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A Survey on Supervised,Unsupervised,and Semi-Supervised Approaches in Crowd Counting

computers, Materials & Continua 2024年第12期81卷 3561-3582页

作者： Jianyong Wang Mingliang Gao Qilei Li Hyunbum Kim Gwanggil Jeon School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Shandong University of TechnologyZibo255000China School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science Queen Mary University of LondonLondonE14NSUK Department of Embedded Systems Engineering Incheon National UniversityIncheon22012Republic of Korea

Quantifying the number of individuals in images or videos to estimate crowd density is a challenging yet crucial task with significant implications for fields such as urban planning and public *** counting has attracted considerable attention in the field of computer vision,leading to the development of numerous advanced models and *** approaches vary in terms of supervision techniques,network architectures,and model ***,most crowd counting methods rely on fully supervised learning,which has proven to be ***,this approach presents challenges in real-world scenarios,where labeled data and ground-truth annotations are often *** a result,there is an increasing need to explore unsupervised and semi-supervised methods to effectively address crowd counting tasks in practical *** paper offers a comprehensive review of crowd counting models,with a particular focus on semi-supervised and unsupervised approaches based on their supervision *** summarize and critically analyze the key methods in these two categories,highlighting their strengths and ***,we provide a comparative analysis of prominent crowd counting methods using widely adopted benchmark *** believe that this survey will offer valuable insights and guide future advancements in crowd counting technology.

关键词： Crowd counting density estimation convolutional neural network(CNN) un/semi-supervised learning

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Data-driven output regulation control for constrained linear systems

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2025年第3期68卷 338-353页

作者： Chaoyu XIA Yi DONG Chaoli WANG Shengyuan XU Shanghai Research Institute for Intelligent Autonomous Systems Tongji University College of Electronic and Information Engineering Shanghai Research Institute for Intelligent Autonomous SystemsTongji University Department of Control Science and Engineering School of Optical-Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of Shanghai for Science and Technology Department of Automation Nanjing University of Science and Technology

This study introduces a data-driven approach for state and output feedback control addressing the constrained output regulation problem in unknown linear discrete-time systems. Our method ensures effective tracking performance while satisfying the state and input constraints, even when system matrices are not available. We first establish a sufficient condition necessary for the existence of a solution pair to the regulator equation and propose a data-based approach to obtain the feedforward and feedback control gains for state feedback control using linear programming. Furthermore, we design a refined Luenberger observer to accurately estimate the system state, while keeping the estimation error within a predefined set. By combining output regulation theory, we develop an output feedback control strategy. The stability of the closed-loop system is rigorously proved to be asymptotically stable by further leveraging the concept of λ-contractive sets.

关键词： output regulation constrained system data-driven.

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Energy-Efficient Functional Safety Design Methodology Using ASIL Decomposition for Automotive Cyber-Physical systems

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IEEE Transactions on Reliability 2024年 1-23页

作者： Xie, Guoqi Peng, Hao Huang, Jing Li, Renfa Li, Keqin Department of Computer Engineering College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering Hunan University Changsha 410082 China and also with the Key Laboratory for Embedded and Cyber-Physical Systems of Hunan Province Changsha 410082 China College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering Hunan University Changsha 410082 China and also with the Department of Computer Science State University of New York New Paltz NY 12561 USA

Automotive cyber-physical systems (ACPS) are typical cyber-physical systems because of the joint interaction between the cyber part and physical part. Functional safety requirement (including response time and reliability requirements) for an ACPS function must be assured for safe driving. Auto industry is cost-sensitive, power-sensitive, and environment-friendly. Energy consumption affects the development efficiency of the ACPS and the living environment of people. This paper solves the problem of optimizing the energy consumption for an ACPS function while assuring its functional safety requirement (i.e., energy-efficient functional safety for ACPS). However, implementing minimum response time, maximum reliability, and minimum energy consumption is a conflicting problem. Consequently, solving the problem is a challenge. In this paper, we propose a three-stage design process toward energy-efficient functional safety for ACPS. The topic problem is divided into three sub-problems, namely, response time requirement verification (first stage), functional safety requirement verification (second stage), and functional safety-critical energy consumption optimization (third stage). The proposed energy-efficient functional safety design methodology is implemented by using automotive safety integrity level decomposition, which is defined in the ACPS functional safety standard ISO 26262. Experiments with real-life and synthetic ACPS functions reveal the advantages of the proposed design methodology toward energy-efficient functional safety for ACPS compared with state-of-the-art algorithms. IEEE

关键词： Energy utilization

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Energy-Aware Heterogeneous Federated Learning via Approximate DNN Accelerators

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IEEE Transactions on computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and systems 2025年第6期44卷 2054-2066页

作者： Pfeiffer, Kilian Balaskas, Konstantinos Siozios, Kostas Henkel, Jorg Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Chair for Embedded Systems Karlsruhe76131 Germany University of Patras Department of Computer Engineering and Informatics Patras26504 Greece Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Department of Physics Thessaloniki54124 Greece

In Federated Learning (FL), devices that participate in the training usually have heterogeneous resources, i.e., energy availability. In current deployments of FL, devices that do not fulfill certain hardware requirements are often dropped from the collaborative training. However, dropping devices in FL can degrade training accuracy and introduce bias or unfairness. Several works have tackled this problem on an algorithm level, e.g., by letting constrained devices train a subset of the server neural network (NN) model. However, it has been observed that these techniques are not effective w.r.t. accuracy. Importantly, they make simplistic assumptions about devices’ resources via indirect metrics, such as multiply accumulate (MAC) operations or peak memory requirements. We observe that memory access costs (that are currently not considered in simplistic metrics) have a significant impact on the energy consumption. In this work, for the first time, we consider on-device accelerator design for FL with heterogeneous devices. We utilize compressed arithmetic formats and approximate computing, targeting to satisfy limited energy budgets. Using a hardware-aware energy model, we observe that, contrary to the state of the art’s moderate energy reduction, our technique allows for lowering the energy requirements (by 4× ) while maintaining higher accuracy. © 1982-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Budget control

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MESSI: Task Mapping and Scheduling Strategy for FPGA-based Heterogeneous Real-Time systems

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ACM Transactions on Design Automation of electronic systems 2025年第3期30卷 1-29页

作者： Ahmadi-Pour, Sallar Saha, Sangeet Mcdonald-Maier, Klaus Drechsler, Rolf Institute of Computer Science University of Bremen Faculty 3 Mathematics and Computer Science Bremen Bremen Germany Robotics and Embedded Systems Research Group University of Essex School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering Colchester United Kingdom Cyber-Physical Systems DFKI Rheinland-Pfalz Kaiserslautern Germany

Continuous demands for improved performance within constrained resource budgets are driving a move from homogeneous to heterogeneous processing platforms for the implementation of today's Real-Time (RT) embedded systems. The applications executing on such systems are typically represented as a Precedence Task Graph (PTG), where a node represents a task or algorithm for one functionality and edges represent the complex interactions between multiple functionalities. Due to RT constraints, the task graph needs to be executed within a specified deadline. Although some existing studies have looked into solving this challenge, comprehensive studies that combine the theoretical features of RT task-graph mapping and scheduling with practical runtime architectural characteristics have mostly been ignored to date. Hence, in this article, we consider the challenge of scheduling an RT application modeled as a single PTG, with the objective of minimizing the overall execution time under Hardware (HW) resource and deadline constraints for heterogeneous Central Processing Unit (CPU) + Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) architectures. First, we introduce an optimal solution using Integer Linear Programming (ILP). However, this ILP-based optimal solution suffers from computational complexity and does not scale well even for moderately large problem sizes. Hence, we additionally propose heuristic algorithms for task mapping and scheduling. The efficiency of the proposed scheme, named MESSI, has been evaluated through experiments using PTG on a practical CPU+FPGA system regarding current technology restrictions. Our experiments demonstrate that performance gains of 55.6% and area usage reductions of 46.3% are possible compared to full Software (SW) and HW execution, respectively. © 2025 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed to ACM.

关键词： Integer programming

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Traffic Density Estimation by Distributed Proxy Model Learning for Internet-of-Vehicle

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IEEE Internet of Things Journal 2025年第12期12卷 19972-19980页

作者： Li, Qilei Cheng, Jing-An Gao, Mingliang Chen, Jinyong Jeon, Gwanggil Shandong University of Technology School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Zibo255000 China Queen Mary University of London School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science LondonE1 4NS United Kingdom Incheon National University Department of Embedded Systems Engineering Incheon22012 Korea Republic of

Autonomous driving has been significantly advanced in todays society, which revolutionized daily routines and facilitated the development of the Internet of Vehicles (IoV). A crucial aspect of this system is understanding traffic density to enable intelligent traffic management. With the rapid improvement in deep neural networks (DNNs), the accuracy of density estimation has markedly improved. However, there are two main issues that remain unsolved. Firstly, current DNN-based models are excessively heavy, characterized by an overwhelming number of training parameters (millions or even billions) and substantial computational complexity, indicated by a high number of FLOPs. These requirements for storage and computation severely limit the practical application of these models, especially on edge devices with limited capacity and computational power. Secondly, despite the superior performance of DNN models, their effectiveness largely depends on the availability of large-scale data for training. Growing privacy concerns have made individuals increasingly hesitant to allow their data to be publicly used for model training, particularly in vehicle-related applications that might reveal personal movements, which leads to data isolation issues. In this paper, we address these two problems at once with a systematic framework. Specifically, we introduce the Proxy Model Distributed Learning (PMDL) model for traffic density estimation. PMDL model is composed of two main components. First, we introduce a proxy model learning strategy that transfers fine-grained knowledge from a larger master model to a lightweight proxy model, i.e., a proxy model. Second, we design a distributed learning strategy that trains multiple proxy models with privacy-aware local data and seamlessly aggregates these models via a global parameter server. This ensures privacy protection while significantly improving estimation performance compared to training models with limited, isolated data. We tested

关键词： Differential privacy

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Multi-layer composite autoencoders for semi-supervised change detection in heterogeneous remote sensing images

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2023年第4期66卷 124-125页

作者： Jiao SHI Tiancheng WU Hanwen YU A.K.QIN Gwanggil JEON Yu LEI School of Electronics and Information Northwestern Polytechnical University School of Resources and Environment University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering Swinburne University of Technology Department of Embedded Systems Engineering Incheon National University

With the increasing complexity of application scenarios, the fusion of different remote sensing data types has gradually become a trend, which can greatly improve the utilization of massive remote sensing *** the problem of change detection for heterogeneous remote images can be much more complicated than the traditional change detection for homologous remote sensing images,

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DFNet: Dense fusion convolution neural network for plant leaf disease classification

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Agronomy Journal 2024年第3期116卷 826-838页

作者： Faisal, Muhamad Leu, Jenq-Shiou Avian, Cries Prakosa, Setya Widyawan Köppen, Mario Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering (ECE) National Taiwan University of Science and Technology Taipei City Taiwan Department of Computer Science and Systems Engineering (CSSE) Graduate School of Computer Science and Systems Engineering Kyushu Institute of Technology Fukuoka Iizuka-shi Japan

The early identification of plant diseases is crucial for preventing the loss of crop production. Recently, the advancement of deep learning has significantly improved the identification of plant leaf diseases. However, most approaches depend on a single convolutional neural network (CNN) to extract the leaf features, ignoring the opportunity to take full advantage of the feature richness available in the images. This paper explores a novel CNN model with multiple automated feature extractors, namely, dense fusion CNN (DFNet), for classifying plant leaf diseases. DFNet aims to increase the diversity of extracted features in order to improve discrimination. Instead of using a single-CNN model, DFNet relies on a double-pretrained CNN model, MobileNetV2 and NASNetMobile, as the feature extractor. The features extracted from each CNN are fused in the fusion layer using a fully connected network. The proposed method was evaluated using corn (Zea mays L.) and coffee (Coffea canephora) leaf disease datasets and compared to the existing models. The experiment showed that DFNet is superior and consistent to other CNN methods by achieving an accuracy of 97.53% for corn leaf diseases and 94.65% for coffee leaf diseases. © 2023 The Authors. Agronomy Journal © 2023 American Society of Agronomy.

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RUL Estimation for Power electronic Devices Using RNNs

RUL Estimation for Power Electronic Devices Using RNNs

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2024 Prognostics and System Health Management Conference, PHM 2024

作者： Cai, Congrui Lu, Zhonghai School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science KTH Royal Institute of Technology Embedded Systems Master Program Sweden School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department of Electrical Engineering KTH Royal Institute of Technology Sweden

ISBN: (纸本)9798350360585

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) are commonly used in data-driven approaches to estimate the Remaining Useful Lifetime (RUL) of power electronic devices. RNNs are preferred because their intrinsic feedback mechanisms are better suited to model time-series data. However, the impact of RNN complexity on estimation accuracy is rarely discussed in the literature. This issue is important because choosing a lower-complexity model that delivers the same or similar performance as a higher-complexity model can increase implementation efficiency. In the paper, we use three RNN models, namely, the vanilla version, LSTM (Long Short Term Memory) and GRU (Gated Recurrent Unit) to conduct RUL estimation for power electronic devices. We use two accelerated aging datasets, one dataset targeting the package failure of MOSFETs, and the other dataset targeting package failure of power diodes. Our study shows that a lower-complexity RNN does not necessarily deliver a lower performance. Similarly, a higher-complexity model does not assure a higher performance. As such, our work highlights the importance of selecting a proper neural network for RUL estimation not biased towards complex models. This is especially useful and important for implementing such RUL estimation techniques in embedded resource-constrained and speed-limited computins platforms. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Long short-term memory

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A Novel Design of Random Number Generators Using Chaos-Based Extremum Coding

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IEEE Access 2024年 12卷 24039-24047页

作者： Araki, Shunsuke Wu, Ji-Han Yan, Jun-Juh Kyushu Institute of Technology Kawazu Iizuka Graduate School of Computer Science and Systems Engineering Fukuoka820 Japan National Chin-Yi University of Technology Department of Electronic Engineering Taichung41107 Taiwan

This paper proposes a new chaos-based extremum coding method to realize a true random number generator (RNG). Based on the chain rule, we innovatively introduce two parameters into the dynamics of chaotic systems to modulate the speed and amplitude of state responses. Then, by discretizing the continuous modulated chaotic system, the corresponding discrete chaotic system can be obtained, which allows the use of low-cost micro-controllers for implementation, enhancing system stability, and reducing costs. Also, a novel chaos-based extremum coding approach is proposed for generating a random extremum-coded sequence (RECS). Using this RECS to switch and decide modulation parameters significantly improves the randomness of the sequences generated by the RNGs. To highlight the contribution of this RNG design, the randomness and security of the RNGs are evaluated by statistical tests such as NIST, Diehard, and ENT. Through comparisons with recent published works, the results show that the proposed chaotic extremum-coded RNG can demonstrate superior performance with a higher level of randomness. © 2013 IEEE.

关键词： Statistical tests

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