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Graph isomorphism—Characterization and efficient algorithms

High-Confidence Computing 2024年第4期4卷 48-55页

作者： Jian Ren Tongtong Li Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing 48824USA

The Graph isomorphism problem involves determining whether two graphs are isomorphic and the computational complexity required for this *** general,the problem is not known to be solvable in polynomial time,nor to be *** this paper,by analyzing the algebraic properties of the adjacency matrices of the undirected graph,we first established the connection between graph isomorphism and matrix row and column interchanging ***,we prove that for undirected graphs,the complexity in determining whether two graphs are isomorphic is at most O(n^(3)).

关键词： Undirected graph Characterization Isomorphism Algorithm Polynomial time complexity

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Encryption of medical data based on blockchain and multi-chaotic maps

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Multimedia Tools and Applications 2025年第17期84卷 17871-17892页

作者： Sharma, Suvita Rani Singh, Birmohan Kaur, Manpreet Department of Computer Science and Engineering Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology Punjab Longowal148106 India Department of Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology Punjab Longowal148106 India

In this work, the SHA-256 mapper of the blockchain has been utilized to secure medical data from brute-force attacks. The uniform distribution and lower correlation of the encrypted data are achieved using the multi-chaotic in the encryption approach. Also, the circular shift method is employed in the approach to avoid differential attacks. The encryption approach is applied to secure the patient information, medical signals (ECG and EEG), and medical images (Grayscale, RGB, and Hyperspectral). The performance of the proposed approach has been analyzed for twenty signals and fifty medical images. Performance metrics such as MSE, SNR, PSNR, entropy, histogram, variance, chi-square, NPCR, UACI, and SSIM have been considered to check the resilience of the proposed approach against various types of attacks. The proposed approach satisfies the requirements of performance metrics by achieving higher MSE values with lower SNR and PSNR values for the encrypted data. Furthermore, the proposed methodology attains an entropy approaching 8, signifying robust randomness and resistance against entropy attacks. The SSIM values for encrypted images are close to 0, indicating significant dissimilarity from the original images. The NPCR values surpassing 99.60% and UACI exceeding 33.40% demonstrate resilience against differential attacks in the proposed approach. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024.

关键词： Cryptography

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Quantum Circuits for Stabilizer Error Correcting Codes: A Tutorial

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IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine 2024年第1期24卷 33-51页

作者： Mondal, Arijit Parhi, Keshab K. University of Minnesota Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering MinneapolisMN55455 United States

Quantum computers have the potential to provide exponential speedups over their classical counterparts. Quantum principles are being applied to fields such as communications, information processing, and artificial intelligence to achieve quantum advantage. However, quantum bits are extremely noisy and prone to decoherence. Thus, keeping the qubits error free is extremely important toward reliable quantum computing. Quantum error correcting codes have been studied for several decades and methods have been proposed to import classical error correcting codes to the quantum domain. Along with the exploration into novel and more efficient quantum error correction codes, it is also essential to design circuits for practical realization of these codes. This article serves as a tutorial on designing and simulating quantum encoder and decoder circuits for stabilizer codes. We first describe Shor's 9-qubit code which was the first quantum error correcting code. We discuss the stabilizer formalism along with the design of encoding and decoding circuits for stabilizer codes such as the five-qubit code and Steane code. We also design nearest neighbor compliant circuits for the above codes. The circuits were simulated and verified using IBM Qiskit. © 2001-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Timing circuits

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Detecting Braess-like Paradoxes in Cascade Failures via Markov Chains 63

Detecting Braess-like Paradoxes in Cascade Failures via Mark...

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63rd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, CDC 2024

作者： Materassi, Donatello Tomsovic, Kevin University of Minnesota Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering United States Clemson University Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering United States

ISBN: (纸本)9798350316339

The article wants to draw attention to the potential occurrence of Braess-like phenomena in the context of cascade failures, where certain networked system configurations, which might appear more resilient than others because of the presence of additional redundancies, actually exhibit an unexpected higher degree of fragility. To elucidate and attempt to quantify this counterintuitive phenomenon, the article introduces an approach that leverages basic elements of the theory of Markov chains. Indeed, if it is possible to estimate the probabilities of local failures within the system, a comprehensive Markov Embedding Chain can be defined. This chain not only can capture the interplay of sequences of failure events, but can also provide a means to detect and analyze the latent brittleness inherent in seemingly resilient systems. An intrinsic advantage of this approach lies in its model-agnostic nature, allowing its application across a wide array of infrastructures and distributed systems irrespective of the actual underlying failure model. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Markov chains

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Image description using tags latent concepts in convolutional neural networks

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Multimedia Tools and Applications 2024年 1-24页

作者： Barati, Alireza Farsi, Hassan Mohamadzadeh, Sajad Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Birjand Shahid Avini Highway Birjand Iran

Automatic image annotation systems are employed to describe the visual content of images via tag assignment. Most of these image description systems use deep convolutional neural networks as feature extractors or multi-label classification systems. However, the majority of these systems do not optimally employ latent variables and image concepts within the side information. The idea of this study is to add a latent variable to the CNN-based annotation problem. A Bayesian modeling framework is used for this purpose. High-Level Semantic Concepts of tags are used as an instance of a latent variable to implement the proposed model. The Bayesian modeling result interpretation leads to localizing the entire image annotation process and breaks it down into smaller problems. Thus, a CNN-based sub-network is trained independently for each sub-problem and converted to an expert in annotation for a particular high-level semantic concept. To estimate tags in the test phase, the tags obtained from all sub-networks are combined in weighted form. The weight of each sub-net is proportional to the relation of its high-level semantic concept with the test image content. These weights are obtained from a separate general CNN as a classifier of concept. At the end, a tag refinement method is used to remove noisy tags. The obtained results (F1 values are 40.3, 35.2, and 38.1 for Corel5k, ESPGame, and IAPRTC12 datasets, respectively) confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method and can be comparable with the state-of-the-art annotation systems. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024.

关键词： Image annotation

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Physical-Layer Identification of Wireless IoT Nodes Through PUF-Controlled Transmitter Spectral Regrowth

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IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 2024年第2期72卷 1045-1055页

作者： Zhou, Qiang He, Yan Yang, Kaiyuan Chi, Taiyun Rice University Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering HoustonTX77005 United States

Securing low-power Internet-of-Things (IoT) sensor nodes is a critical challenge for the widespread adoption of IoT technology due to their limited energy, computation, and storage resources. As an alternative to the traditional wireless security solution based on cryptography, there has been growing interest in RF physical-layer security, which promises a lower overhead and energy cost. In this work, we demonstrate energy-efficient physical-layer identification, a.k.a., RF fingerprinting, designed specifically for resource-constrained IoT nodes. To enhance the identification performance beyond prior demonstrations using off-the-shelf radios, we propose a minor modification to the radio frontend by integrating a digital physically unclonable function (PUF). The PUF controls the transmitter (TX) spectral regrowth as the RF fingerprint (RFF), enhancing its uniqueness and identification space beyond solely relying on transistor intrinsic process variations. As a proof of concept, a 2.4-GHz physical-layer identification is implemented in the GlobalFoundries 45-nm CMOS SOI process. It achieves 4.7-dBm output power and 36% efficiency, which are comparable to state-of-the-art low-power 2.4-GHz power amplifiers (PAs). Additionally, it demonstrates significant improvement in RFF reliability, uniqueness, and identification space over prior physical-layer identification demonstrations. The identification rate and security performance of the proposed approach under different attack models are also discussed. © 1963-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Power amplifiers

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Hierarchical Control Strategy for Load Regulation Based on Stackelberg Game Theory Considering Randomness

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CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems 2024年第3期10卷 929-941页

作者： Tingyu Jiang Ping Ju C.Y.Chung Yuzhong Gong College of Energy and Electrical Engineering Hohai UniversityNanjing 211100China Department of Electrical Engineering City University of Hong KongHong Kong CF624China Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSK S7N 5A9Canada CSEE IEEE

Demand response has been recognized as a valuable functionality of power systems for mitigating power *** paper proposes a hierarchical control strategy among the distribution system operator(DSO),load aggregators(LAs),and thermostatically controlled loads(TCLs);the strategy includes a scheduling layer and an executive layer to provide load *** the scheduling layer,the DSO(leader)offers compensation price(CP)strategies,and the LAs(followers)respond to CP strategies with available regulation power(ARP)*** of the DSO and LAs are modeled according to their behaviors during the load regulation *** game is adopted to capture interactions among the players and leader and to obtain the optimal strategy for each participant to achieve ***,considering inevitable random factors in practice,e.g.,renewable generation and behavior of users,two different stochastic models based on sample average approximation(SAA)and parameter modification are formulated with improved scheduling *** the executive layer,distributed TCLs are triggered based on strategies determined in the scheduling layer.A self-triggering method that does not violate user privacy is presented,where TCLs receive external signals from the LA and independently determine whether to alter their operation *** simulations are performed on the modified IEEE-24 bus system to verify effectiveness of the proposed strategy.

关键词： Demand response hierarchical control load regulation self-triggering method Stackelberg game

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Thin film ferroelectric photonic-electronic memory

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Light(Science & Applications) 2024年第10期13卷 2251-2262页

作者： Gong Zhang Yue Chen Zijie Zheng Rui Shao Jiuren Zhou Zuopu Zhou Leming Jiao Jishen Zhang Haibo Wang Qiwen Kong Chen Sun Kai Ni Jixuan Wu Jiezhi Chen Xiao Gong Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering National University of SingaporeSingapore 119077Singapore Department of Microelectronic Engineering Rochester Institute of TechnologyRochesterNY 14623USA School of Information Science and Engineering Shandong UniversityJinan 250100China

To reduce system complexity and bridge the interface between electronic and photonic circuits,there is a high demand for a non-volatile memory that can be accessed both electrically and ***,practical solutions are still lacking when considering the potential for large-scale complementary metal-oxide semiconductor compatible ***,we present an experimental demonstration of a non-volatile photonic-electronic memory based on a 3-dimensional monolithic integrated ferroelectric-silicon ring *** successfully demonstrate programming and erasing the memory using both electrical and optical methods,assisted by optical-to-electrical-to-optical *** memory cell exhibits a high optical extinction ratio of 6.6 dB at a low working voltage of 5 V and an endurance of 4×10^(4) ***,the multi-level storage capability is analyzed in detail,revealing stable performance with a raw bit-error-rate smaller than 5.9×10^(−2).This ground-breaking work could be a key technology enabler for future hybrid electronic-photonic systems,targeting a wide range of applications such as photonic interconnect,high-speed data communication,and neuromorphic computing.

关键词： resonator electronic ferroelectric

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Power quality assessment in different wind power plant models considering wind turbine wake effects

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Clean Energy 2023年第4期7卷 843-858页

作者： Mohsen Khatamiaghda Saeed Bahraminejad Roohollah Fadaeinedjad Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Graduate University of Advanced TechnologyKermanIran

The intense increase in the installed capacity of wind farms has required a computationally efficient dynamic equivalent model of wind *** types of wind-farm modelling aim to identify the accuracy and simulation time in the presence of the power *** this study,dynamic simulation of equivalent models of a sample wind farm,including single-turbine representation,multiple-turbine representation,quasi-multiple-turbine representation and full-turbine representation models,are performed using a doubly-fed induction generator wind turbine model developed in DIgSILENT *** developed doubly-fed induction generator model in DIgSILENT is intended to simulate inflow wind turbulence for more accurate *** wake effects between wind turbines for the fullturbine representation and multiple-turbine representation models have been considered using the Jensen *** developed model improves the extraction power of the turbine according to the layout of the wind *** accuracy of the mentioned methods is evaluated by calculating the output parameters of the wind farm,including active and reactive powers,voltage and instantaneous flicker *** study was carried out on a sample wind farm,which included 39 wind *** simulation results confirm that the computational loads of the single-turbine representation(STR),the multiple-turbine representation and the quasi-multiple-turbine representation are 1/39,1/8 and 1/8 times the full-turbine representation model,*** the other hand,the error of active power(voltage)with respect to the full-turbine representation model is 74.59%(1.31%),43.29%(0.31%)and 7.19%(0.11%)for the STR,the multiple-turbine representation and the quasi-multiple representation,respectively.

关键词： wind-farm models DIgSILENT software flicker intensity wake effect DFIG turbine

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CLASSIFICATION OF ROYAL DELICIOUS APPLES USING HYBRID FEATURE SELECTION AND FEATURE WEIGHTING METHOD BASED ON SVM CLASSIFIER

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Scalable Computing 2025年第2期26卷 940-949页

作者： Kaur, Sandeep Sachan, Manoj Kumar Aggarwal, Ashwani Kumar Department of Computer Science and Engineering Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology Punjab Longowal148106 India Department of Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology Punjab Longowal148106 India

Fruit safety is a critical component of the global economy, particularly within the agricultural sector. There has been a recent surge in the incidence of diseases affecting fruits, leading to economic setbacks in agriculture worldwide. Conventional manual assessment methods are laborious, prompting the exploration of automated computerized techniques for evaluating fruit quality. This research presents a novel method for assessing the quality of golden delicious apples. A dataset comprising 1256 apple images was gathered under controlled conditions. Afterward Feature extraction focuses on texture features like LBP, GLCM, GLDM, DTF, and Gabor features, color features, and shape and size features. A total of 18654 features are extracted and normalized using z-score. A hybrid method for feature selection and weighting involves the mRMR algorithm to eliminate redundant features and the Sine Cosine Optimization Algorithm for feature weighting, enhancing classification performance. The SVM machine learning technique, augmented with optimized features, yielded a 10.53% improvement in accuracy compared to SVM alone. Validation against state-of-the-art methods using Friedman’s mean rank test underscored the statistical significance of this approach across various metrics. © 2025 SCPE.

关键词： Fruits

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