dipole modeling (IDM)-based analysis method is proposed to calculate the coupling coefficient (CC) between two uniform circular array (UCA)-orbital angular momentum (OAM) antennas. The proposed method is demonstrated to be more accurate than the asymptotic expression while also being more computationally efficient compared to the method of moments (MoM)-based full-wave simulation. Moreover, the proposed method enables CC analysis between UCAs operating in different OAM modes or in the presence of misalignment. The proposed method can potentially be utilized to estimate channel coefficients electromagnetically and to design OAM communication systems. © 2002-2011 IEEE All rights reserved.

关键词： Angular momentum

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Breaking the Shield: Systematic Security Analysis on Pulse Fingerprinting LiDAR Systems for Autonomous Driving

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IEEE Sensors Journal 2025年第11期25卷 20523-20537页

作者： Hayakawa, Yuki Sato, Takami Suzuki, Ryo Ikeda, Kazuma Sako, Ozora Nagata, Rokuto Yoshida, Ryo Chen, Qi Alfred Yoshioka, Kentaro Keio University Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering Tokyo108-0073 Japan University of California Department of Computer Science IrvineCA92697 United States

LiDAR sensors play a crucial role in autonomous driving (AD) systems because of their high-definition 3D sensing capabilities. While LiDAR spoofing attacks that project fake ranging signals pose a critical security threat, new-generation (new-gen) LiDARs have introduced pulse fingerprinting (PF), an authentication mechanism that distinguishes reflected signals from external interference. Although PF offers a promising defense against spoofing attacks, its security implications remain unexplored. This paper presents the first comprehensive security evaluation of PF features. While current PF-equipped LiDARs use the time difference of pulse pairs as authentication to counter conventional spoofing attacks, we demonstrate their vulnerability to periodic malicious laser pulses through two novel attacks: High-Frequency Removal (HFR) and Adaptive HFR (A-HFR). The basic HFR attack employs high-frequency laser pulses, while A-HFR incorporates weak synchronization and selective range limiting to prevent laser overheating, achieving spoofing frequencies 25 times higher than HFR. Our evaluation of three commercial LiDARs with PF reveals their vulnerability to these attacks, with over 96% of the point cloud data vanishing within the attack target area. Through attack simulations against Autoware using real attack data, we show that successful attacks in over 90% of frames invariably lead to accidents, highlighting significant limitations in current PF implementations. We conclude by proposing enhanced security measures for both AD systems and PF mechanisms. © 2001-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Authentication

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Geyser Inspired Algorithm:A New Geological-inspired Meta-heuristic for Real-parameter and Constrained engineering Optimization

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Journal of Bionic engineering 2024年第1期21卷 374-408页

作者： Mojtaba Ghasemi Mohsen Zare Amir Zahedi Mohammad-Amin Akbari Seyedali Mirjalili Laith Abualigah Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering Shiraz University of TechnologyShirazIran Department of Electrical Engineering Faculty of EngineeringJahrom UniversityJahromFrasIran Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Tarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University ofCyprusNicosiaCyprus Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research and Optimisation Torrens University AustraliaBrisbaneQLD 4006Australia University Research and Innovation Center Obuda University1034 BudapestHungary Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Lebanese American UniversityByblos 13-5053Lebanon Hourani Center for Applied Scientific Research Al-Ahliyya Amman UniversityAmman 19328Jordan MEU Research Unit Middle East UniversityAmman 11831Jordan Applied Science Research Center Applied Science Private UniversityAmman 11931Jordan

Over the past years,many efforts have been accomplished to achieve fast and accurate meta-heuristic algorithms to optimize a variety of real-world *** study presents a new optimization method based on an unusual geological phenomenon in nature,named Geyser inspired Algorithm(GEA).The mathematical modeling of this geological phenomenon is carried out to have a better understanding of the optimization *** efficiency and accuracy of GEA are verified using statistical examination and convergence rate comparison on numerous CEC 2005,CEC 2014,CEC 2017,and real-parameter benchmark ***,GEA has been applied to several real-parameter engineering optimization problems to evaluate its *** addition,to demonstrate the applicability and robustness of GEA,a comprehensive investigation is performed for a fair comparison with other standard optimization *** results demonstrate that GEA is noticeably prosperous in reaching the optimal solutions with a high convergence rate in comparison with other well-known nature-inspired algorithms,including ABC,BBO,PSO,and *** that the source code of the GEA is publicly available at https://***/projects/gea.

关键词： Nature-inspired algorithms Real-world and engineering optimization Mathematical modeling Geyser algorithm(GEA)

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Appearance Based Dynamic Hand Gesture Recognition Using 3D Separable Convolutional Neural Network

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computers, Materials & Continua 2023年第7期76卷 1213-1247页

作者： Muhammad Rizwan Sana Ul Haq Noor Gul Muhammad Asif Syed Muslim Shah Tariqullah Jan Naveed Ahmad Department of Electronics University of PeshawarPeshawar25120Pakistan Department of Electronics Engineering Korea Polytechnic UniversitySiheungKorea Department of Electrical Engineering Capital University of Science and TechnologyIslamabad44000Pakistan Department of Electrical Engineering University of Engineering and TechnologyPeshawar25120Pakistan Department of Computer Science Prince Sultan UniversityRiyadh11586Saudi Arabia

Appearance-based dynamic Hand Gesture Recognition(HGR)remains a prominent area of research in Human-computer Interaction(HCI).Numerous environmental and computational constraints limit its real-time *** addition,the performance of a model decreases as the subject’s distance from the camera *** study proposes a 3D separable Convolutional Neural Network(CNN),considering the model’s computa-tional complexity and recognition *** 20BN-Jester dataset was used to train the model for six gesture *** achieving the best offline recognition accuracy of 94.39%,the model was deployed in real-time while considering the subject’s attention,the instant of performing a gesture,and the subject’s distance from the *** being discussed in numerous research articles,the distance factor remains unresolved in real-time deployment,which leads to degraded recognition *** the proposed approach,the distance calculation substantially improves the classification performance by reducing the impact of the subject’s distance from the ***,the capability of feature extraction,degree of relevance,and statistical significance of the proposed model against other state-of-the-art models were validated using t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding(t-SNE),Mathew’s Correlation Coefficient(MCC),and the McNemar test,*** observed that the proposed model exhibits state-of-the-art outcomes and a comparatively high significance level.

关键词： 3D separable CNN computational complexity hand gesture recognition human-computer interaction

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Acknowledge of Emotions for Improving Student-Robot Interaction

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Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing 2023年第7期37卷 1209-1224页

作者： Hasan Han Oguzcan Karadeniz Tugba Dalyan Elena Battini Sonmez Baykal Sarioglu Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Istanbul Bilgi UniversityIstanbul34060Turkey Department of Computer Engineering Istanbul Bilgi UniversityIstanbul34060Turkey

Robot companions will soon be part of our everyday life and students in the engineering faculty must be trained to design,build,and interact with *** two affordable robots presented in this paper have been designed and constructed by two undergraduate students;one artifi-cial agent is based on the Nvidia Jetson Nano development board and the other one on a remote computer ***,the robots have been refined with an empathetic system,to make them more *** automatic facial expression recognition skills is a necessary pre-processing step for acknowledging emotions,this paper tested different variations of Convolutional Neural Networks(CNN)to detect the six facial expressions plus the neutral *** state-of-the-art performance of 75.1%on the Facial Expression Recognition(FER)2013 database has been reached by the ensemble voting *** runner-up model is the Visual Geometry Group(VGG)16 which has been adopted by the two robots to recognize the expressions of the human partner and behave *** empirical study run among 55 university students confirmed the hypothesis that contact with empathetic artificial agents contributes to increasing the acceptance rate of robots.

关键词： Artificial intelligence deep learning convolutional neural networks facial expression recognition robotics education professional learning

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Optimizing Crisis Management with Advanced UAV Imaging Technology 4

Optimizing Crisis Management with Advanced UAV Imaging Techn...

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4th International Conference on Sustainable Expert Systems, ICSES 2024

作者： Reddy, Jambula Snehith Mathi, Sri Chaithanya Reddy, Polu Sai Nadh Mateti, Vedha Pranava Yadav, Sudha Amrita School of Engineering Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Bengaluru India Amrita School of Engineering Department of Computer Science and Engineering Bengaluru India

ISBN: (纸本)9798331540364

The UAV systems that are fitted with current technology have helped in boosting the crisis management activities such as disaster relief operations, search and rescues, and policing. This paper integrates the developmental function of advanced detective UAVs into episodes of crises. These UAVs are capable of quickly and effectively assessing the damage, find people and observe post-disaster occurrences through with the help of complicated image analysis. It incorporates cameras with HD resolutions, thermal imagery systems, and numerous ML algorithms that allow entities and people to be identified besides detecting heat through barriers and thus increase the operational effectiveness during response operations. Indeed, the social implication as noticed with detective UAVs is highly useful in that it provides support services in disaster, bringing relief directly to the affected groups and guaranteeing the security of the rescue squads. Therefore, these UAVs enhance crisis consequence management, reducing death rates, the number of casualties and the extent of property damage. They do also help in safety and security to the public through assisting the police in surveillance and the fight against crime. Analyzing UAV's physical and virtual units, the challenges describe the UAV's use cases in different kinds of crises, such as natural ones, industrial failures, and criminal events. It also deals with issues such as restrictive policies, data security, and the requirement of professional personnel. From case studies and more personal accounts, detective UAVs' potential of crisis management is revolutionary: loss of life is avoided, damage to property is limited, and order is maintained. If further developed and properly integrated into the emergency management systems, UAVs will be the part of the equipment of the future for enhancing the efficiency of response to critical situations. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)

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