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International Conference on Intelligent Transportation

作者： Rajeev Verma Domitilla Del Vecchio Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor USA Department of Mechanical Engineering MIT Cambridge USA

We consider the problem of safety control in Hidden Mode Hybrid Systems (HMHS) that arises in the development of a semi-autonomous cooperative active safety system for collision avoidance at an intersection. We utilize the approach of constructing a new hybrid automaton whose discrete state is an estimate of the HMHS mode. A dynamic feedback map can then be designed that guarantees safety on the basis of the current mode estimate and the concept of the capture set. In this work, we relax the conditions for the termination of the algorithm that computes the capture set by constructing an abstraction of the new hybrid automaton. We present a relation to compute the capture set for the abstraction and show that this capture set is equal to the one for the new hybrid automaton.

关键词： Vehicles Kernel Automata Safety Trajectory Q measurement Vehicle dynamics

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A moment-matching scheme for the passivity-preserving model order reduction of indefinite descriptor systems with possible polynomial parts 11

A moment-matching scheme for the passivity-preserving model ...

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Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference

作者： Zheng Zhang Qing Wang Ngai Wong Luca Daniel Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science MIT Cambridge MA USA Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China

ISBN: (纸本)9781424475162

Passivity-preserving model order reduction (MOR) of descriptor systems (DSs) is highly desired in the simulation of VLSI interconnects and on-chip passives. One popular method is PRIMA, a Krylov-subspace projection approach which preserves the passivity of positive semidefinite (PSD) structured DSs. However, system passivity is not guaranteed by PRIMA when the system is indefinite. Furthermore, the possible polynomial parts of singular systems are normally not captured. For indefinite DSs, positive-real balanced truncation (PRBT) can generate passive reduced-order models (ROMs), whose main bottleneck lies in solving the dual expensive generalized algebraic Riccati equations (GAREs). This paper presents a novel moment-matching MOR for indefinite DSs, which preserves both the system passivity and, if present, also the improper polynomial part. This method only requires solving one GARE, therefore it is cheaper than existing PRBT schemes. On the other hand, the proposed algorithm is capable of preserving the passivity of indefinite DSs, which is not guaranteed by traditional moment-matching MORs. Examples are finally presented showing that our method is superior to PRIMA in terms of accuracy.

关键词： Read only memory Mathematical model Decision support systems Polynomials Accuracy Numerical models Computational modeling

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Optimal Utilization of Storage and the Induced Price Elasticity of Demand in the Presence of Ramp Constraints

Optimal Utilization of Storage and the Induced Price Elastic...

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IEEE Conference on Decision and Control

作者： Ali Faghih Mardavij Roozbehani Munther A. Dahleh Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS) Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems (LIDS) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Cambridge MA LIDS MIT EECS Department at MIT

ISBN: (纸本)9781612848006

This paper is concerned with optimal utilization of storage, characterization of the economic value of storage in the presence of ramp-rate constraints and stochastically-varying electricity prices, and characterization of the price elasticity of demand induced by optimal utilization of storage. The ramp constraints limit the charging and discharging rate of storage, and can be due to the physical limitations of the storage device or the power lines. Such constraints make analytical characterization of optimal policies particularly difficult. In this paper, the optimal utilization problem is addressed in a finite-horizon stochastic dynamic programming framework, and an analytical characterization of the value function along with recursive formulas for computation of the associated optimal policy are derived. It is shown that the value function associated with the dynamic programming problem is a piecewise linear convex function of the storage state, i.e., the amount of stored energy. Furthermore, while the economic value of storage capacity is a non-decreasing function of price volatility, it is shown that due to finite ramping rates, the value of storage saturates quickly as the capacity increases, regardless of price volatility. Finally, it is shown that optimal utilization of storage by consumers could induce a considerable amount of price elasticity, particularly near the average price.

关键词： Value of Storage Ramp Constraints Price Elasticity of Demand Stochastic Dynamic Programming

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Optimal sizing of energy storage for efficient integration of renewable energy

Optimal sizing of energy storage for efficient integration o...

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IEEE Conference on Decision and Control

作者： Pavithra Harsha Munther Dahleh IBM T. J. Watson Research Center at Yorktown Heights Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT

ISBN: (纸本)9781612848006

In this paper, we study the optimal storage investment problem faced by an owner of renewable generator the purpose of which is to support a portion of a local demand. The goal is to minimize the long-term average cost of electric bills in the presence of dynamic pricing as well as investment in storage, if any. Examples of this setting include homeowners, industries, hospitals or utilities that own wind turbines or solar panels and have their own demand that they prefer to support with renewable generation. We formulate the optimal storage investment problem and propose a simple balancing control for operating storage. We show that this policy is optimal for constant prices and some special cases of price structures that restrict to at most two levels. Under this policy, we provide structural results that help in evaluating the optimal storage investment uniquely and efficiently. We then characterize how the cost and efficiency of storage, dynamic pricing and parameters that characterize the uncertainty in generation and demand impact the size of optimal storage and its gain. One surprising result we prove is that for storage to be profitable under the balancing policy the ratio amortized cost of storage to the peak price of energy should be less than 1/4.

关键词： energy storage Investments Policies Renewable energy price of energy Optimal Storage Solar collectors Public utilities Wind Energy Conversion Systems operating memory

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Incentive schemes for Internet congestion management: Raffles versus time-of-day pricing

Incentive schemes for Internet congestion management: Raffle...

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Annual Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing

作者： Patrick Loiseau Galina Schwartz John Musacchio Saurabh Amin Technology and Information Management CA USA Electrical Engineering and Computer Science CA USA Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering MIT MA USA

The Internet is plagued with congestion problems of growing severity which are worst at peak periods. In this paper, we compare two schemes that incentivize users to shift part of their usage from the peak-time to the off-peak time. The traditional time-of-day pricing scheme gives a fixed reward per unit of shifted usage. Conversely, the raffle-based scheme provides a random reward distributed in proportion of each user's fraction of the total shifted usage. Using a game-theoretic model, we show that both schemes can achieve an optimal level of decongestion at a unique Nash equilibrium. We provide a comparison of the schemes' sensitivity to uncertainty of the users' utilities.

关键词： Pricing Nash equilibrium Incentive schemes Aggregates Internet Delay Atomic measurements

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The Intertemporal Utility of Demand and Price Elasticity of Consumption in Power Grids with Shiftable Loads

The Intertemporal Utility of Demand and Price Elasticity of ...

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IEEE Conference on Decision and Control

作者： Mardavij Roozbehani Ali Faghih Mesrob I. Ohannessian Munther A. Dahleh Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems (LIDS) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Cambridge MA Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS) working at LIDS MIT Associate Head of the EECS Department at MIT

ISBN: (纸本)9781612848006

This paper presents a mathematical model of consumer behavior in response to stochastically-varying electricity prices, and a characterization of price elasticity of consumption induced by optimally shifting flexible demands within a fixed time window. The approach is based on deriving the optimal load-shifting policy through a finite horizon stochastic dynamic program, and the analysis is performed under both perfect and partial information about price distribution. An aggregate demand model is constructed from individual demands with random arrivals and random deadlines. Under this model, the aggregate demand becomes a function of price only, and thus allows for quantitative characterization of the utility of demand and price elasticity. While the demand for electricity is often deemed to be highly inelastic, it is shown in this paper that optimal load-shifting can create a considerable amount of price elasticity, even when the aggregate consumption over a long period remains constant.

关键词： Intertemporal Utility Mathematical Modeling of Consumer Behavior Price Elasticity Dynamic Programming

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A block-diagonal structured model reduction scheme for power grid networks

A block-diagonal structured model reduction scheme for power...

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Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition

作者： Zheng Zhang Xiang Hu Chung-Kuan Cheng Ngai Wong Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science MIT Cambridge MA USA Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering University of California San Diego La Jolla CA USA Department of Computer Science & Engineering University of California San Diego La Jolla CA USA Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China

We propose a block-diagonal structured model order reduction (BDSM) scheme for fast power grid analysis. Compared with existing power grid model order reduction (MOR) methods, BDSM has several advantages. First, unlike many power grid reductions that are based on terminal reduction and thus error-prone, BDSM utilizes an exact column-by-column moment matching to provide higher numerical accuracy. Second, with similar accuracy and macromodel size, BDSM generates very sparse block-diagonal reduced-order models (ROMs) for massive-port systems at a lower cost, whereas traditional algorithms such as PRIMA produce full dense models inefficient for the subsequent simulation. Third, different from those MOR schemes based on extended Krylov subspace (EKS) technique, BDSM is input-signal independent, so the resulting ROM is reusable under different excitations. Finally, due to its blockdiagonal structure, the obtained ROM can be simulated very fast. The accuracy and efficiency of BDSM are verified by industrial power grid benchmarks.

关键词： Read only memory Power grids Accuracy Computational modeling Sparse matrices Numerical models Integrated circuit modeling

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Photonics for HPEC: A low-powered solution for high bandwidth applications

Photonics for HPEC: A low-powered solution for high bandwidt...

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作者： Robinson, E. Hendry, G. Gleyzer, V. Chan, J. Carloni, L.P. Bliss, N. Bond, R. Bergman, K. MIT Lincoln Laboratories Lexington MA United States Lightwave Research Lab Department of Electrical Engineering Columbia University New York NY United States Computer Science Department Columbia University New York NY United States

Photonics offer high bandwidth for minimal power. While critical for the future of HPC, this has an immediate impact in HPEC, where power is critical. Here, α410x improvement in performance/watt can be demonstrated. ... 详细信息

ISBN: (纸本)9781457702136

关键词： Bandwidth

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A Novel Back-Reflecting UV-Assisted Metal-Induced Crystallization of Silicon on Glass

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MRS Online Proceedings Library (OPL) 2011年第1期664卷 A6.5-A6.5页

作者： Leila Rezaee Shamsoddin Mohajerzadeh Ali Khakifirooz Saber Haji Ebrahim Asl Soleimani Electrical and Computer Eng. Dept. University of Tehran Tehran 14395-515 IRAN Currently at Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 U.S.Akhaki@mtl.mit.edu

A novel method of UV-assisted metal-induced-crystallization is introduced to grow polysilicon films on ordinary glass at temperatures as low as 400°C. Annealing is accomplished in the presence of an ultra-violet exposure, leading to high crystallinity of the silicon film as confirmed by XRD, TEM and SEM analyses. A back-reflecting chromium layer is incorporated to further trap UV photons and enhance their absorption in the silicon film. This results in a significant increase in the crystallization rate as studied by XRD spectroscopy. A growth rate of 2 µm/hr is observed at 400 °C, when employing this method for lateral crystallization. Thin-film transistors fabricated using the proposed UV-assisted MILC show a threshold voltage of 1V and hole mobility of about 50 cm2/V.s.

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Behavior classification algorithms at intersections and validation using naturalistic data

Behavior classification algorithms at intersections and vali...

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IEEE Symposium on Intelligent Vehicle

作者： Georges S. Aoude Vishnu R. Desaraju Lauren H. Stephens Jonathan P. How Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics MIT Cambridge MA USA Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science MIT Cambridge MA USA Aeronautics and Astronautics Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics MIT Cambridge MA USA

The ability to classify driver behavior lays the foundation for more advanced driver assistance systems. Improving safety at intersections has also been identified as high priority due to the large number of intersection related fatalities. This paper focuses on developing algorithms for estimating driver behavior at road intersections. It introduces two classes of algorithms that can classify drivers as compliant or violating. They are based on 1) Support Vector Machines (SVM) and 2) Hidden Markov Models (HMM), two very popular machine learning approaches that have been used extensively for classification in multiple disciplines. The algorithms are successfully validated using naturalistic intersection data collected in Christiansburg, VA, through the US Department of Transportation Cooperative Intersection Collision Avoidance System for Violations (CICAS-V) initiative.

关键词： Driver circuits Hidden Markov models Support vector machines Vehicles Trajectory Classification algorithms Training

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