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Advances in Display Technologies XV 2025

作者： Aygen, Can Richards, Michael Yazdaanpanah, Ramin Kulkarni, Sachin Tanriover, Ibrahim Onsager, Claire Lin, BoYen Lee, Jiun-Haw Aydin, Koray Grayson, Matthew A. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering Northwestern University EvanstonIL United States Department of Opto-Electronic Engineering National Dong Hwa University Hualien Taiwan Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics Department of Electrical Engineering National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan Program in Applied Physics Northwestern University EvanstonIL United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781510685246

Lifetime studies of organic light emitting diodes are necessary to both understand and mitigate causes of degradation. Here, electroluminescence (EL) studies of green organic light-emitting diode (OLED) pixels are measured continuously using three different dc currents over a period of one week, and their slow EL degradation is accurately fit to an analytical expression with only two fit parameters. The slower-than-exponential EL decay is fit to an empirical unified heavy-tail function that can interpolate between power-law algebraic decays (AD) and stretched-exponential decays (SE). Whereas SE and AD are largely indistinguishable down to 50% of the initial luminance, here we report degradation down to 10% of the initial luminance which most closely fits an AD function with remarkable precision over the entire duration of the experiment. All relaxations share the same characteristic exponent β = 0.53 in the power law decay, whereas the characteristic time-scale τ for degradation decreases with a power-law exponent B = 1.9 as the current increases. The high degree of accuracy in the fit allows asymptotic predictions at time scales that are orders of magnitude longer than the duration of the data collection. The voltage across the OLED is simultaneously monitored under constant-current degradation and reveals an early-onset time scale where the voltage reaches a minimum before degradation runoff. © 2025 SPIE.

关键词： Organic light emitting diodes (OLED)

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A Feasibility Study: Magnetic Field Monitoring in Cycled Lead Acid Cells for Stationary Applications

A Feasibility Study: Magnetic Field Monitoring in Cycled Lea...

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IEEE electrical Energy Storage Application and Technologies Conference (EESAT)

作者： Scarleth Vasconcelos Pritpal Singh Ross Lee Sustainable Engineering Program Villanova University Villanova USA Dept of Electrical and Computer Engineering Villanova University Villanova USA

ISBN: (数字)9798331524852

ISBN: (纸本)9798331536411

This research introduces a novel, real-time, non-invasive, non-destructive, and accurate method for battery mon-itoring using magnetic field mapping. This technique detects stratification in flooded Lead Acid Batteries at different states of charge, providing early notification by monitoring variations in hydrogen ion concentration during cycling. The study tracked pH and magnetic field variations across $H_{2}SO_{4}$ electrolyte specific gravities ranging from 1.07 to 1.33, showing a 17%-20% pH reduction over 12 hours, indicating acid stratification. A proof-of-concept using air-core solenoid coils demonstrated a direct correlation between secondary coil output voltage and $H_{2}SO_{4}$ concentrations, influenced by the induced magnetic field at the primary coil and electrolyte concentration changes. The optimal AC input frequency for maximizing the induced magnetic field mapping response was identified as 30–33 kHz, depending on the physical properties of the magnetic field inductors. An inverse correlation was also observed between the induced magnetic field and the distance between the coils. This approach offers a promising alternative for lead acid battery monitoring, potentially improving battery management and lifespan. The experimental tests also included monitored variations in secondary coil output voltage in a single flooded lead acid cell during cycling. The preliminary results demonstrated a decrease in the magnetic field during charge and an increase during discharge.

关键词： Coils Lead acid batteries Correlation Voltage measurement Electrolytes Discharges (electric) Lead compounds Magnetic fields Solenoids Monitoring

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Nafion edge passivation and nitrogen annealing treatment to improve solar cell reliability under light and elevated temperature induced degradation (LeTID) investigation

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Current Applied Physics 2025年 75卷 1-7页

作者： Jony, Jaljalalul Abedin Yousuf, Hasnain Khokhar, Muhammad Quddamah Zahid, Muhammad Aleem Madara, Polgampola Chamani Rahman, Rafi Ur Alamgeer Chu, Mengmeng Sanyal, Simpy Wang, Fucheng Kim, Youngkuk Kim, Kyesoo Dhungel, Suresh Kumar Park, Sangheon Yi, Junsin Interdisciplinary Program in Photovoltaic System Engineering Sungkyunkwan University Gyeonggi-do Suwon16419 Korea Republic of Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Sungkyunkwan University Gyeonggi-do Suwon16419 Korea Republic of University Tamilnadu 600124 India Research Institute for Clean Energy College of Information and Communication Engineering Sungkyunkwan University Gyeonggi-do Suwon16419 Korea Republic of Faculty of Technology Nepal Academy of Science and Technology 3323 Khumaltar Lalitpur Nepal

This research examines the effectiveness of nitrogen annealing and Nafion treatment in mitigating Light and Elevated Temperature Induced Degradation (LeTID) in Passivated Emitter and Rear Contact (PERC) solar cells, employing a 30-kW photovoltaic (PV) system for evaluation. As a photosensitive device, solar cells are susceptible to damage from laser irradiation, leading to reduced photoelectric conversion efficiency, structural damage, and functional loss. To minimize this loss, nitrogen annealing and Nafion treatments were applied, followed by the analysis of LeTID effects on untreated, Nafion-treated, and combined nitrogen-annealed and Nafion-treated PERC cells. Untreated cells showed an 8 % fall in open-circuit voltage (Voc) and a 7 % fill factor (FF) loss. The combined treatment (Combination of Nitrogen & Nafion Treatment) improved stability, reducing losses to 6 % in Voc and 5 % in FF. The Nafion treatment yielded the best results, limiting deterioration to 4 % in Voc and 3 % in FF. PVsyst simulations, incorporating real-world data, confirmed enhanced stability and efficiency, aiding in optimizing PV system design and maintenance. © 2025 Korean Physical Society

关键词： Annealing

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CNN-based multiplexed optical fiber sensors for multi-load mapping on 2D structures

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Optical Fiber Technology 2025年 93卷

作者： de Carvalho, Vinicius Martins, Victor Hugo Flores, Walter Oswaldo C. Muller, Marcia Fabris, José Luís Lazzaretti, André Eugenio UTFPR Graduate Program in Electrical and Computer Engineering Av. Sete de Setembro 3165 Paraná Curitiba80230-901 Brazil

This paper reports the application of a Convolutional Neural Network specifically designed for one-dimensional optical signal processing to determine the magnitude and position of loads acting on a structure instrumented with multiplexed macrobend optical fiber sensors, offering a cost-effective and low complexity alternative for force monitoring solutions. The system effectively localized and quantified one, two, or three simultaneous loads within 16 distinct sensing areas, utilizing only five in-series optical fiber sensors, which were spectrally interrogated in transmission mode. The monitored loads ranged from 1000 to 2000 gf. The use of the Huber loss function allows the model to adaptively predict values associated with regions with or without loads. Experimental results showed an average mean absolute error of 224±65 gf during testing. By applying a straightforward post-processing method for load presence detection in each region, the system achieved average F1 scores ranging from 0.84 to 0.93 across the monitored regions, and an average Hamming score of 0.93. These findings demonstrate the system's effectiveness in monitoring multiple loads, underscoring the potential of optical fiber sensors and CNNs in sensing applications. © 2025 Elsevier Inc.

关键词： Convolutional neural network Load mapping Macrobend sensor Optical fiber sensor

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A Pulse Width Modulation-Based Spike Generator to Eliminate Timing Errors in Spiking Neural Networks

A Pulse Width Modulation-Based Spike Generator to Eliminate ...

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International Conference on Electronics, Information and Communications (ICEIC)

作者： Jungkook Jo Keonhee Sim Sangwoong Sim Jaehoon Jun dept. of electrical and computer engineering and program in semiconductor convergence Inha University Incheon Republic of Korea dept. of electrical engineering Inha University Incheon Republic of Korea

ISBN: (数字)9798331510756

ISBN: (纸本)9798331510763

This paper proposes a novel spike generator for processing in memory (PIM) technology. Most of the electronics today utilize a von Neumann architecture. The von Neumann architecture suffers from the separation of memory and processor. This architecture delays data transfer between memory and processor. To overcome the issues, we utilize the spiking neural network (SNN) that combines memory and processor. SNN can be classified into voltage-based, current-based, and time-based architectures, each with its own pros and cons. Time-based SNN suffers from timing issues. To address the timing sensitivity of time-based neuron SNN, this paper proposes a PWM-based SNN. The PWM-based SNN utilizes pulse width-based logic to overcome timing sensitivity.

关键词： Sensitivity Image edge detection Neurons Spiking neural networks Data transfer Generators Delays Logic Next generation networking Clocks

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Multiplexing B5G/6G Services Over Aerial VLC Networks: A Comprehensive Radio Resource Management Framework

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IEEE Internet of Things Journal 2025年第9期12卷 11600-11621页

作者： Zarini, Hosein Gholipoor, Narges Mili, Mohammad Robat Rasti, Mehdi Movaghar, Ali Choi, Jinho Chae, Chan-Byoung Sharif University of Technology Department of Computer Engineering Tehran11365-8639 Iran University of Oulu Center for Wireless Communications Oulu90570 Finland Pasargad Institute for Advanced Innovative Solutions Tehran1111111 Iran The University of Adelaide School of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering North Terrace AdelaideSA5005 Australia Yonsei University School of Integrated Technology BK21 Graduate Program in Intelligent Semiconductor Technology Seoul03722 Korea Republic of

Downlink transmission of a nonorthogonal visible light communication (VLC) system, empowered by autonomous aerial vehicles (AAVs), is studied for coexisting enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultrareliable low-latency communication (URLLC), and massive machine-type communication (mMTC) services. A joint resource allocation problem involving user association, transmit power, and flight trajectory of AAVs is formulated, with the goal of characterizing a multiobjective tradeoff as a weighted sum of the power consumption of each AAV and the perceived Quality of Experience (QoE) of its associated eMBB users, while ensuring the service-specific requirements for eMBB, mMTC, and URLLC are met. Assuming the imperfection of channel state information (CSI), we invoke a generalized Benders decomposition (GBD) methodology, leveraging tools from convex optimization and multiagent deep reinforcement learning to address this problem. We further analytically derive the upper and lower bounds on the reward function for each AAV as a learning agent. Extensive simulations confirm that our proposed method outperforms the single-agent counterpart in the literature, with up to a 22% reduction in power consumption and a 13% gain in perceived QoE. Additionally, compared to the globally optimal brute-force method for AAV-user association, our proposed method experiences only a trivial performance loss in a small-scale scenario. © 2014 IEEE.

关键词： Convex optimization

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MarUCOD: Unknown but Concerned Object Detection in Maritime Environments 27th

MarUCOD: Unknown but Concerned Object Detection in Maritim...

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27th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, ICPR 2024

作者： Yoon, Hajung Lee, Yoonji Lee, Hwijun Um, Daeho Choi, Hong Seok Choi, Jin Young Interdisciplinary Program in Artificial Intelligence Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of NexReal Inc. 178 Digital-ro Geumcheon-gu Seoul Korea Republic of

ISBN: (纸本)9783031784460

Detection of unknown but concerned objects such as diverse unknown suspicious objects in the sea area is a critical problem in military defense applications, but the problem is challenging because 1) a pre-trained detector cannot easily detect unknown but concerned objects, 2) it detects too many unconcerned objects such as usual objects in the coastal land area, and 3) we cannot easily establish a well-performing discriminator to divide the detected objects into unknown and known objects, as well as concerned and unconcerned objects because the unknown objects are not available, whereas the concerned and unconcerned objects are not clearly defined. To tackle this challenge, this paper proposes a real-time framework for unknown but concerned object detection in maritime environments by integrating object detection, segmentation, and out-of-distribution (OOD) detection techniques. In our framework, an object detector finds all object-like foregrounds by setting a low threshold and a segmentation deep-learning network filters out unconcerned foregrounds detected in the coastal land area. After that, to discriminate known or unknown objects among concerned objects detected in the sea area, a discriminator performs unsupervised OOD detection using bisecting K-means clustering. To boost the performance of the proposed framework, we apply a pre-processing scheme and a contrastive separation loss for segmentation. The proposed framework achieves a high detection rate of unknown but concerned objects with minimal detection of unconcerned objects (i.e., minimal false positives), surpassing baseline methods and demonstrating potential for enhanced maritime safety and security. The codes are open at https://***/AIX-Coast-Defense-PIL/MarUCOD. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.

关键词： K-means clustering

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ReMP: Reusable Motion Prior for Multi-domain 3D Human Pose Estimation and Motion Inbetweening

ReMP: Reusable Motion Prior for Multi-domain 3D Human Pose E...

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IEEE Workshop on Applications of computer Vision (WACV)

作者： Hojun Jang Young Min Kim Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Seoul National University Interdisciplinary Program in Artificial Intelligence and INMC Seoul National University

ISBN: (数字)9798331510831

ISBN: (纸本)9798331510848

We present Reusable Motion prior (ReMP), an effective motion prior that can accurately track the temporal evolution of motion in various downstream tasks. Inspired by the success of foundation models, we argue that a robust spatio-temporal motion prior can encapsulate underlying 3D dynamics applicable to various sensor modalities. We learn the rich motion prior from a sequence of complete parametric models of posed human body shape. Our prior can easily estimate poses in missing frames or noisy measurements despite significant occlusion by employing a temporal attention mechanism. More interestingly, our prior can guide the system with incomplete and challenging input measurements to quickly extract critical information to estimate the sequence of poses, significantly improving the training efficiency for mesh sequence recovery. ReMP consistently outperforms the baseline method on diverse and practical 3D motion data, including depth point clouds, LiDAR scans, and IMU sensor data. Project page is available in https://***/ReMP.

关键词： Training Point cloud compression Three-dimensional displays Accuracy Tracking Shape Pose estimation Noise Parametric statistics Noise measurement

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A Performance Study of Selected Machine Learning Techniques for Predicting Heart Diseases 2nd

A Performance Study of Selected Machine Learning Techniques ...

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2nd International Conference on Security and Information Technologies with AI, Internet Computing and Big-data Applications, SITAIBA 2023

作者： Olorunfemi, Blessing Oluwatobi Ogunde, Adewale Opeoluwa Adeniyi, Abidemi Emmanuel Awotunde, Joseph Bamidele Imoize, Agbotiname Lucky Li, Chun-Ta Faculty of Natural Sciences Department of Computer Science Redeemer’s University Osun Nigeria Department of Computer Science Bowen University Iwo Nigeria Faculty of Information and Communication Sciences Department of Computer Science University of Ilorin Ilorin240003 Nigeria Faculty of Engineering Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering University of Lagos Lagos Akoka100213 Nigeria Bachelor’s Program of Artificial Intelligence and Information Security Fu Jen Catholic University New Taipei City24206 Taiwan

ISBN: (纸本)9789819777853

Heart Disease remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide. It alarmingly rises at a quick rate, making early heart disease prediction crucial for effective prevention and timely intervention. Heart disease diagnosis is a difficult process that requires technical skills and accuracy to complete. With improvements in technology, computing has lent its voice to simplify the diagnosis of various health problems. Machine learning uses past or existing history to predict future results. Various machine learning techniques have been developed over the years and used in predicting heart diseases with various levels of performance. Identifying the best-suited machine learning technique to use for prediction purposes can be a challenging task. This research work analyses the performance of seven (7) machine learning techniques, comprising AdaBoost Algorithm, KNN, Logistic Regression, Naïve Bayes Classifier, Random Forest, SVM, and XGBoost. The heart disease dataset was downloaded from the UCI repository and analysed using Python programming language in the Jupyter Notebook environment. A comparative analysis of the seven (7) techniques was performed based on Accuracy, Precision, and Recall. From the results obtained, KNN, Random Forest, and XGBoost showed superior performance over the others with an accuracy of 100%, AdaBoost Algorithm followed with an accuracy of 92.2%, SVM followed with an accuracy of 91.71%, Naïve Bayes Classifier followed with an accuracy of 88.29% while Logistic Regression has the least accuracy of 86.34%. KNN, RF, and XGBoost outperformed AdaBoost, SVN, and LR. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.

关键词： Adversarial machine learning

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Analysis of Partial Discharges in Oil-Impregnated Transformer Paper Insulation and PET-G Insulation

IEEE Open Journal of Instrumentation and Measurement

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IEEE Open Journal of Instrumentation and Measurement 2025年 4卷

作者： Kameli, Sayed Mohammad Abuelrub, Abdelaziz Saleh, Mohammad Al-Shaikh Refaat, Shady S. Ghrayeb, Ali Abu-Rub, Haitham Olesz, Marek Electri-cal and Computer Engineering department Texas A and M University at Qa-tar Doha Qatar Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Texas A and M University College StationTX77843 United States Department of Engineering University of Hertford-shire School of Physics Engineering and Com-puter Science United Kingdom Hamad Bin Khalifa University Qatar Foundation Electrical and Computer Engineering Program in College of Science and Engineering Doha Qatar Gdañsk University of Technology Department of Electrical Power Engineering Gdañsk80-233 Poland

Partial discharge (PD) is a widespread phenomenon instigated in power transformer (PT) insulation systems. PDs are triggered by voids that vary in size and position within the PT insulation. The electrical characteristics of those damaging, PD-causing cavities must be well understood, to accelerate the development of advanced PD detection techniques. Thus, the impact of varying the radius and position of spherical air voids on the characteristics of PDs in PTs is examined using a 3D finite element analysis (FEA) model designed in COMSOL Multiphysics. The spherical voids are positioned between two windings of a 512 kV, three-phase (3) PT. The peak electric field (EF) and aggregate energy in the FEA model are used in conjunction with laboratory measurements of the apparent discharge magnitude, for detailed analysis of Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol (PET-G) based cylindrical voids with different heights. Simulations demonstrate that the inception of PD activity in the PT model occurs for spherical voids with a radius exceeding 1 mm. Furthermore, the most severe PDs occur within the press-board insulation, adjacent to the uppermost part of the innermost windings. Experiments demonstrate that a significant increase in PD activity was observed for PET-G based cylindrical voids with heights exceeding 1 mm. © 2022 IEEE.

关键词： Partial discharges

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