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Sequential crystallization during the formation of bulk heterojunction in organic solar cells

Science China Materials 2025年第5期68卷 1686-1688页

作者： Xiaoxiao Jia Qifeng Zhang Guozhong Cao Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Washington Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering North Dakota State University

A silicon solar cell with a power conversion efficiency (PCE)of 4% was born in Bell Lab in 1954, seven decades ago. Today,silicon solar cells have reached an efficiency above 25%and achieved pervasive commercial success [1]. In spite of the steady improvement in efficiency, the interest and enthusiasm in search for new materials and innovative device architectures for newgeneration solar cells have never diminished or subsided;

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Wide field of view large aperture meta-doublet eyepiece

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Light(Science & Applications) 2025年第1期14卷 167-176页

作者： Anna Wirth-Singh Johannes E.Fröch Fan Yang Louis Martin Hanyu Zheng Hualiang Zhang Quentin T.Tanguy Zhihao Zhou Luocheng Huang Demis DJohn Biljana Stamenic Juejun Hu Tian Gu Arka Majumdar Department of Physics University of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA Department of Materials Science and Engineering Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of MassachusettsLowellMAUSA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCAUSA

Wide field of view and light weight optics are critical for advanced eyewear,with applications in augmented/virtual reality and night *** refractive lenses are often stacked to correct aberrations at a wide field of view,leading to limited performance and increased size and *** particular,simultaneously achieving a wide field of view and large aperture for light collection is desirable but challenging to realize in a compact ***,we demonstrate a wide field of view(greater than 60°)meta-optic doublet eyepiece with an entrance aperture of 2.1 *** the design wavelength of 633 nm,the meta-optic doublet achieves comparable performance to a refractive lens-based eyepiece *** meta-doublet eyepiece illustrates the potential for meta-optics to play an important role in the development of high-quality monochrome near-eye displays and night vision systems.

关键词： optics refractive illustrate

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LLMER: Crafting Interactive Extended Reality Worlds with JSON Data Generated by Large Language Models

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IEEE Transactions on Visualization and computer Graphics 2025年第5期31卷 2715-2724页

作者： Chen, Jiangong Wu, Xiaoyi Lan, Tian Li, Bin Pennsylvania State University Department of Electrical Engineering United States George Washington University Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering United States

The integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) like GPT-4 with Extended Reality (XR) technologies offers the potential to build truly immersive XR environments that interact with human users through natural language, e.g., generating and animating 3D scenes from audio inputs. However, the complexity of XR environments makes it difficult to accurately extract relevant contextual data and scene/object parameters from an overwhelming volume of XR artifacts. It leads to not only increased costs with pay-per-use models, but also elevated levels of generation errors. Moreover, existing approaches focusing on coding script generation are often prone to generation errors, resulting in flawed or invalid scripts, application crashes, and ultimately a degraded user experience. To overcome these challenges, we introduce LLMER, a novel framework that creates interactive XR worlds using JSON data generated by LLMs. Unlike prior approaches focusing on coding script generation, LLMER translates natural language inputs into JSON data, significantly reducing the likelihood of application crashes and processing latency. It employs a multi-stage strategy to supply only the essential contextual information adapted to the user's request and features multiple modules designed for various XR tasks. Our preliminary user study reveals the effectiveness of the proposed system, with over 80% reduction in consumed tokens and around 60% reduction in task completion time compared to state-of-the-art approaches. The analysis of users' feedback also illuminates a series of directions for further optimization. © 1995-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Coding errors

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Optimized Distribution Systems Reconfiguration Considering Protection Devices Constraints

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IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 2025年第3期40卷 1267-1278页

作者： Kahnamouei, Ali Shakeri Lotfifard, Saeed Rostami, Mohammadali The School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Washington State University PullmanWA99164 United States

This paper presents a method for the optimized reconfiguration of radial distribution systems that explicitly considers the protection systems constraints. A fully automated method based on graph analysis is proposed to automatically identify the primary-backup relation between each pair of protection devices in different network topologies. Accordingly, protection systems constraints are derived automatically and incorporated into the optimization problem. The linearized and convexified nonlinear power flow equations, along with protection system coordination constraints, are solved using the second-order cone programming (SOCP) that assures the feasibility of the results while accelerating the convergence rate. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is demonstrated through the simulation of the 33-node IEEE test system. ©1986-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Second-order cone programming

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Noisy Computing of the Threshold Function 36

Noisy Computing of the Threshold Function

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36th International Conference on Algorithmic Learning Theory, ALT 2025

作者： Wang, Ziao Ghaddar, Nadim Zhu, Banghua Wang, Lele Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor United States Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Toronto Canada Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Washington United States Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of British Columbia Canada

Coping with noise in computing is an important problem to consider in large systems. With applications in fault tolerance (Hastad et al., 1987;Pease et al., 1980;Pippenger et al., 1991), noisy sorting (Shah and Wainwright, 2018;Agarwal et al., 2017;Falahatgar et al., 2017;Heckel et al., 2019;Wang et al., 2024a;Gu and Xu, 2023;Kunisky et al., 2024), noisy searching (Berlekamp, 1964;Horstein, 1963;Burnashev and Zigangirov, 1974;Pelc, 1989;Karp and Kleinberg, 2007), among many others, the goal is to devise algorithms with the minimum number of queries that are robust enough to detect and correct the errors that can happen during the computation. In this work, we consider the noisy computing of the threshold-k function. For n Boolean variables x = (x1, ..., xn) ∈ {0, 1}n, the threshold-k function THk(·) computes whether the number of 1's in x is at least k or not, i.e., (Equation presented) The noisy queries correspond to noisy readings of the bits, where at each time step, the agent queries one of the bits, and with probability p, the wrong value of the bit is returned. It is assumed that the constant p ∈ (0, 1/2) is known to the agent. Our goal is to characterize the optimal query complexity for computing the THk function with error probability at most δ. This model for noisy computation of the THk function has been studied by Feige et al. (1994), where the order of the optimal query complexity is established;however, the exact tight characterization of the optimal number of queries is still open. In this paper, our main contribution is tightening this gap by providing new upper and lower bounds for the computation of the THk function, which simultaneously improve the existing upper and lower bounds. The main result of this paper can be stated as follows: for any 1 ≤ k ≤ n, there exists an algorithm that computes the THk function with an error probability at most δ = o(1), and the algorithm uses at most (Equation presented) queries in expectation. Here we define m (Eq

关键词： Active learning

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Equity-Aware Load Shedding Optimization in Interdependent Power and Gas Networks Against Rising Temperatures

Equity-Aware Load Shedding Optimization in Interdependent Po...

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2025 IEEE Texas Power and Energy Conference, TPEC 2025

作者： Alnakhli, Ahmad Dehghanian, Payman Hijazi, Maeshal Alawad, Ali George Washington University Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering WashingtonDC20052 United States

ISBN: (纸本)9798331541125

With increasing climate variability, extreme weather events like heatwaves pose significant challenges to the operation of interdependent power and gas networks. These events result in surges in electricity and gas demands, straining system capacity and disproportionately affecting vulnerable populations. To address these challenges, we propose an equity-aware operational co-optimization framework that enhances system resilience during heatwaves. The framework integrates dynamic line ratings and fragility-based de-rating of infrastructure to ensure reliable and equitable resource distribution. Additionally, we employ the Gini coefficient to quantify equity in load-shedding strategies, providing a robust measure of fairness in resource allocation. Utilizing a modified Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM), we decouple the optimization of the power and gas systems, enabling coordinated yet decentralized operation. Through diverse operational scenarios, we demonstrate how cooperation between power and gas operators improves system performance, reduces operational costs, and enhances equity in resource allocation. The proposed framework provides actionable insights into managing integrated power and gas networks under climate-induced stresses, offering a pathway to more resilient and equitable energy systems. © 2025 IEEE.

关键词： Electric load shedding

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Exploring the Capabilities and Limitations of Recommender System Models in the Electric Power Sector

Exploring the Capabilities and Limitations of Recommender Sy...

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2025 IEEE Texas Power and Energy Conference, TPEC 2025

作者： Li, Yifu Dehghanian, Payman Zhang, Xiaohua Su, Jinshun Zhang, Ruotan The George Washington University Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering WashingtonDC United States Changzhou University Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation Jiangsu Changzhou China

ISBN: (纸本)9798331541125

As the modern bulk power system (BPS) expands and electricity users increase, an ever-growing amount of power data needs to be processed. The recommender system (RS), as an artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm, leverage big data to suggest additional products to consumers, making them naturally suited for BPS analysis. This paper summarizes published works on RS applications in the electric power sector, explores the goals and objectives of each proposed use case, and analyzes the advantages and limitations of their capabilities. Furthermore, this paper evaluates the performance of three large language models (LLMs) on power system domain challenges to compare the differences between the models. Finally, the paper summarizes the current applications of RS models in the electric power sector and explores prospects for future development. © 2025 IEEE.

关键词： Power systems computer aided design

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Michael Faraday and the Quantum Field Theory

Michael Faraday and the Quantum Field Theory

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2025 United States National Committee of URSI National Radio Science Meeting, USNC-URSI NRSM 2025

作者： Ishimaru, A. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Washington SeattleWA United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781946815200

Trevor S. Bird's discussion in IEEE Antennas and Propagation magazine (December 2023) provides an excellent overview of Michael Faraday's role in one of the most important aspects of the development of electromagnetic (EM) theory. In the nineteenth century, at a time when electric and magnetic fields were considered separate phenomena, Faraday's work laid the foundation for all modern electromagnetic technologies that we use every day. In addition to forming the basis for key aspects of all EM theories, the influence of Faraday's work can also be directly linked to subsequent work by Maxwell. The purpose of this paper is to describe the connection between Faraday's research in the 19th century and subsequent developments in the 20th century as well as contemporary research. © 2025 USNC-URSI.

关键词： Faraday effect

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Target Detection in Hyperspectral Imagery Using Spectral Signature Matching Algorithms 13

Target Detection in Hyperspectral Imagery Using Spectral Sig...

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13th International Conference on Intelligent Control and Information Processing, ICICIP 2025

作者： Zhang, Nian Mahmoud, Wagdy H. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of the District of Columbia WashingtonDC United States

ISBN: (纸本)9798331516147

This paper presents a method for detecting a known target (e.g., trees) in hyperspectral images using spectral matching techniques. The pure spectral signature of the target material is used to identify and locate the target within the image. Specifically, we employ the Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) algorithm for spectral matching to detect the known target (trees). The reference spectrum for the trees is sourced from the ECOSTRESS spectral library and serves as the benchmark for spectral comparison. In this approach, the spectral signatures of each pixel in the hyperspectral data cube are compared with the reference spectrum. Pixels with the closest matching spectral characteristics are classified as part of the target material. An SAM score map is generated for different regions in the test dataset, quantifying the spectral match between each pixel's signature and the reference spectrum. Using a minimum score threshold, regions in the data are classified based on spectral similarity, assigning each pixel a class label according to its match with the reference spectra. The experimental results demonstrate that this thresholding approach successfully localizes target regions, resulting in a commendable mean squared error (MSE) of 0.020492 for tree labels, showcasing the algorithm's reliable detection performance. Furthermore, we compared the Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) algorithm with other advanced spectral matching algorithms. It was found that the Normalized Spectral Similarity Score (NS3) algorithm achieved the lowest MSE of 0.018992, surpassing both SAM and the Jeffries-Matusita Spectral Angle Mapper (JMSAM). © 2025 IEEE.

关键词： Mean square error

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Imbalanced Data Classification Using Transfer Learning and Oversampling 13

Imbalanced Data Classification Using Transfer Learning and O...

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13th International Conference on Intelligent Control and Information Processing, ICICIP 2025

作者： Zhang, Nian Rouamba, Sougre-Nonma Cotae, Paul Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of the District of Columbia WashingtonDC United States

ISBN: (纸本)9798331516147

A common challenge when applying transfer learning to specific domains is imbalanced datasets, where some classes have significantly fewer samples than others. This can skew the model's predictions toward the majority class. In this paper, we aim to investigate the effectiveness of oversampling methods including random oversampling technique and image augmentation in hyperspectral image classification, exploring their potential to enhance performance. This paper proposes an oversampling method which are applied on the imbalanced datasets by randomly duplicating samples from the minority classes until the number of samples matches that of the majority classes. In addition, image augmentation techniques (rotation, flipping, zooming) are conducted to increase the diversity of the minority class. Moreover, the training process of the proposed ResNet-18 transfer learning network is fine-tuned with optimized parameters to address challenges like overfitting and underfitting. Furthermore, the proposed transfer learning model's adaptability and robustness are evaluated and compared with the other two state-of-the-art transfer learning models, GoogLeNet and AlexNet. The experimental results show that the GoogLeNet model achieves impressively higher classification accuracy than the other state-of-the-art models for imbalanced and balanced Flowers dataset (93.61% and 93.89%, respectively), while the proposed ResNet-18 model obtains the highest accuracy for imbalanced and balanced Food dataset (87.63% and 89.69%, respectively). In addition, all transfer learning models are able to obtain higher accuracy on the balanced data than on the imbalanced data. © 2025 IEEE.

关键词： Contrastive Learning

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