Sand production in petroleum wells is a major concern for the petroleum industry. Sand production results in erosion of pipelines and damage to equipment which may lead to production shutdown and large economic losses...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781479961153
Sand production in petroleum wells is a major concern for the petroleum industry. Sand production results in erosion of pipelines and damage to equipment which may lead to production shutdown and large economic losses. Detection of produced sand is important for optimizing flow rates and measuring the success of sand mitigation techniques. Recently, microwave nondestructive testing was considered as a potential new sensing solution for the detection of sand production. This paper presents preliminary simulations and measurements for such a sensing approach using open-ended waveguides. Different production scenarios are considered for a stratified flow regime. The results indicate that this sensing method can detect the presence of sand. Preliminary measurements are also presented for varying amounts of sand that further support the potential of this technique.
Synchronization of transcutaneous functional electrical stimulation (TFES) with the spontaneous inspiration and expiration phases is a new approach for respiratory rehabilitation. One of the requirements for proper op...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781424492695
Synchronization of transcutaneous functional electrical stimulation (TFES) with the spontaneous inspiration and expiration phases is a new approach for respiratory rehabilitation. One of the requirements for proper operation is the identification of cough events to automatically change the stimulation parameters in order to increase muscle strength during the cough. The aim of this work is to assess the viability in detection of cough events with a mechanomyographic (MMG) sensor on the abdominal region, and to evaluate if it can be used simultaneously with the synchronized TFES system. An MMG sensor was placed in contact with skin lined with the last ribs, above the rectus abdominis muscle and the linea alba. Two tests were accomplished which included quiet breathing, speaking and coughing episodes. The developed system efficiently distinguishes quiet breathing and coughing signals, but speaking is still confused with coughing episodes. The MMG sensor suffered detectable amplitude changes mainly during the forced expiration phase of the cough, but it could also detect the compression phase at lower amplitude. Therefore, the MMG system can be used for cough detection in this application.
This work presents a methodology for using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Genetic programming (GP) for the classification of multi-class objects found in digital images. The image classification process is per...
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This work presents a methodology for using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Genetic programming (GP) for the classification of multi-class objects found in digital images. The image classification process is performed by using features extracted from images, through feature extraction algorithms, reduced by PCA and labeled by similarity comparing with other previously classified objects. GP uses two sets of elements: terminals, composed by the features extracted by PCA; and non-terminals, composed by algebraic operations. The fitness function was defined by the product of sensibility and specificity, two performance measures. A penalty term is also used to decrease the number of nodes of the tree, while minimally affecting the quality of solutions. The proposed approach was applied to set of 2739 digital images divided into objects representing airplanes, motorbikes, background from google, faces and watch classes, provided by the Caltech101 image database. The proposed approach was compared with SVM, Naïve Bayes and C4.5. Results suggest that the approach PCA+GP is able to evolve solutions for the problem as a simple classification rule with true positive rate above 70%. Additionally, we observe that PCA+PG obtained results slightly better than SVM and C4.5, besides these methods give a result that is not comprehensible by humans.
The vibration in Three-Phase Induction Motors (TIM) is due to mechanical and electrical forces existing during the motor operation. Vibration problems in induction motors can be extremely frustrating and may lead to g...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781467394932
The vibration in Three-Phase Induction Motors (TIM) is due to mechanical and electrical forces existing during the motor operation. Vibration problems in induction motors can be extremely frustrating and may lead to greatly reduced reliability increasing the maintenance cost. The vibration was measured using fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) installed inside the motor between two stator teeth. The vibration frequencies in TIM are predicted using a model of the forces present in the air gap considering a static and dynamic rotor eccentricity. Two FBGs were positioned between two stator teeth, separated by 120° from each other. The analysis of the vibration spectrum at 60 Hz motor power supply presents the frequencies 60 Hz, 120 Hz, 180 Hz and 240 Hz. This combination of the mechanical and electrical frequencies continue to appear even when the motor electrical supply frequency is reduced by half. The measurement present in this paper can be used to determine some TIM parameters, like the effect of the motor power supply on its vibration signal and also be used like a potential maintenance tool for predictive purposes with high efficiency to continuously monitor the TIM.
Herein we report the fabrication of an advanced sensor for the detection of hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) at room temperature, using thin films of rare‐earth metal (RE)‐based metal–organic framework (MOF) with underlyin...
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Herein we report the fabrication of an advanced sensor for the detection of hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) at room temperature, using thin films of rare‐earth metal (RE)‐based metal–organic framework (MOF) with underlying fcu topology. This unique MOF‐based sensor is made via the in situ growth of fumarate‐based fcu ‐MOF (fum‐ fcu ‐MOF) thin film on a capacitive interdigitated electrode. The sensor showed a remarkable detection sensitivity for H 2 S at concentrations down to 100 ppb, with the lower detection limit around 5 ppb. The fum‐ fcu ‐MOF sensor exhibits a highly desirable detection selectivity towards H 2 S vs. CH 4 , NO 2 , H 2 , and C 7 H 8 as well as an outstanding H 2 S sensing stability as compared to other reported MOFs.
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