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Potential impact of chlorination of sandy bottom swimming areas on drinking water sources

International Journal of environ.ental Studies 1999年第5期56卷 653-665页

作者： Mansour, Hisham Robson, Mark Meyer, Roy Weisel, Clifford Graduate Program in Public Health UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Med. Sch. Rutgers State Univ. of New Jersey Piscataway NJ United States Environ. and Occup. Hlth. Sci. Inst. UMDNJ Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Piscataway NJ United States Dept. of Environmental Protection Pesticide Control Program Trenton NJ United States EOHSI Piscataway NJ 08855-1179 681 Frelinghuysen Rd. United States

The concentrations of trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids, disinfection by-products (DBPs) of chlorine, were measured in sandy bottom swimming areas to determine their potential impact on surface and ground water that are sources of drinking water. Total trihalomethanes and individual haloacetic acid concentrations in several swimming area samples were higher than the drinking water standards (current and proposed). Individual trihalomethanes (except bromoform) also exceeded ground and surface water release standards. No release standard exists for haloacetic acids. The DBPs, while exceeding standards, would be diluted by the ground water and microbially degraded prior to reaching the drinking water plant. So while DBPs from swimming areas contributed to groundwater concentrations, the current drinking water standards could still be met using source waters impacted by chlorinated swimming areas. It is suggested, though, that any release of chlorinated DBPs to surface and ground water be minimized to obtain the highest quality water sources for drinking water.

关键词： Disinfection-by-products Drinking water sources Haloacetic acids Swimming areas Trihalomethanes

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The role of information dissemination in sustainability of international partnerships

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International Journal of Occupational and environ.ental Health 1999年第3期5卷 203-208页

作者： Delclos, George L. Felknor, Sarah A. Morandi, Maria T. Schulze, Lawrence J. Tovar, Ligia Sanchez Yanes, Leopoldo SW Ctr. Occup. and Environ. Hlth. Univ. Texas-Houston Hlth. Sci. Ctr. School of Public Health Houston TX United States Department of Industrial Engineering Cullen College of Engineering University of Houston Houston TX United States Ctro. Estud. Salud Los Trabajadores Univ. de Carabobo - Nucleo Aragua Maracay Venezuela University of Texas School of Public Health Houston TX 77225-0186 P.O. Box 20186 United States

The Fogarty-supported International Training program of the Southwest Center for Occupational and environ.ental Health (SWCOEH) at the University of Texas School of Public Health was initiated in 1995, with its activities focused primarily on Latin America. As this program has matured, its participants have been concerned about including elements that increase the likelihood that its trainees and projects will have a sustainable impact on occupational and environ.ental health in collaborating countries. The Center recently reviewed the experiences of various international organizations and national development agencies with established track records involving donor-supported projects. The authors summarize factors associated with project sustainability and describe how some of them are being incorporated into the SWCOEH program. Particular mention is made of the importance of supporting an infrastructure for broad information dissemination in the language of the intended audience. An example of a project to support a peer-reviewed Spanish-language journal devoted to occupational and environ.ental health, Salud de los Trabajadores, is presented.

关键词： Donor-supported project Fogarty International Center International collaboration Research training Salud de los Trabajadores Sustainability

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A rapid impact assessment method for use in a regulatory context

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Wetlands 1998年第3期18.0卷 379-392页

作者： Stein, Eric D. Ambrose, Richard F. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Los Angeles District Regulatory Branch Los Angeles CA 90053-2325 P.O. Box 532711 United States Environ. Sci. and Eng. Program University of California School of Public Health Los Angeles CA 90095-1772 10833 LeConte Avenue United States

Assessing the impacts of projects that affect aquatic resources is an integral part of regulatory programs. The time, resource, and technical requirements of existing assessment methods often prohibit their routine use by regulatory staff. Consequently, many evaluations are based on area affected and best professional judgment. In this paper, we present a Rapid Impact Assessment Method (RIAM) that can be used to assess impacts to aquatic resources in a manner that is sci.ntifically defensible, yet easy to implement by regulators, planners, and resource managers. The RIAM provides a framework for assessing impacts while allowing for specialization of evaluation criteria based on the habitat type, region of interest, and specific regulatory, planning, or management goal. Site-specific impacts are assessed by comparing the conditions present at each site prior to project implementation to conditions present after implementation of the project. A set of evaluation criteria is defined to reflect the important ecological characteristics to be evaluated. Each project site is given a pre- and post-project rating for each evaluation criterion, ranging from A for site conditions similar to those present at reference sites to E for the most degraded condition. Impact scores for each criterion, ranging from -4 to +4, are based on the difference between the pre- and post-project rating levels at each site. We demonstrate the application of the RIAM by using it to assess the impacts of projects permitted under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act on the following six evaluation criteria: endangered species habitat, structural diversity of habitat, spatial diversity of habitat, open space habitat, linear contiguity of habitat, and adjacent habitats. In the future, the method developed in this study can be used as a predictive tool to help monitor impacts on an ongoing basis.

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Mineral-induced degradation of halogentated organic pollutants from aquatic systems

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International Journal of environ.ental Studies 1998年第1-2期55卷 41-52页

作者： Weerasooriya, R. Liyanagedara, L.M.M.P. Inst. of Environ. Sci. and Research Mt. Eden Auckland 17 Kelly St. New Zealand Chemical Modeling Program Institute of Fundamental Studies Kandy Sri Lanka

Several laboratory tests were conducted to examine Fe(II) as an enhancing agent in the dehalogenation of CHCl3 in batch mode. The CHCl3 degradation was found to be negligible when only Fe(II) is present as a reductant... 详细信息

Several laboratory tests were conducted to examine Fe(II) as an enhancing agent in the dehalogenation of CHCl₃ in batch mode. The CHCl₃ degradation was found to be negligible when only Fe(II) is present as a reductant in the (aqueous) reaction system. However, in the presence of Fe(II) coated goethite, the rate of CHCl₃ degradation was enhanced to some extent. This observation can be explained by considering a surface mediated electron transfer step in the overall process. Substantial increase of the degradation rate was observed when the goethite particles first coated with fulvic acid were employed in the adsorption of Fe(II) for the degradation of CHCl₃.

关键词： Decontamination Goethite Organic pollutant Surface complexation

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Autotrophic denitrification using hydrogen oxidizing bacteria in continuous flow biofilm reactor

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Toxicological and environ.ental Chemistry 1998年第1-2期67卷 197-214页

作者： Benedict, Scott W. Ahmed, Tariq Jahan, Kauser Tahoe-Truckee Sanitation Agency Truckee CA 96161 137 Joerger Dr. United States Sch. Environ. Sci. Engg. and Plcy. Drexel University Philadelphia PA 19104 United States Civil Engineering Program Rowan University Glassboro NJ 08028 United States

Autotrophic denitrification was investigated in five bench-scale upflow attached growth reactors using hydrogen oxidizing bacteria under anoxic conditions. The performance of sand, granular activated carbon (GAC), crushed pumice, crushed volcanic rock, and plastic media were evaluated as the support material. The reactors were inoculated with acclimated cultures obtained from domestic sewage treatment plant. A synthetic solution containing nitrate was used as the influent. The reactor performance was evaluated by measuring influent and effluent nitrate concentration. The design parameters demonstrated that the effectiveness of autotrophic denitrification is comparable to that of the heterotrophic process and may be utilized economically for drinking water treatment either as the main process or as a supplemental process for ion exchange regenerant treatment.

关键词： Autotrophic Biofilm reactor Denitrification Hydrogen oxidizing bacteria

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Modeling of the fate and effect of chlorinated phenols in anaerobic treatment processes

Modeling of the fate and effect of chlorinated phenols in an...

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Proceedings of the 1997 8th IAWQ International Conference on Anaerobic Digestion

作者： Kim, In S. Tabak, Henry H. Young, James C. Dept. of Environ. Sci. and Eng. Kwangju Inst. of Sci. and Technology 572 Sangamdong Kwangsangu Kwangju Korea Republic of U.S.Environmental Protection Agency Natl. Risk Mgmt. Research Laboratory Cincinnati OH 45268 United States Department of Civil Engineering University of Arkansas Fayetteville AR 72701 United States

Studies were conducted to assess the biotransformation kinetics and inhibitory effects of mono-, di-, and trichlorophenol on acetogenic and methanogenic reactions using a standardized anaerobic protocol. Intrinsic kinetic parameters were estimated for each reaction using the Monod model. Reductive dechlorination of the toxicants was investigated using acclimated mixed cultures under methanogenic conditions. The studies indicated that inhibition of acetogenesis and methanogenesis was best described using exponential rather than linear inhibition terms. A second significant observation was that acclimated test cultures had a finite biodegradation capacity for each chemical that was related to the mass of microorganism present. A unique feature of the test program was that inhibition and biodegradation were modeled using the specific biomass responsible for acetogenesis and methanogenesis rather than the total anaerobic biomass.

关键词： Anaerobic digestion

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Integrating subdisci.lines into upper-level geology courses

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Journal of Geosci.nce Education 1997年第5期45卷 412-414页

作者： King, Hobart Morse Dodson, Russell Leslie Department of Geography and Geology Mansfield University Mansfield PA 16933 United States Department of Geology Mansfield University United States Earth and Space Sci. Educ. Program United States Department of Geography United States Department of Geography and Geology United States Environ. Science Geography Program United States

Some academic programs, such as Earth and Space sci.nce Education, require students to obtain a basic understanding of geology. The traditional approach to meeting these needs is to enroll the students in introductory-level courses and then advise them to take a small number of upper-level courses. Although this approach provides upper-level training in a few geology subdisci.lines, it falls short of the original goal of providing a basic understanding of geology in a limited number of credit hours. Our solution to this problem has been to develop three new upper-level courses that integrate geology subdisci.lines in a way that enables students to comprehend earth systems or the geological framework of a geographic area. We believe that these integrated courses provide our students with a higher level of geologic understanding and problem-solving skills than an equivalent number of credits earned through traditional courses. This is because integrated courses can deliver knowledge and experience in how the subdisci.lines of geology support one another and how they can be used together to solve practical problems. We believe that, for smaller programs and smaller institutions, integrated courses make sense and serve the needs of students in the best possible way.

关键词： Earth sci.nce - teacher education Earth sci.nce - teaching and curriculum Education - geosci.nce, education - undergraduate, geology - teaching and curriculum

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THE INHIBITION MECHANISM OF NO FORMATION BY nNOS BY PHENANTHRAQUINONE

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Japanese Journal of Pharmacology 1997年 75卷 29-29页

作者： Y. Kumagai H. Nakajima T. Hayashi A. Iguchi S. Homma-Takeda N. Shimojo Dept. of Environ. Med Inst. of Community Med. and Ibaraki 305 Japan Masters Program in Environ. Sci. Univ. of Tsukuba Ibaraki 305 Japan Dept. of Geriatrics Nagoya Univ. School of Med. Nagoya 466 Japan

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INHIBITION OF nNOS BY 6-AMINO-5,8-QUINOLINEDIONE (LY83583): AN MECHANISM INVOLVED IN SUPPRESSION OF NO-DEPENDENT cGMP CONTENT

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Japanese Journal of Pharmacology 1997年 75卷 29-29页

作者： K. Midorikawa Y. Kumagai T. Yoshikawa S. Homma-Takeda N. Shimojo Masters Program in Environ. Sci. and Ibaraki 305 Japan Dept. of Environ. Med Inst. of Community Med. University of Tsukuba Ibaraki 305 Japan First Dept. of Internal Med. Kyoto Prefectural University of Med. Kamigyo-ku Kyoto 602 Japan

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A method to evaluate the importance of interactions between land surface and atmosphere

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WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH 1996年第8期32卷 2497-2505页

作者： Hu, ZL Islam, S Cincinnati Earth Syst. Sci. Program University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH United States Dept. of Civ. and Environ. Eng. Cincinnati Earth Syst. Sci. Program University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 45221-0071 P.O. Box 210071 United States

Using a factorial experiment framework, a systematic relationship is developed between uncoupled and coupled land surface model sensitivities. It is shown that the relative sensitivity of a coupled land-atmosphere model can be partitioned into the relative sensitivity of the corresponding uncoupled model, a term related to interactive effects, and a product term involving main effects of land and atmospheric processes. A widely used land surface model is used in its uncoupled and coupled modes to illustrate the methodology. The proposed methodology demonstrates the need and utility to combine the traditional one-factor-at-a-time method (e.g., relative sensitivity analysis) with a factorial experiment framework. The traditional sensitivity analysis cannot evaluate the multifactor effects. The factorial design experiments, on the other hand, can estimate multifactor effects but are not dimensionless and hence depend on the chosen range of parameters. The proposed method offers the best of both approaches by estimating multifactor effects with dimensionless quantities. The proposed framework is used to explain why sensitivities to certain land surface parameters are enhanced or damped when the land surface module is coupled with an atmospheric model. For the tested cases there does not appear to be any systematic trend in sensitivities of the coupled and uncoupled models. It is argued and shown that similarity of relative sensitivities between an uncoupled and coupled model does not necessarily imply that the influence of land-atmosphere feedback is negligible. By decomposing the relative sensitivity of a coupled model, we have shown that interactions between land and atmosphere cannot be neglected while testing land surface representations.

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