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1st engineering and Science International Conference 2024, ESIC 2024

作者： Rivai, A. Erixno, O. Rahim, N.A. Elias, M.F.M. Jamaludin, J. Ramadhani, F. Universiti Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Energy systems engineering program School of Electrical Engineering Telkom University Bandung Indonesia Centre of Excellent Sustainable Energy and Climate Change Telkom university Bandung Indonesia

This paper presents the design and the development of multi-string I-V curve tracer for photovoltaic (PV) strings. It uses a capacitive load and double pole relay to measure the I-V characteristics of a multiple PV strings simultaneously. The prototype is developed using a PIC18F4550 micro-controller and a graphical user interface GUI designed using Microsoft's Visual Studio software. The I-V characteristics of the PV string are displayed on LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) and computer. The performance and functionality of the proposed I-V curve tracer have been tested using four PV strings. The experimental test shows that the proposed I-V tracer can measure and display the I-V characteristic of each PV string smoothly in the normal and shading conditions. © 2025 Institute of Physics Publishing. All rights reserved.

关键词： Graphical user interfaces

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Texture development and surface reconstruction of BiVO_(4)photoanode via one-pot hydrothermal reaction for enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting

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Journal of Advanced Ceramics 2025年第3期14卷 133-141页

作者： Sung Won Hwang Yoo Jae Jeong Runfa Tan Indhujasri Saravanan Hyun Soo Han Dong Hoe Kim In Sun Cho Department of Energy Systems Research Ajou UniversitySuwon 16499Republic of Korea Department of Material Science&Engineering Ajou UniversitySuwon 16499Republic of Korea Department of Mechanical Engineering Stanford UniversityStanford 94305USA Department of Material Science&Engineering Korea UniversitySeoul 02841Republic of Korea Materials Science and Engineering Program University of Colorado BoulderBoulder 80303USA

The simultaneous optimization of the bulk and surface characteristics of photoelectrodes is essential to maximize their photoelectrochemical(PEC)*** report a novel one-pot hydrothermal synthesis of textured and surface-reconstructed BiVO_(4)photoanodes(ts-BVO),achieving significant improvements in PEC water *** controlling precursor molarity and ethylene glycol(EG)addition,we developed a stepwise dual reaction(SDR)mechanism,which enables simultaneous bulk texture development and surface *** optimized CoBi/ts-BVO photoanode exhibited a photocurrent density of 4.3 mA∙cm^(−2)at 1.23 V *** hydrogen electrode(RHE)with a high Faradaic efficiency of 98%under one sun *** with nontextured BiVO_(4),the charge transport efficiency increased from 8%to 70%,whereas the surface charge transfer efficiency improved from 9%to 85%.These results underscore the critical role of both bulk and surface engineering in enhancing PEC *** findings offer a streamlined approach for improving the intrinsic properties of photoanodes in solar water splitting.

关键词： BiVO_(4) hydrothermal texture surface reconstruction ethylene glycol(EG) photoelectrochemical water splitting

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Numerical analysis of Ga gradient effects in ACIGS absorbers for high-efficiency tandem solar cells

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Optical and Quantum Electronics 2025年第3期57卷 1-19页

作者： Boukortt, Nour El I. Loureiro, Antonio Garcia Almutairi, Ohood A. Centro Singular de Investigación en Tecnoloxías Intelixentes University of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Spain Department of Electronics and Information Systems Ghent University Technology Park 126 Zwijnaarde Belgium Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering University College London LondonWC1E 6BT United Kingdom Energy Systems Program College of Engineering & Energy Abdullah Al Salem University Khaldiya Kuwait

Ag-alloyed Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ (ACIGS) is a promising material for the bottom subcell in tandem solar cell structures, offering a tunable bandgap that spans the optimal range for maximum efficiency;however, the bandgap widening of ACIGS thin films poses a significant challenge in enhancing their photocurrent. This paper investigates the impact of different grading profiles, specifically focusing on the 'hockey stick'/V-like Ga gradient–induced (GGI) profiles, on the performance of thin-film ACIGS cells. To enhance the physical understanding of these grading profiles we have used Silvaco TCAD tools to analyze how these profiles' depths, notch position, and slope affect the power conversion efficiency (PCE). The optimized ACIGS cell achieves a PCE of 25.80%, compared to 23.60% for the reference device. For the tandem configuration, we pair the optimized ACIGS bottom cell (double grading profile) with a perovskite top cell (band gap ~ 1.66 eV), achieving an overall efficiency of 30.26% under AM1.5G illumination. The obtained results highlight the critical role of Ga gradient profiles in enhancing the bottom cell's performance and stability. Additionally, we compare our results with existing studies to evaluate the broader impact of Ga compositional optimization on ACIGS-based solar cells. This work provides valuable insights into advanced grading strategies and helps us understand the physical behaviour of these high-performance tandem solar cells. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025.

关键词： Silver alloys

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Optimizing CdS thin films as optical windows in solar cells: A comparative study of cryogenic and classical techniques

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Applied Physics A 2025年第6期131卷 1-17页

作者： Manir, Melih Genç, Gamze Nevruzoglu, Vagif Tomakin, Murat Department of Energy Systems Engineering Erciyes University Kayseri Turkey Energy Systems Engineering Program Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Erciyes University Kayseri Turkey Department of Energy Systems Engineering Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Rize Turkey Electrochemical Storage and Energy Conversion (ESCE) Research Group Erciyes University Kayseri Turkey Department of Physics Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Rize Turkey

In this study, CdS thin films were produced in a quasi-closed volume using two different techniques (classical and cryogenic thermal evaporation techniques) between the 100–573 K substrate temperature, and their characteristic properties (structural, electrical, and optical properties) were investigated. While CdS thin films were produced at 373 K, 473 K, and 573 K substrate temperatures in the classical technique (hot), they were produced at 100–300 K substrate temperature range with 50 K steps in the cryogenic technique (cold). The X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the CdS thin films grew in a hexagonal structure in the (002) plane at all substrate temperatures. According to the field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) images, the thin films produced at 200 K substrate temperature consisted of equally sized spherical grains. This situation shows that the soliton growth mechanism occurs at a substrate temperature of 200 K during the film production process with the cryogenic technique. Due to the characteristic properties of the soliton waves occurring on the substrate surface in the soliton growth mechanism (mass transport), the films grow in a tight-packed form. Therefore, the produced films consist of clusters of equal size, providing a homogeneous surface and a uniform thickness. In addition, Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) and optical analyses showed that the CdS thin film produced at 200 K substrate temperature had the smallest average surface roughness value (Ra) and the highest optical transmittance value. It was found that the energy band gap (2.37–2.47 eV) and resistivity (1.25 × 103–5.39 × 103 Ω-cm) values of CdS thin films increased with decreasing substrate temperature. The carrier density increased with decreasing substrate temperature (3.91 × 1017–1.73 × 1016 cm−3). energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis showed that the films grew stoichiometrically at substrate tempe

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Developing a drought-heatwave cluster projection (DHCP) approach for water shortage areas: A case study in Northwest China

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Theoretical and Applied Climatology 2025年第6期156卷 1-18页

作者： Tang, Yingxia Huang, Guohe Kuang, Wenshu Han, Shuo Wang, Shuguang Li, Yongping Yu, Bizheng China-Canada Center of Energy Environment and Sustainability Research UR-SDU School of Environmental Science and Engineering Shandong University Qingdao China Environmental Systems Engineering Program University of Regina Regina Canada Environment and Energy Systems Engineering Research Center School of Environment Beijing Normal University Beijing China

The study is focused on the ecological-fragile and water-shortage region in Northwest China (NWC). A drought-heatwave cluster projection (DHCP) approach is developed based on Stepwise Cluster Analysis (SCA) and multi-level factor analysis (MFA). A multi-model ensemble consisting of 5 global climate models (GCMs) under two shared socioeconomic pathways (i.e., SSPs) is used in the approach. It could investigate the spatiotemporal characteristics of heatwaves, drought, and compound drought-heatwave events (CDHEs) in NWC. A precise projection is given by SCA in 48 stations and four indicators of CDHEs (i.e., CEN, CEDU, CEI, and CEM) are thus calculated. Finally, the individual and interactive effects of uncertainties (i.e., period, SSP, and GCM) are analyzed by MFA. Results show the SCA method can effectively reproduce precise projections for temperature and precipitation for NWC. The frequency, intensity, and duration of heatwaves increase significantly under SSP5-8.5. Drought will ease and then intensify projected by all SSPs. The long-term intensification trend of drought is more pronounced under SSP5-8.5. CDHEs will increase, especially under SSP5-8.5 by the 2090s. These parameters will increase to 4.59 events, 2.86 days per event, 16.7°C per event, and 4.69 days, respectively. Higher increases are found in southeastern Qinghai, northwestern Gansu, and northern Xinjiang. Period affects CDHEs projection mostly. The GCM selection and its interaction with period also affect the projection significantly. DHCP provides a comprehensive analysis of heatwaves and droughts. It is equally applicable to other water shortage areas and is expected to help better manage water resources.

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Deep Learning for Real-Time PPE Usage Monitoring Using Wearable IMU Sensors

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IEEE Access 2025年 13卷 82492-82502页

作者： Guimarães, Pedro Carvalho da Fonseca De Cristo, Leonardo Braga Monteiro, Marcos Eduardo Pivaro Rebelatto, João Luiz Peron, Guilherme de Santi Rayel, Ohara Kerusauskas Moritz, Guilherme Luiz Federal University of Technology - Paraná (UTFPR) Curitiba Brazil Federal University of Technology - Paraná (UTFPR) Graduate Program in Electrical and Computer Engineering (CPGEI-CT) Curitiba Brazil Federal University of Technology - Paraná (UTFPR) Graduate Program in Energy Systems (PPGSE-CT) Curitiba Brazil

Ensuring the proper use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is critical for safeguarding workers in high-risk environments, such as power distribution systems. This work presents an innovative approach to monitoring PPE usage through Deep Neural Networks (DNNs). Using data from inertial measurement units (IMUs) integrated into PPE items, we propose a solution to classify three usage states—namely carrying, still, and wearing—using raw accelerometer and gyroscope data. More specifically, thiswork assesses the effectiveness of three distinct network architectures—Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM), and CNN-BiLSTM—on a publicly released dataset on PPE usage provided by this study, while also comparing them against a traditional baseline Multi- Layer Perceptron (MLP) architecture. Our results demonstrate the superiority of BiLSTM in balancing high accuracy with computational efficiency, achieving above 98% accuracy regardless of the PPE type. Thiswork represents the first application of DNNs for PPE monitoring using IMU data, offering significant implications for enhancing safety compliance and operational monitoring in power distribution. © 2013 IEEE.

关键词： AI BiLSTM CNN DNN IoT PPE

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Development of a hanging pendulum thrust stand for pulsed plasma thrusters

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Acta Astronautica 2025年 234卷 368-386页

作者： Li, Yueh-Heng Lien, Wai-Cheng Liu, Sheng-Wen Institute of Space Systems Engineering National Cheng Kung University Tainan70101 Taiwan Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics National Cheng Kung University Tainan70101 Taiwan International Doctoral Degree Program on Energy Engineering National Cheng Kung University Tainan70101 Taiwan

Thrust stands are essential tools for evaluating the performance of propulsion systems, including Hall effect thrusters, ion thrusters, and pulsed plasma thrusters (PPTs). Our thrust stand supports a prototype weighing up to 0.8 kg and measures impulses from 150 to 550 μN s. It generates voltage oscillations with peaks between 5 mV and 35 mV, which, combined with NI voltage modules, minimizes weight constraints on the propulsion system while maintaining accurate measurements under low thrust-to-weight conditions. This design introduces a novel approach compared to conventional torsional thrust stands. By aligning the propulsion system's center of mass with the pendulum arm, we eliminate the need for spring torque. Instead, gravitational torque provides the necessary equivalent spring constant for damping. The eddy-current damper, featuring a copper plate, doubles as both a damping mechanism and a counterweight, allowing adjustments for different propulsion system weights. Unlike elastic pivots, this design avoids performance degradation from material fatigue or thermal effects. Challenges in the current system include non-linear spring and damping coefficients caused by PPT power cables and pulse-width errors during calibration. Future improvements will consist of cable feed-throughs to isolate vibrations without introducing unwanted coefficients. Additionally, the improvement aims to optimize the impulse generator's power supply to eliminate calibration errors caused by high-voltage pulse-width fluctuations. © 2025 The Authors

关键词： Ion propulsion

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Data-Driven Incentive Mechanisms for Federated Learning in Vehicular Networks

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IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 2025年

作者： Fathi, Faeze Montazeri, Mina N.araabi, Babak Du, Hongyang Niyato, Dusit Kebriaei, Hamed University of Tehran School of Ece College of Engineering Tehran Iran Urban Energy Systems Laboratory Dübendorf8600 Switzerland Nanyang Technological University School of Computer Science and Engineering The Energy Research Institute @ Ntu Interdisciplinary Graduate Program Singapore Nanyang Technological University School of Computer Science and Engineering Singapore School of Computer Science Tehran Iran

Centralized machine learning algorithms in vehicular networks face privacy and resource constraints. Federated Learning (FL) addresses these by enabling collaborative model training without sharing raw data. To incentivize vehicle participation despite resource constraints, we propose a contract between Roadside Units (RSUs) and vehicles, specifying required computation resources and rewards based on local data quality. The contract is designed to maximize the utility of the RSU, subject to constraints that ensure the participation of the vehicles in the task and truthful reporting of their data quality parameter. However, designing an optimal contract with classical methods is limited to specific utility functions. To extend the design methodology of optimal contracts to a broader range of utility functions, our study proposes a deep learning-based solution. Specifically, we present a novel application of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs), marking the first instance of applying DNNs in contract theory-based incentive mechanisms to achieve nearoptimal contracts. We design the DNN's structure to inherently satisfy specific constraints of the optimization problem, enhancing its efficiency and accuracy in determining the optimal contract. We utilize an augmented Lagrangian method to approximate the optimal contract in federated learning tasks. A case study on traffic sign recognition demonstrates the applicability and effectiveness of our method. Comparing our approach with the well-known generative diffusion model shows that in the FL scenarios, the DNN results are closer to the optimal contract compared to those of the generative diffusion model. © 1967-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Traffic signs

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Heterogeneity of the Dominant Causes of Performance Loss in End-of-Life Cathodes and Their Consequences for Direct Recycling

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Advanced energy Materials 2025年第0期

作者： Popeil, Melissa Usseglio-Viretta, Francois L.E. Pu, Xiaofei Gasper, Paul Dutta, Nikita Wang, Evelyna Allen, Eva Mangum, John S. Sunderlin, Nathaniel Fink, Kae Allen, Jeffery M. Weddle, Peter J. DeCaluwe, Steven C. Finegan, Donal P. Mines/NREL Advanced Energy Systems Graduate Program Colorado School of Mines GoldenCO80401 United States National Renewable Energy Laboratory GoldenCO80401 United States Argonne National Laboratory LemontIL60439 United States Department of Mechanical Engineering Colorado School of Mines GoldenCO80401 United States

Recycling Li-ion batteries from electric vehicles is critical for reducing costs and supporting the development of a domestic battery supply chain. Direct recycling of cathodes, like LiNixMnyCozO2 (NMC), is attractive due to its low cost, energy use, and emissions compared to traditional recycling techniques. However, a comprehensive understanding of the active material properties at end-of-life is needed to guide direct recycling processes and the performance-dependent reuse applications. Here, NMC material from an end-of-life commercial pouch cell is characterized and bench-marked against pristine non-cycled counterparts with respect to capacity, impedance, crystallography, morphology, and microstructure to identify major degradation modes and understand variability in the end-of-life material. The spatial heterogeneity of each property throughout the cell is also quantified. While the degraded material demonstrated similar capacity as the pristine, its impedance and rate capability are severely diminished. Furthermore, samples from the periphery of the electrode layers showed more severe performance loss compared to samples extracted from central regions. The dominant culprit of performance loss is the material microstructure, where the magnitude of particle cracking showed the strongest correlation to the impedance components that are most unfavorably impacted. This work suggests severe cracks in cathode active materials are the primary challenge that direct recycling methods must overcome. © 2025 The Author(s). Advanced energy Materials published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.

关键词： battery NMC recycling

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Interfacial engineering and rapid thermal crystallization of Sb 2 S 3 photoanodes for enhanced photoelectrochemical performances

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Journal of energy Chemistry 2025年 108卷 417-426页

作者： Runfa Tan Seo Yeong Hong Yoo Jae Jeong Seong Sik Shin In Sun Cho Department of Materials Science & Engineering Ajou University Suwon 16499 Republic of Korea Department of Energy Systems Research Ajou University Suwon 16499 Republic of Korea Materials Science and Engineering Program University of Colorado Boulder Boulder CO 80303 United States Department of Nano Engineering Department of Nano Science and Technology SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea SKKU Institute of Energy Science and Technology (SIEST) Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea

Antimony sulfide (Sb 2 S 3 ) is a promising material for photoelectrochemical (PEC) devices that generate green hydrogen from sunlight and water. In this study, we present a synthesis of high-performance Sb 2 S 3 photoanodes via an interface-engineered hydrothermal growth followed by rapid thermal annealing (RTA). A TiO 2 interfacial layer plays a crucial role in ensuring homogeneous precursor deposition, enhancing light absorption, and forming efficient heterojunctions with Sb 2 S 3 , thereby significantly improving charge separation and transport. RTA further improves crystallinity and interfacial contact, resulting in dense and uniform Sb 2 S 3 films with enlarged grains and fewer defects. The optimized Sb 2 S 3 photoanode achieves a photocurrent density of 2.51 mA/cm 2 at 1.23 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), one of the highest reported for Sb 2 S 3 without additional catalysts or passivation layers. To overcome the limitations of oxygen evolution reaction (OER), we employ the iodide oxidation reaction (IOR) as an alternative, significantly lowering the overpotential and improving charge transfer kinetics. Consequently, it produces a record photocurrent density of 8.9 mA/cm 2 at 0.54 V vs. RHE. This work highlights the synergy between TiO 2 interfacial engineering, RTA-induced crystallization, and IOR-driven oxidation, offering a promising pathway for efficient and scalable PEC hydrogen production.

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