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A back of the envelope estimate of the average non-residential outage cost in the US

Electricity Journal 2021年第4期34卷 106930-106930页

作者： Woo, C.K. Tishler, A. Zarnikau, J. Chen, Y. Department of Asian and Policy Studies Education University of Hong Kong New Territories Hong Kong Coller School of Management Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv69978 Israel Department of Economics University of Texas at Austin AustinTX78712 United States Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Department of Environmental Studies University of California Santa Cruz Santa CruzCA95064 United States

Using the Envelope Theorem, this paper derives a simple formula for market-based estimation of an average non-residential outage cost. Its key finding is that the 2019 estimate for the US is about US$10 per kWh unserved, below the regional estimates of approximately US$20 to US$40 per kWh unserved previously found by a large national study that uses contingent valuation (CV) survey data. This finding's policy implication is reductions in marginal-cost-based electricity prices, an electric grid's need for transmission and generation capacity and demand response resources, a local distribution company's reliability-related investment, an independent system operator's cap for wholesale prices, and a regulator's penalty for reliability deterioration under performance-based regulation. © 2021 Elsevier Inc.

关键词： Investments

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Dissecting the gut microbial communities and resistomes of wild rats from different ecological areas in Hong Kong

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Environmental Research 2025年 283卷 122108页

作者： Caifang Wen Jiaojiao Guan Theethawat Uea-Anuwong Jiayu Shang Cheng Peng Xubo Tang Ioannis Magouras Yanni Sun Fuyong Li Department of Electrical Engineering College of Engineering City University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences City University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China Centre for Applied One Health Research and Policy Advice City University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China Department of Information Engineering Faculty of Engineering Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China Veterinary Public Health Institute Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern Bern Switzerland Department of Animal Science and Technology College of Animal Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the top global public health issues shared across all One Health domains. Wild rats, as one of key intersections of the animal and environmental domains, are understudied reservoirs and spreaders for AMR. Our study employed the whole-metagenome shotgun sequencing to characterize the caecal microbiome of wild rats and examine the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) from different ecological areas in Hong Kong. We trapped 88 live rats, belonging to the species of Rattus norvegicus (n=57), R . tanezumi (n=24), and R . andamanensis (n=7) , from city regions, livestock farms, and stables of horse-riding schools (referred to as “suburbs”). We identified 9672 ARGs belonging to 29 ARG types and 554 ARG subtypes. Among them, aminoglycosides, macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin and chloramphenicol, known to be predominant in livestock gut resistome or manure compost were significantly more abundant in rats from livestock farms. Moreover, some ARGs with high-risk levels, including tetM , tetL , floR , mecR1 and lnuA , as well as plasmid-borne ARGs were significantly more abundant in rats from livestock farms than from city regions or suburbs. Furthermore, zoonotic antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) were detected, including but not limited to, prioritized antimicrobial-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium, Acinetobacter baumannii, Campylobacter jejuni , and Staphylococcus aureus. Notably, resistant zoonotic bacteria of Streptococcus suis , Campylobacter coli , and Campylobacter jejuni were more abundant in wild rats from livestock farms. Our findings provides insights into the gut resistomes and zoonotic bacteria in wild rats in Hong Kong, highlighting the potential role of wild rats in the dissemination of ARGs and zoonotic pathogens, especially for those from agricultural settings.

关键词： Wild rats Gut microbiome Gut resistome Antimicrobial resistome risks Human pathogens One health

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Categorizing E-cigarette-related tweets using BERT topic modeling

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Emerging Trends in Drugs, Addictions, and Health 2024年 4卷 100160-100160页

作者： Murthy, D. Keshari, S. Arora, S. Yang, Q. Loukas, A. Schwartz, S.J. Harrell, M.B. Hébert, E.T. Wilkinson, A.V. Professor of Media Studies Sociology and Information University of Texas at Austin United States Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The University of Texas at Austin Austin TX United States Department of Kinesiology & Health Education College of Education The University of Texas at Austin Austin TX United States Department of Communication Studies Bob Schieffer College of Communication Texas Christian University Fort Worth TX United States Department of Kinesiology & Health Education College of Education University of Texas at Austin TX United States Professor of Kinesiology Health Education and Educational Psychology College of Education The University of Texas at Austin United States Department of Epidemiology University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health Austin TX United States Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health Austin TX United States

Background: Social media platforms are critical channels for promoting e-cigarettes, particularly among youth, making analysis of their vast and diverse content essential for public health interventions. Prevalence rates of e-cigarette use are high and evidence suggests that social media are popular forums that promote e-cigarette use through direct and indirect marketing techniques. The volume and diverse nature of e-cigarette-related information on social media is challenging and may obfuscate public health prevention messaging. Traditional hand-coding methods are labor-intensive and limit scalability. In contrast, unsupervised machine learning approaches, such as topic modeling, allow for efficient analysis of large datasets, uncovering patterns and trends that manual methods cannot achieve at scale. The present study focused on ascertaining the extent to which themes and topics in tweets related to e-cigarettes can be successfully rendered into useful homogenous units using machine learning. A better understanding of current depictions and discussions around e-cigarette products and use on social media can inform public health counter messaging and policy interventions. Methods: We used topic modeling (BERTopic) to iteratively derive vape-related tweet clusters and calculate the importance of particular words to these groupings. We conducted a qualitative content analysis to study clustered tweets. We also sought to determine the geographic locations of e-cigarette conversations using automated geoparsing methods, which translate toponyms in textual data into geographic identifiers, to attempt to infer the location of tweets. Results: We were able to successfully identify >100,000 tweets in broad thematic categories in English and Spanish. Our correlation and inter-topic map analysis of the machine-derived topics, which examines the relationships between topics, indicated that most of the topics were unique (correlation value < 0.5) and did not overlap with each

关键词： Bertopic E-cigarettes Natural language processing Topic modeling Vape

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Priorities for hearing loss prevention and estimates of global cause-specific burdens of hearing loss: a systematic rapid review

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The Lancet Global Health 2024年第2期12卷 e217-e225页

作者： Prasad, Kavita Borre, Ethan D Dillard, Lauren K Ayer, Austin Der, Carolina Bainbridge, Kathleen E McMahon, Catherine M Tucci, Debara L Wilson, Blake S Schmidler, Gillian D Sanders Saunders, James Tufts University School of Medicine Boston MA United States Department of Internal Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital Boston MA United States Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Medical University of South Carolina Charleston SC United States University of California San Diego San Diego CA United States Facultad de Medicina Universidad del Desarrollo Clínica Alemana de Santiago Santiago Chile National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD United States HEAR Centre Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia Duke Global Health Institute Duke University Durham NC United States Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering Department of Biomedical Engineering Pratt School of Engineering Duke University Durham NC United States Department of Surgery Geisel School of Medicine Dartmouth University Lebanon NH United States Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Communication Sciences Duke University School of Medicine Durham NC United States Duke-Margolis Center for Health Policy Durham NC United States

Background: Hearing loss affects approximately 1·6 billion individuals worldwide. Many cases are preventable. We aimed to estimate the annual number of new hearing loss cases that could be attributed to meningitis, otitis media, congenital rubella syndrome, cytomegalovirus, and ototoxic medications, specifically aminoglycosides, platinum-based chemotherapeutics, and antimalarials. Methods: We used a targeted and a rapid systematic literature review to calculate yearly global incidences of each cause of hearing loss. We estimated the prevalence of hearing loss for each presumed cause. For each cause, we calculated the global number of yearly hearing loss cases associated with the exposure by multiplying the estimated exposed population by the prevalence of hearing loss associated with the exposure, accounting for mortality when warranted. Findings: An estimated 257·3 million people per year are exposed to these preventable causes of hearing loss, leading to an estimated 33·8 million new cases of hearing loss worldwide per year. Most hearing loss cases were among those with exposure to ototoxic medications (19·6 million [range 12·6 million–27·9 million] from short-course aminoglycoside therapy and 12·3 million from antimalarials). We estimated that 818 000 cases of hearing loss were caused by otitis media, 346 000 by meningitis, 114 000 by cytomegalovirus, and 59 000 by congenital rubella syndrome. Interpretation: The global burden of preventable hearing loss is large. Hearing loss that is attributable to disease sequelae or ototoxic medications contributes substantially to the global burden of hearing loss. Prevention of these conditions should be a global health priority. Funding: The US National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders and the US National Institute on Aging. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license

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Challenges in Cybersecurity: Lessons from Biological Defense Systems

SSRN

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Schrom, Edward Kinzig, Ann P. Forrest, Stephanie Graham, Andrea L. Levin, Simon A. Bergstrom, Carl T. Castillo-Chavez, Carlos Collins, James P. de Boer, Rob J. Doupé, Adam Ensafi, Roya Feldman, Stuart Grenfell, Bryan T. Halderman, J. Alex Huijben, Silvie Maley, Carlo Moses, Melanie Perelson, Alan S. Perrings, Charles Plotkin, Joshua Rexford, Jennifer Tiwari, Mohit Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Princeton University PrincetonNJ08544 United States School of Life Sciences Arizona State University TempeAZ85287 United States Biodesign Center for Biocomputation Security and Society Arizona State University TempeAZ85287 United States School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence Arizona State University TempeAZ85287 United States Santa Fe Institute Santa FeNM87501 United States Department of Biology University of Washington SeattleWA98195 United States School of Human Evolution and Social Change Arizona State University TempeAZ85287 United States Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics Utrecht University Utrecht3584 CH Netherlands Center for Cybersecurity and Trusted Foundations Global Security Initiative Arizona State University TempeAZ85287 United States Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Computer Science and Engineering Division University of Michigan Ann ArborMI48109 United States Schmidt Futures New YorkNY10011 United States Princeton School of Public and International Affairs Princeton University PrincetonNJ08544 United States Center for Computer Security and Society University of Michigan Ann ArborMI48109 United States Arizona Cancer Evolution Center Arizona State University TempeAZ85287 United States Department of Computer Science University of New Mexico AlbuquerqueNM87131 United States Department of Biology University of New Mexico AlbuquerqueNM87131 United States Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group Los Alamos National Laboratory Los AlamosNM87545 United States Department of Biology University of Pennsylvania PhiladelphiaPA19104 United States Department of Computer Science Princeton University PrincetonNJ08540 United States Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Texas AustinTX78712 United States

Defending against novel, repeated, or unpredictable attacks, while avoiding attacks on the ‘self’, are the central problems of both mammalian immune systems and computer systems. Both systems have been studied in great detail, but with little exchange of information across the different disciplines. Here, we present a conceptual framework for structured comparisons across the fields of biological immunity and cybersecurity, by framing the context of defense, considering different (combinations of) defensive strategies, and evaluating defensive performance. Throughout this paper, we pose open questions for further exploration. We hope to spark the interdisciplinary discovery of general principles of optimal defense, which can be understood and applied in biological immunity, cybersecurity, and other defensive realms. © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Cybersecurity

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Pandemic Vulnerability Index of US Cities: A Hybrid Knowledge-based and Data-driven Approach

arXiv

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Shahinoor Rahman, Md. Paul, Kamal Chandra Mokhlesur Rahman, Md. Samuel, Jim Thill, Jean-Claude Amjad Hossain, Md. Nawaz Ali, G.G.Md. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences New Jersey City University Jersey CityNJ07305 United States Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of North Carolina at Charlotte CharlotteNC28223 United States The William States Lee College of Engineering University of North Carolina at Charlotte 9201 University City Blvd NC28223 United States E.J. Bloustein School of Planning & Public Policy Rutgers University NJ08901 United States Department of Geography and Earth Sciences University of North Carolina at Charlotte 9201 University City Blvd NC28223 United States Department of Accounting Information Systems and Finance Emporia State University EmporiaKS66801 United States Department of Computer Science and Information Systems Bradley University PeoriaIL61625 United States Khulna9203 Bangladesh School of Data Science University of North Carolina at Charlotte 9201 University City Blvd NC28223 United States

Cities become mission-critical zones during pandemics and it is vital to develop a better understanding of the factors that are associated with infection levels. The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted many cities severely;however, there is significant variance in its impact across cities. Pandemic infection levels are associated with inherent features of cities (e.g., population size, density, mobility patterns, socioeconomic condition, and health & environment), which need to be better understood. Intuitively, the infection levels are expected to be higher in big urban agglomerations, but the measurable influence of a specific urban feature is unclear. The present study examines 41 variables and their potential influence on COVID-19 cases and fatalities. The study uses a multi-method approach to study the influence of variables, classified as demographic, socioeconomic, mobility and connectivity, urban form and density, and health and environment dimensions. This study develops an index dubbed the PVI-CI for classifying the pandemic vulnerability levels of cities, grouping them into five vulnerability classes, from very high to very low. Furthermore, clustering and outlier analysis provides insights on the spatial clustering of cities with high and low vulnerability scores. This study provides strategic insights into levels of influence of key variables upon the spread of infections as well as fatalities, along with an objective ranking for the vulnerability of cities. Thus it provides critical wisdom needed for urban healthcare policy and resource management. The pandemic vulnerability index calculation method and the process present a blueprint for the development of similar indices for cities in other countries, leading to a better understanding and improved pandemic management for urban areas and post-pandemic urban planning across the world. © 2022, CC BY.

关键词： Population statistics

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Conceptual space: Case studies from the nexus between popular culture and outer space 71

Conceptual space: Case studies from the nexus between popula...

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71st International Astronautical Congress, IAC 2020

作者： Siebrits, André Jürgens, Anna-Sophie Froehlich, Annette Department of Political Studies University of Cape Town Rondebosch Cape Town7700 South Africa European Space Policy Institute Schwarzenbergplatz 6 ViennaA-1030 Austria Australian National Centre Public Awareness of Science Australian National University Peter Baume Building #42A Linnaeus Way CanberraACT2601 Australia European Space Policy Institute Schwarzenbergplatz 6 ViennaA-1030 Austria SpaceLab Department of Electrical Engineering University of Cape Town

In this manuscript a follow-up to our 2019 study is presented, in which was argued that modern popular culture has the power to engage the public with space, and it is here in the nexus between science fact, science fiction, and entertainment that the majority of the public encounters space for the first time. A range of examples were presented to illustrate how the space aspect figures in particular contexts, and how these leverage the power of contemporary media and popular culture to engage the public with space in a more thoughtful way, with the use of space in popular culture, for example, supporting education, or allowing for the telling of stories and the exploration of various aspects of the human condition by providing a detached context for social commentary on politically sensitive issues. Here, we present three case studies with in-depth analyses on (i) the space activities of animals in African fairy tales in light of international space regulations, (ii) the role of 'good science' in the interplay between video games (as modern popular culture artefacts), space, and education, and (iii) how 'traditional' circus can be defined in space narratives, and how space narratives expand on and transcend the cultural imaginary of the circus and its comic protagonist, the clown, in particular. Together, these three case studies examine both educational and cultural aspects, and their connections to space activities, in unique ways, presenting the fruits of the collaborative energy of the co-constituted relationships of popular culture and outer space - the nexus of which emerges as a new conceptual space. The findings reinforce the importance of scientific education as it inspires and raises interest in our universe and environment, illustrate that video games as popular culture artefacts are also educational enablers of the next wave of space exploration, and highlight that space stories recognise the circus's role as a cultural agent. Together, they broaden our

关键词： Space research

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Robust Cough Detection with Out-of-Distribution Detection

TechRxiv

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TechRxiv 2022年

作者： Chen, Yuhan Attri, Pankaj Barahona, Jeffrey Hernandez, Michelle L. Carpenter, Delesha Bozkurt, Alper Lobaton, Edgar Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering North Carolina State University RaleighNC27695 United States Department of Computer Science North Carolina State University RaleighNC27695 United States Department of Pediatrics University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel HillNC27559 United States Center for Environmental Medicine Asthma and Lung Biology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel HillNC27559 United States Division of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy Eshelman School of Pharmacy University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel HillNC27559 United States

Cough is an important defense mechanism of the respiratory system and is also a symptom of lung diseases, such as asthma. Acoustic cough detection collected by portable recording devices is a convenient way to track potential condition worsening for patients who have asthma. However, the data used in building current cough detection models are often clean, containing a limited set of sound categories, and thus perform poorly when they are exposed to a variety of real-world sounds which could be picked up by portable recording devices. The sounds that are not learned by the model are referred to as Out-of-Distribution (OOD) data. In this work, we propose two robust cough detection methods combined with an OOD detection module, that removes OOD data without sacrificing the cough detection performance of the original system. These methods include adding a learning confidence parameter and maximizing entropy loss. Our experiments show that 1) the OOD system can produce dependable In-Distribution (ID) and OOD results at a sampling rate above 750 Hz;2) the OOD sample detection tends to perform better for larger audio window sizes;3) the model’s overall accuracy and precision get better as the proportion of OOD samples increase in the acoustic signals;4) a higher percentage of OOD data is needed to realize performance gains at lower sampling rates. The incorporation of OOD detection techniques improves cough detection performance by a significant margin and provides a valuable solution to real-world acoustic cough detection problems. © 2022-12-09, CC0.

关键词： Deep learning

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The 2022 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: health at the mercy of fossil fuels (vol 400, pg 1619, 2022)

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LANCET 2022年第10365期400卷 1766-1766页

作者： Romanello, M. Di Napoli, C. Drummond, P. Institute for Global Health University College London London UK School of Agriculture Policy and Development University of Reading Reading UK Institute for Sustainable Resources University College London London UK Department of Global Health Centre for Health and the Global Environment University of Washington Seattle WA USA UCL Energy Institute University College London London UK Department of Health Sciences University of York York UK Department of Meteorology University of Reading Reading UK Institute for Risk and Disaster Reduction University College London London UK School of Earth and Environment University of Leeds Leeds UK Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine London UK School of Population Health University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia Department of Earth System Science Tsinghua University Beijing China Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change Berlin Germany Department of Environment Climate Change and Health World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland Institute of Environmental Sciences University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit Department of Public Health & Primary Care University of Cambridge Cambridge UK School of Government University of Birmingham Birmingham UK Economic Analysis of Climate Impacts and Policy Division Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici Venice Italy Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering University College London London UK Natural Resources Institute University of Greenwich London UK Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Yale Center on Climate Change and Health Yale University New Haven CT USA Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Northeastern University Boston MA USA Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg VA USA Department of Geography University College London London UK NU

With advancements in the science of detection and attribution studies, the influence of climate change over many events has now been quantified. Because of the rapidly increasing temperatures, vulnerable populations (adults older than 65 years, and children younger than one year of age) were exposed to 3·7 billion more heatwave days in 2021 than annually in 1986–2005 (indicator 1.1.2), and heat-related deaths increased by 68% between 2000–04 and 2017–21 (indicator 1.1.5), a death toll that was significantly exacerbated by the confluence of the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite the local cooling and overall health benefits of urban greenspaces, only 277 (27%) of 1038 global urban centres were at least moderately green in 2021 (indicator 2.2.3), and the number of households with air conditioning increased by 66% from 2000 to 2020, a maladaptive response that worsens the energy crisis and further increases urban heat, air pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions. [...]millions of people do not have access to the energy needed to keep their homes at healthy temperatures, preserve food and medication, and meet the seventh Sustainable Development Goal (to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all). Aggravating this situation even further, governments continue to incentivise fossil fuel production and consumption: 69 (80%) of 86 countries reviewed had net-negative carbon prices (ie, provided a net subsidy to fossil fuels) for a net total of US$400 billion

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Effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on voluntary muscle activation and peripheral muscle contractility following short-term bed rest

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Experimental Physiology 2025年第0期 2025 Mar 31页

作者： Hansen, Sofie K. Hansen, Pernille Berry, Tania W. Grønbæk, Hans D. Olsen, Camilla M. Merhi, Youssif Agarwala, Shweta Aagaard, Per Hvid, Lars G. Agergaard, Jakob Dela, Flemming Suetta, Charlotte Geriatric Research Unit Copenhagen University Hospital – Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Copenhagen Denmark CopenAge Copenhagen Center for Clinical Age Research University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark Deptarment of Electrical and Computer Engineering Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark Department of Sport and Clinical Biomechanics Muscle Physiology and Biomechanics Research Unit University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark Exercise Biology Department of Public Health Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark The Danish MS Hospitals Ry and Haslev Copenhagen Denmark Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen Department of Orthopedic Surgery Copenhagen University Hospital – Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Copenhagen Denmark Center for Healthy Aging Department of Clinical Medicine University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark Xlab Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark Department of Physiology and Biochemistry Riga Stradins University Riga Latvia

Disuse induces a disproportionate loss of muscle force compared with muscle mass, with unclear effects on voluntary muscle activation (VA) and peripheral contractility. Furthermore, the effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) as a disuse countermeasure remains uncertain. We investigated the effects of NMES during bed rest on neuromechanical function to improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying disuse-induced reductions in muscular force. Young (n = 16, 25 years old) and old (n = 16, 71 years old) adults underwent 5 days of bed rest. One leg received NMES (3 × 30 min/day), while the other served as the control (CON). Maximal isometric knee-extensor strength (MVIC), VA and peripheral muscle contractility were assessed before and after bed rest using the interpolated twitch technique, along with biomarkers of neuromuscular junction instability (C-terminal agrin fragment (CAF)) and muscle damage (creatine kinase (CK)). MVIC decreased in both age groups, regardless of NMES (young: CON, −21.7 Nm and NMES, −23.8 Nm;old: CON, −18.5 Nm and NMES, −16.4 Nm). VA was preserved with NMES, while decreasing in CON legs (young, −8.1%;old, −5.6%) following bed rest. Peripheral contractility (resting doublet twitch force) was reduced in CON and NMES legs in both age groups (young: CON, −4.0 Nm and NMES, −11.5 Nm;old: CON, −5.9 Nm and NMES, −10.8 Nm), with a greater decrease in NMES legs. CAF remained unchanged, whereas CK levels increased in young participants, albeit remaining within the normal range. In conclusion, a decline in neuromechanical function was observed after 5 days of bed rest in young and old adults. Although NMES appeared to preserve VA, peripheral muscle contractility was altered, resulting in reduced MVIC. © 2025 The Author(s). Experimental Physiology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Physiological Society.

关键词： bed rest central activation muscle contractile properties muscle function neuromuscular electrical stimulation neuromuscular junction stability

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