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Appropriate Automation – Integrating Technical, Human, Organizational, Economic, and Cultural Factors

IFAC Proceedings Volumes 1990年第8期23卷 1-19页

作者： T. Martin J. Kivinen J.E. Rijnsdorp M.G. Rodd W.B. Rouse Manufacturing Technologies Program Management Agency Nuclear Research Centre Karlsruhe Karlsruhe FRG Corporate Information Systems Neste Oy Espoo Finland Department of Chemical Technology Twente University of Technology Enschede The Netherlands Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering University College of Swansea Swansea UK Search Technology Inc. Norcross Georgia USA

Automation technology, including digital computer and communication techniques, is being applied in an ever-increasing range of private and public spheres, also reaching third-world cultures not previously exposed to such technology. This invokes the engineer's responsibility to consider the direct and indirect effects caused by this technology. The question is when and how to include these factors in the design and implementation process, prospectively avoiding bad effects and still fulfilling the goals imposed on the engineer by his client. To be able to carry that responsibility and make proper design decisions, the engineer must both understand 'appropriateness' within a given boundary, and have decision authority together with other parties participating in the design. Whereas sound methodologies for user-centred design are appearing, anticipating and considering the cultural effects of automation is an area going far beyond engineering. Nevertheless, engineers should get more deeply involved in comprehensive technology assessment. Encouraging experiences show how novel design approaches and consideration of comprehensive sets of requirements can lead to better overall system performance, but much research on open questions remains to be done.

关键词： Social effects of automation man-machine systems human factors organizational, economic, and cultural factors manufacturing processes process industries human-centred design socio-technical design

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A VLSI neural network for color constancy 90

A VLSI neural network for color constancy

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Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems

作者： Andrew Moore Geoffrey Fox John Allman Rodney Goodman Computation and Neural Systems Program California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA Dept. of Physics Syracuse University Syracuse NY and Dept. of Physics California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA Dept. of Biology California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA Dept. of Electrical Engineering California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA

ISBN: (纸本)9781558601840

A system for color correction has been designed, built, and tested successfully; the essential components are three custom chips built using subthreshold analog CMOS VLSI. The system, based on Land's Retinex theory of color constancy, produces colors similar in many respects to those produced by the visual system. Resistive grids implemented in analog VLSI perform the smoothing operation central to the algorithm at video rates. With the electronic system, the strengths and weaknesses of the algorithm are explored.

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SHIP SERVICE electrical SYSTEMS - DESIGNING FOR SURVIVABILITY

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1990年第5期102卷 32-36页

作者： CERMINARA, J KOTACKA, RO John Cerminara:is a principal engineer with Westinghouse Machinery Technology Division Electrical Systems Department. He holds a B.S. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Pittsburgh. He is a registered professional engineer and a member of IEEE ASNE and the Ship Steering Group of the Combat Survivability Division of ADPA. Mr. Cerminara has had over 30 years of multidiscipline experience ranging from engineering and construction in heavy industry to standards and publications. Past assignments include DOE/ NASA wind turbine project manager for Westinghouse and task leader of MTD electrical systems. Most recent assignments have included hull mechanical and electrical (HM&E) distributive system survivability analyses of the LSD-41 mobility mission area and application and validation of NavSea computer-aided design of Survivable Distributive System (CADSDiS) Program. Rolf O. Kotacka:is presently a ship systems engineer in the Ship Systems Engineering Branch of the Naval Sea Systems Command Engineering Directorate where his primary responsibility is ship system survivability. He is a 1977 graduate of SUNY Maritime College where he received his bachelor of engineering degree in marine electrical engineering as well as a U.S. Coast Guard Third Assistant Engineer License and a commission in the U. S. Naval Reserve. Upon graduation Mr. Kotacka was employed by Charleston Naval Shipyard as a field engineer until 1981 where he gained his background in surface ship HM&E systems and equipment. He then transferred to the Supervisor of Shipbuilding Conversion and Repair Groton where he served as a senior electrical engineer monitoring the design and construction of Trident and 688 class submarines and received the Meritorious Unit Citation. Prior to his present position Mr. Kotacka was the life cycle manager for diesel generator sets in the Naval Sea Systems Command's Generators Branch. He has coauthored several papers dealing with power generation for ASE and SNAME. Mr. Kotacka is also a lieutena

This paper highlights the survivability concerns in the design of ship service power systems. The paper gives a brief description of what constitutes a typical ship service electric power system and concentrates on electric power generation and associated controls. Established survivability design principles and guidelines are highlighted and the application of those guidelines are discussed. General Specifications (Gen Specs) for Ships of the U.S. Navy are cited as the cornerstone for design. Specific design criteria are cited as well as the rationale associated with the survivability design guidelines pertaining to power generation and distribution. The application of these survivability design guidelines plus the use of the deactivation diagram/damage tolerance analysis cited in the Gen Spec section 072e will enhance overall design and help ensure survivable electric power systems for surface combatants.

关键词： Warships

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COMPUTER-AIDED-DESIGN METHODS FOR PROPELLER FILLET GAUGES

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1990年第3期102卷 202-208页

作者： ALLEN, DW VINOSKI, WS OVERTON, BA David W. Allen:is a senior computer scientist at the Machinery Technology Division Westinghouse Electric Corporation Large Pa. He received the B.A. degree in mathematics from Grinnell College and the M.S. degree in computer science from the University of Pittsburgh. His career with Westinghouse has been divided between assignments in engineering and computer applications. Mr. Allen has published eight technical papers. He received the George Westinghouse Signature A ward of Excellence for his work on the development of the GAGES computer program for designing propeller gages. He is a member of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). Walter S. Vinoski:is a project engineer at the Machinery Technology Division Westinghouse Electric Corporation Large Pa. and was instrumental in the development of the GAGES computer program. He was awarded the George Westinghouse Signature Award of Excellence for his work on the GAGES program. Mr. Vinoski has six years of marine propulsion system experience specifically with propellers. He earned a B.S. degree in electronics engineering and minored in mathematics at the Ohio Institute of Technology. He is a member of the American Society of Naval Engineers. Bernard A. Overton:graduated from North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Greensboro N.C. in 1958 with a B.S. degree in mechanical engineering. Within two years of joining the U.S. Army Mr. Overton was honorably discharged as a first lieutenant. Mr. Overton worked seven years at Philadelphia Naval Shipyard in the following areas: shafting shafting alignment bearing reactions noise and vibration surveys propellers and propeller blade gage designs. In 1967 Mr. Overton transferred to the Navy Engineering Center. He has worked on main propulsion devices such as water jets propellers (both submarine and surface ship) and propeller blade gages. Mr. Overton was responsible for the establishment of the Naval Inspectors Propeller Certif

One of the most complicated forms encountered in engineering design is that of the marine propeller. The complexities arise from the complicated hydrodynamic surfaces of the propeller blades and the complicated manner in which the blades are oriented with and attached to the hub. Where propeller blades are attached to the hub, the blade shape is blended into the shape of the hub. The geometry of this region is particularly complicated. The shape of the blend is called a fillet, and the blending region is called the fillet region. Sheet metal gages conforming to various blade surface contours are used in the manufacture and inspection of propellers. Five different types of gages define the shape of the propeller in different regions. Fillet gages are such gages that define the shape of propeller blades in the fillet region. This paper describes a new computer-aided method for designing fillet gages. Previous methods of fillet gage design required the designer to follow a complicated layout procedure of determining where a particular unfilleted blade contour intersected the hub. The design of the fillet was then done in another layout procedure. Newly developed numerical procedures incorporated in a computer program have reduced the time required to design a complete set of gages (including fillet gages) from up to several weeks to hours.

关键词： Propellers

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NOISE FIGURES

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON EDUCATION 1989年第2期32卷 66-72页

作者： MEER, DE Graduate Electrical Engineering Program Air Force Institute of Technology Dayton OH USA

A short tutorial description of noise figures for two-port linear transducers and entire receiver systems is presented. Due to the long history and of the use of noise figures to specify noise performance, numerous definitions have evolved. The relationship between the various noise-figure definitions found in the literature are specified and tables are provided as cross reference to the notation and naming conventions used in the references.

关键词： cross reference Two-Port linear transducer NAMING Noise figure noise performance Convention

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NAVAL LITHIUM BATTERY SAFETY program

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1989年第3期101卷 260-266页

作者： SHULER, SC MORANSKI, JW Stanley C. Shuler:is manager of the High Energy Battery Systems Branch Electrochemical Power Systems Division Electronic Support Department Naval Weapons Support Center Crane Indiana. He received his B.S. degree in mechanical engineering from Tri-State University in 1971 and served as an active duty naval aviator for seven years. After joining the Naval Weapons Support Center in 1980 Mr. Shuler was responsible for establishing the Lithium Battery Safety Program for the Navy Sonobuoy Program and provided lithium battery test and engineering support to various Navy/DoD programs for over eight years. Recently Mr. Shuler assisted the Naval Sea Systems Command in creating updated policy for the Naval Lithium Battery Safety Program and was instrumental in establishing Crane as the fleet engineering support agent for lithium batteries. Currently he is developing routine and emergency disposal procedures and methods for Navy-wide users of lithium batteries in support of the Naval Sea Systems Command. John W. Moranski:is a supervisory electrical engineer in the High Energy Battery Systems Branch Electrochemical Power Systems Division Electronic Support Department Naval Weapons Support Center Crane Indiana. He received his B.S. degree in electrical engineering from Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology in 1984. Mr. Moranski has been responsible for several lithium battery developmental testing projects since joining the Naval Weapons Support Center in 1985. The projects Mr. Moranski has been responsible for involved lithium battery pack design environmental testing discharge performance testing and safety evaluation testing. Currently he is participating in lithium battery powered systems safety reviews with the Naval Sea Systems Command Safety Division.

The stringent performance requirements of present and future naval battery powered systems necessitate the use of advanced lithium batteries with extended energy and life characteristics. In recent years, battery manufacturers in the United States and various foreign nations have been developing new lithium batteries using lithium metal anodes coupled with either carbon monofluoride (CF) x , sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), thionyl chloride (SOCI 2 ) or other cathode materials. These batteries represent a major breakthrough as primary power sources and provide certain unique advantages over conventional electrochemical systems. The advantages are: (1) a substantial increase in specific energy, (2) higher operating cell voltage, (3) low temperature operation and (4) projected long shelf life. While lithium batteries in general offer five to ten times the specific energy of conventional systems, each design differs from the other in its level of performance and in its hazards. The Naval Lithium Battery Safety program addresses these hazards within the areas of acquisition, design, use, packaging, storage, transportation, and disposal. The safety program also establishes minimum safety test requirements for lithium batteries in lithium battery powered equipment when used by the Navy or on Navy facilities.

关键词： Electric Batteries

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D/sup 3/FS: a demand driven deductive fault simulator

D/sup 3/FS: a demand driven deductive fault simulator

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IEEE International Test Conference

作者： S.P. Smith M.R. Mercer B. Underwood Computer Aided Design Program Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation Austin TX USA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Texas Austin Austin TX USA

A high-speed fault simulator is presented that combines demand-driven simulation techniques with a bit-encoded deductive fault simulation scheme. The simulator uses an efficient approach to the management of signal value and fault list structures intended to minimize disk thrashing during execution. Input cone analysis is used during preprocessing to identify gates with independent inputs so that optimized evaluation routines that include early cutoff can be used. Results are given for the demand-driven deductive fault simulator and contrasted with an earlier demand-driven parallel fault simulator.< >

关键词： Circuit faults Computational modeling Circuit simulation Computer simulation Circuit testing Automatic test pattern generation Microelectronics Vectors Automatic testing Sequential analysis

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NTDS - A PAGE IN NAVAL HISTORY

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1988年第3期100卷 53-61页

作者： SWENSON, EN MAHINSKE, EB STOUTENBURGH, JS Capt. Erick N. Swenson USNR (Ret.):is a project manager for special projects in the Surface Ship Systems Division Hughes Aircraft Company Fullerton Calif where he has been employed since his retirement from the U.S. Navy in 1975. Originally trained as an electronics technician during WWII in the Captain Eddy program he later received a BS degree in electrical engineering from the University of Rochester Rochester N. Y. in 1950. Subsequent engineering education was received at the University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Penn. and the Naval Postgraduate School Monterey Calif. After commissioning he was ordered to duty as the electronics division officer on the USSMissouri(BB-63) and electronics ships superintendent at Hunters Point Naval Shipyard San Francisco Calif. When the design of the Naval Tactical Data System began in the mid-1950s Lt. (j.g.) Swenson was ordered to the Bureau of Ships Navy Department Washington D.C. as the junior engineering duty only officer assigned to the project. From 1962 to 1965 LCdr. Swenson was assigned as the BuShips technical representative on the program at Remington Rand Univac St. Paul Minn. For the next ten years he returned to BuShips/NavSea/NAVSEC as the NTDS project officer. During this time the project expanded considerably foreign military sales were heavily involved and interoperability with other services and countries were established. His final effort on active duty was to instigate the redesign of the previousSpruanceclass destroyers into the newerAdmiral Kiddclass improvement program. He is a registered professional electrical engineer in the State of California listed inWho's Who in the Worldis a life member of ASNE and chairman of the Long Beach/Greater LA Section. Capt. Edmund B. Mahinske USN (Ret.):is an alumnus of the U.S. Naval Academy the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Harvard Business School. His technical background is in electronics and he specialized in the management of programs involving the application of comp

A little over thirty years ago, a group of naval engineers were assembled by the Bureau of Ships to develop a new system approach to the combat information center (CIC). The CIC of World War II, with its “grease pencil” plots and voice telling of tactical information from sensors and other ships, could no longer provide the timely, coordinated reaction to postwar threats. This project group led the Navy into the new world of large-scale, high-speed digital electronics and into a new mode of conducting naval warfare as well. There were no off-the-shelf computers of the requisite capability, size and reliability; what were available were monstrous vacuum tube computers. There were no display equipments that were “conversant” in both the digital language of the computer and the analog language of the sensors and the weapon systems. Who ever heard, at that time, of a computer running a tactical communication net automatically? It was hard enough to find sufficient numbers of engineers who knew what a digital computer was. This paper, by three naval engineers in the implementing engineering office, depicts the evolvement of the Naval Tactical Data Systems (NTDS) as they saw it. It discusses the problems that stemmed from the transition from the old world of analog into the new digital world, the system concepts that steered the development; the key decisions that were made; new electronic equipment and processes that became necessary; and the need of the mangagement to face the real world of deadlines, ship schedules and operational requirements.

关键词： NAVAL WARFARE

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REDUCTION METHOD OF TRACKING ERRORS DUE TO MULTIPATH WAVES IN DIRECT SEQUENCE SPREAD SPECTRUM SYSTEMS.

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Electronics and Communications in Japan, Part I: Communications (English translation of Denshi Tsushin Gakkai Ronbunshi) 1987年第9期70卷 118-126页

作者： Maruyama, Satoshi Iwanami, Yasunori Ikeda, Tetsuo Faculty of Engineering Nagoya Institute of Technology Nagoya Japan 486 Satoshi Maruyama graduated 1983 Dept. Electrical Eng. Fac. Eng. Nagoya Inst. Technology. Completed Master's program 1985 Grad. School and affiliated with Fujitsu Co. Engaged in researches in distance measurement by spread spectrum technique. Tetsuo Ikeda graduated 1961 Dept. Comm. Eng. Fac. Eng. Tohoku University. Completed doctoral program 1966 Grad. School. Assistant 1966 and Assoc. Prof. 1968 Fac. Eng. Tohoku University. Assoc. Prof. 1973 and Prof. 1977 Nagoya Inst. Technology. Engaged in researches in network theory computer networks communication system and electromagnetic environment. Doctor of Eng. Member I.E.E.E. Japan TV Soc. Jap. Inf. Proc. Soc. Jap. Soc. Inf. Comm. and I.E.E.E.

The spread spectrum (SS) communication is a communication system which has excellent characteristics against noise and is suited to the code-division multiplex. This paper describes a method which reduces the tracking phase error in DLL due to multipath waves in SS communication system. The method is based on the model with a single multipath wave.

关键词： RADIO TRANSMISSION

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ELECTROMAGNETIC ENVIRONMENT engineering - A SOLUTION TO THE EMI PANDEMIC

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1987年第3期99卷 202-209页

作者： GRICH, RJ BRUNINGA, RE RAdm. Richard J. Grich USN:was commissioned from Officers Candidate School in May 1953 after receiving a B. S. in electrical engineering from Catholic University and a masters degree from Columbia University in New York. He has served as engineering officer USS Paul Revere (APA-248) as ship superintendent at the New York Naval Shipyard and as assistant material officer on the staff of Commander Naval Air Force Atlantic Fleet. He has a distinguished background as an engineering duty officer in engineering electronics. He has served as the head of the Operations Department on the IN-SURV Board and was assigned as head Logistics Branch Navy Division Defense Attache's Office Saigon Vietnam. For six years he was project manager for the Nimitz class carrier acquisition program PMS-392 at the Naval Sea Systems Command. During this tour he was responsible for the construction and delivery of USS Nimitz (CVN-68) and USS Dwight D. Eisenhower (CVN-69) and the construction through launching of USS Carl Vinson (CVN-70). He also consolidated the VSTOL support ship project into PMS-392 and developed the Service Life Extension Program for USS Saratoga (CV-60). During his subsequent tour he was supervisor of shipbuilding converson and repair in Pascagoula MS. He is presently serving as the assistant commander for acquisition and logistic planning at the Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command. He is a member of ASNE. Cdr. Robert E. Bruninga USN: was graduated from the Georgia Institute of Technology in 1970 with a B. S. degree in electrical engineering. After attending the United States Naval Postgraduate School Monterey where he received his M. S. degree in electrical engineering he was assigned as the assistant weapons instrumentation officer on USS Observation Island (AG-154). Later while serving on the Commander Service Group Three staff in Sasebo Japan he was selected as an engineering duty officer (ED). He has served at the Supervisor of Shipbuilding Conversion and Repair Brooklyn as ship superintendent

There are severe electromagnetic interference (EMI) problems which are pandemic throughout the fleet with both known and unknown impact on the operational performance of ships. This paper suggests that the key solution to the EMI pandemic is to develop an engineering discipline in electromagnetics (EM) comparable to the stature of naval architecture and marine engineering to embed EM design considerations and tradeoffs throughout the ship and equipment design processes. Such an engineering discipline to electromagnetics, and a Navy management commitment to its implementation, would prevent EMI by allowing the use of engineering budgets, allocations, and margins based on predicted EM fields in optimization and design toward well defined performance requirements. The EM engineering discipline would rely on gathering existing resources, developing new approaches where needed, and implementing new steps in the ship design process to accomplish these objectives: (1) use of improved techniques for EM environment prediction, (2) identification of quantifiable performance measures, (3) developing the body of knowledge and traceability between performance and EM effects, (4) selection of ship and equipment design features based on EM considerations, and (5) iteration of the ship design based on EM results.

关键词： ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT

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