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Unveiling the microstructural dynamics of Pickering emulsions: A microrheological approach

Food Research International 2025年 213卷

作者： Chakraborty, Gourav Upadhyay, Srishti Sharanagat, Vijay Singh Ahmed, Jasim Department of Food Engineering National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management Kundli131028 India Food Security Program Environment & Life Sciences Research Center Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research P.O. Box 24885 Safat13109 Kuwait

Understanding food with complex structures, in particular emulsions, remains a challenge for food professionals. Emulsions exhibit rheological behaviors ranging from the Newtonian to the viscoelastic range when measuring deformation under stress. Unfortunately, they fail to correlate particle forces or interactions, microstructure, and bulk mechanical properties. This review describes the concept of microrheology (MR), an emerging non-invasive technique, and its application in food emulsions, specifically Pickering emulsions (PEs), highlighting the novelty of these techniques over the conventional bulk rheology. It measures spatial mechanical properties on the micron scale by embedding tracer particles in complex fluids. MR consists of passive and active methods, and both of which are elucidated in this review. Active MR manipulates tracer particles using external forces to probe materials with higher rigidity and clarify local rheological characteristics. Passive MR utilizes the spontaneous Brownian motion of particles to illuminate the mechanical properties of soft materials. Among passive methods, diffusing wave spectroscopy (DWS) stands out for its ability to characterize PEs by analyzing light scattering fluctuations to reveal the material's viscoelastic properties across different length scales. This technique facilitates the extraction of many parameters, offering insights into the microstructural behaviors of emulsions that bulk rheology often overlooks. Microrheological measurements have demonstrated their effectiveness in analyzing the stability and dynamic properties of PEs, underscoring their potential for exploring the complex microstructural behaviors of these systems. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd

关键词： Rigidity

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Past socio-political transitions away from coal and gas show challenges and opportunities ahead

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environmental Research Letters 2025年第6期20卷

作者： Xie, Judy Jingwei Brutschin, Elina Rogelj, Joeri Staffell, Iain Centre for Environmental Policy Imperial College London London United Kingdom Grantham Institute Imperial College London London United Kingdom Energy Climate and Environment Program International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Laxenburg Austria Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology AtlantaGA United States

Transitioning away from fossil fuels presents substantial challenges, given the growing mismatch between pledges submitted to international climate negotiations and the mitigation strategies that limit warming to below 1.5 °C or 2 °C presented in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Sixth Assessment Report. The scientific case for phasing out coal-fired electricity is clear, and many countries are progressing towards this. However, despite widespread concerns about risks and trade-offs, natural gas is often considered a bridge fuel, and there is currently no progress towards phasing down its capacity. Previous work on the political feasibility of coal phase-out only considered limited socio-political factors, missing the importance of governance quality and policies supporting the energy transition. There is even more limited understanding of factors associated with gas phase-down, while Europe and North America fall behind trajectories required to limit warming below 1.5 °C. We use multivariate regression and clustering analyses on over four decades of data to investigate the drivers and synergies of coal and gas transitions. This reveals opportunities to overcome fossil fuel lock-in through renewable energy expansion, energy policy reforms, and power market restructuring. Countries with greater reliance on fossil fuel infrastructure and workforce face additional difficulties in phase out. Social factors such as higher belief in climate change are positively linked with more ambitious coal phase-out efforts. However, disentangling these links for gas remains difficult given the limited historical evidence of phase-down progress. We identify four archetypes (Coal Reliance, Gas Reliance, Limited Policy, and Transition Underway) that illustrate different ways countries have transitioned from coal and gas over time. These provide blueprints for potential future transitions in other countries. Recognizing the diverse social, political, and institutional factors

关键词： K-means clustering

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Characterization of halogenated DBPs and identification of new DBPs trihalomethanols in chlorine dioxide treated drinking water with multiple extractions

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Journal of environmental Sciences 2017年第8期58卷 83-92页

作者： Jiarui Han Xiangru Zhang Jiaqi Liu Xiaohu Zhu Tingting Gong Environmental Engineering Program Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology School of the Environment Nanjing University

Chlorine dioxide(ClO2) is a widely used alternative disinfectant due to its high biocidal efficiency and low-level formation of trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids. A major portion of total organic halogen(TOX), a collective parameter for all halogenated DBPs, formed in ClO2-treated drinking water is still unknown. A commonly used pretreatment method for analyzing halogenated DBPs in drinking water is one-time liquid–liquid extraction(LLE), which may lead to a substantial loss of DBPs prior to analysis. In this study, characterization and identification of polar halogenated DBPs in a ClO2-treated drinking water sample were conducted by pretreating the sample with multiple extractions. Compared to one-time LLE, the combined four-time LLEs improved the recovery of TOX by 2.3 times. The developmental toxicity of the drinking water sample pretreated with the combined four-time LLEs was 1.67 times higher than that pretreated with one-time *** the aid of ultra-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, a new group of polar halogenated DBPs, trihalomethanols,were detected in the drinking water sample pretreated with multiple extractions; two of them,trichloromethanol and bromodichloromethanol, were identified with synthesized standard compounds. Moreover, these trihalomethanols were found to be the transformation products of trihalomethanes formed during ClO2disinfection. The results indicate that multiple LLEs can significantly improve extraction efficiencies of polar halogenated DBPs and is a better pretreatment method for characterizing and identifying new polar halogenated DBPs in drinking water.

关键词： Disinfection byproducts DBPs Chlorine dioxide treatment Multiple extractions Toxicity

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Comparative analysis of equine semen preservation techniques and DNA damage detection using Comet and SCSA assays

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Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 2025年 145卷

作者： M. Yaseen A. Swegen Z. Gibb HMRI Infertility and Reproduction Research Program College of Engineering Science and Environment The University of Newcastle Callaghan NSW Australia

Maintaining the DNA integrity of equine spermatozoa during preservation is crucial for the success of assisted reproductive techniques. Sperm preservation generally relies on low temperatures to reduce or halt sperm metabolism to preserve functionality, but more recently methods of storing sperm above 15°C have been developed to reduce the effects of cold shock and cryodamage. The major damage that spermatozoa experience during preservation at any temperature is oxidative damage, which may lead to DNA damage. There are numerous DNA damage assays available, but their relative prognostic value in horses has yet to be evaluated. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to compare the sensitivity of two popular sperm DNA damage assays, the sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA) and the single cell gel electrophoresis (neutral comet) assay in identifying sperm DNA damage in the horse. A total of 3 split ejaculates (diluted 2:1 with EquiPlus) from individual stallions were utilised. High-quality spermatozoa were isolated via single-layer colloidal centrifugation (EquiPure). Sperm pellets were resuspended in: L-EDTA cryodiluent with 20% egg yolk and 3% dimethylformamide; EquiPlus; and SpermSafe, after which they were either cryopreserved, chilled (5°C), or stored at 18°C respectively. The SCSA (DNA fragmentation index; DFI) and comet (tail intensity) analyses were performed at various relevant timepoints. While the SCSA revealed no significant increase in DNA damage at any timepoint, for any storage treatment, the comet assay was more sensitive, revealing a significant increase in DNA damage after 72h of storage in SpermSafe (0h: 21.1±11.4% vs 72h: 53.5±0.2%; p≤0.05), though this fell to non-significant levels by the 7-day timepoint (43.675±3.8%), and after cryopreservation (pre-freeze: 21.1±11.4% vs post-thaw: 67.2±3.5%; p≤0.05). There was no significant increase in DNA damage at any timepoint for the chilled, EquiPlus-stored samples. This study shows that the co

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Stable Cycling of Sodium All-Solid-State Batteries with High-Capacity Cathode Presodiation

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Advanced Energy Materials 2025年第0期

作者： Tang, Wei Xu, Dapeng Wu, Junlin Lee, Dong Ju Fuqua, Alexander Li, Feng Jeon, Yuju Bian, Wenjuan Chen, Zheng Aiiso Yufeng Li Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering University of California La Jolla San DiegoCA92093 United States Program of Materials Science and Engineering University of California La Jolla San DiegoCA92093 United States Energy and Environment Science and Technology Idaho National Laboratory Idaho FallsID83415 United States Sustainable Power and Energy Center University of California La Jolla San DiegoCA92093 United States

Sodium all-solid-state batteries (NaSSBs) with an alloy-type anode (e.g., Sn and Sb) offer superior capacity and energy density compared to hard carbon anode. However, the irreversible loss of Na+ at the alloy anode during the initial cycle results in diminished capacity and stability, impairing full-cell performance. This study presents an easy-to-implement cathode presodiation strategy by employing a Na-rich material to address these challenges. Leveraging the high theoretical capacity and suitable voltage window, Na2S is chosen as the Na donor, which is activated by creating a mixed electron-ion conducting network, delivering a high capacity of 511.7 mAh g−1. By adding a small amount (i.e., 3 wt.%) of Na2S to the cathode composite, a NaCrO2 || Sn full cell demonstrated capacity improvement from 90.8 to 118.2 mAh g−1 (based on cathode mass). The capacity-balanced full cell can thus cycle to more than 300 times with >90% capacity retention. This work provides a practical solution to enhance the full-cell performance and advance the transformation from half-cell to full-cell applications of NaSSBs. © 2025 Wiley-VCH GmbH.

关键词： Solid-State Batteries

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A scoping review on reflective coatings with nanomaterials: progress since 2000 and current challenges

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Journal of Cleaner Production 2025年 511卷

作者： Alim, Mohammad A. Tao, Zhong Imran, H.M. Rahim, Md Arifur Malik, Zainab Rahman, Ataur School of Engineering Design and Built Environment Western Sydney University NSW2751 Australia Climate Change Research Centre The University of New South Wales NSW2052 Australia Climate System Hub National Environmental Science Program Australian Government Australia Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Monash University ClaytonVIC3800 Australia

This study investigates the progress in using nanomaterials in reflective coating (RC) technology. Generally, the benefits of RC are twofold: minimizing surface temperature and protecting surfaces. The purpose of applying RC is versatile, such as lowering the urban heat island effect and building energy consumption, improving photovoltaic performance, and increasing the durability of infrastructure. Incorporating nanomaterials in RC mixes enhances the effectiveness of this technology. However, the technical feasibility and economic viability of an appropriate preparation procedure with a proper mix design remain debatable. This review looks into peer-reviewed research articles related to the application of nanomaterials in RC technology in the core "Web of Science" and "Scopus" collections. It can be argued that researchers used nanomaterials for five distinct purposes: a) blocking near-infrared and ultraviolet portions of solar radiation, b) temperature shielding, c) radiative cooling, d) sub-ambient cooling, and e) surface cleaning or self-cleaning. It is revealed that nanomaterials could enhance the surface solar reflectivity and emissivity to 97 % and 0.97, respectively. The reported surface temperature reduction ranges between 2 and 35 °C with a statistical median value of 9.6 °C, whereas the sub-ambient cooling ranges between 2 and 13 °C with a statistical median value of 5 °C. Cooling power of the RC ranged between 35 and 135 W/m2, with a median value of 77 W/m2. Inconsistencies in RC performance have been discussed in the related sections. It is also found that a superhydrophobic RC can be prepared with a contact angle of ∼164°, but the coating has its advantages and limitations. The role of nanomaterials in enhancing UV stability and durability is discussed, along with the practicality and scalability of the technology. It is revealed that key challenges in RC technology include economic viability, stability concerns, and environmental implications. Based o

关键词： Surface cleaning

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Analysis of Technological Systems for Improving Drivers' Thermal Comfort

Engineering Reports

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engineering Reports 2025年第4期7卷

作者： Duzgun, Mert Ozarisoy, Bertug Altan, Hasim Moshaver, Sam Mechanical Engineering Program Middle East Technical University Northern Cyprus Campus Mersin 10 Turkey College of Technology and Environment London South Bank University London United Kingdom College of Architecture and Design Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University Eastern Province Dhahran Saudi Arabia College of Communication Architecture + The Arts Florida International University MiamiFL United States

This study investigates the integration of adaptive thermal comfort and indoor air quality (IAQ) systems in modern vehicles, emphasizing their impact on occupant well-being and automotive design innovation. The research examines state-of-the-art advancements in vehicle climate control technologies, from past developments to emerging smart thermal management solutions. It explores how artificial intelligence (AI), biometric monitoring, and energy-efficient climate control systems are transforming in-car comfort, ensuring dynamic adaptation to occupant needs while improving energy efficiency. A qualitative research methodology was adopted, incorporating explanatory and descriptive analysis. Data was collected through an extensive review of archival records, technical specifications, industry reports, and photographic sources to assess the evolution and effectiveness of thermal comfort technologies. The findings indicate that innovative HVAC and IAQ systems significantly enhance both driver and passenger comfort, leading to higher consumer demand for vehicles equipped with these technologies. Furthermore, the study highlights that future thermal comfort solutions will align with evolving user expectations, regulatory standards (such as ASHRAE-55 and EN-16798), and global sustainability goals. By bridging automotive engineering, human-centered design, and energy-efficient climate control, this study provides valuable insights into the next generation of intelligent vehicle comfort systems. The results offer a framework for optimizing thermal regulation strategies and demonstrate the potential of integrating adaptive climate control with AI-driven environmental sensing to enhance in-car experiences. Future research should focus on expanding AI-based climate personalization models and evaluating user perceptions of smart comfort technologies in real-world driving conditions. © 2025 The Author(s). engineering Reports published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

关键词： Thermal comfort

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Developments and future potentials of anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs)

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MEMBRANE AND WATER TREATMENT 2012年第1期3卷 1-23页

作者： Visvanathan, Chettiyappan Abeynayaka, Amila Environmental Engineering and Management Program School of Environment Resources and Development Asian Institute of Technology

The coupling of anaerobic biological process and membrane separation could provide excellent suspended solids removal and better biomass retention for wastewater treatment. This coupling improves the biological treatment process while allowing for the recovery of energy through biogas. This review gives a basic description of the anaerobic wastewater treatment process, summarizes the state of the art of anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs), and describes the current research trends and needs for the development of AnMBRs. The research interest on AnMBR has grown over the conventional anaerobic processes such as upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB). Studies on AnMBRs have developed different reactor configurations to enhance performances. The AnMBR performances have achieved comparable status to other high rate anaerobic reactors. AnMBR is highly suitable for application with thermophilic anaerobic process to enhance performances. Studies indicate that the applications of AnMBR are not only limited to the high strength industrial wastewater treatment, but also for the municipal wastewater treatment. In recent years, there is a significant progress in the membrane fouling studies, which is a major concern in AnMBR application.

关键词： anaerobic membrane bioreactor wastewater treatment research development membrane fouling high rate thermophilic process

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Advanced landfill leachate treatment: Sequential electrocoagulation and electrooxidation system for efficient remediation

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Journal of Water Process engineering 2025年 74卷

作者： Justen, Nicóli Borba, Fernando H. Mayer, Ildemar Seibert, Daiana Inticher, Jonas J. Ferreira Piazzi Fuhr, Ana C. Carissimi, Elvis Leichtweis, Jandira Postgraduate Program of Environment and Sustainable Technologies Federal University of Fronteira Sul Av. Jacob Reinaldo Haupenthal 1580 RS Cerro Largo 97900-000 Brazil Postgraduate Program of Chemical Engineering West Paraná State University Rua da Faculdade 645 Jd. Santa Maria PR Toledo 85903-000 Brazil Materials Science and Engineering Graduate Program Federal University of Pelotas 1 Gomes Carneiro St. RS Pelotas 96010-610 Brazil Department of Sanitation and Environmental Engineering Federal University of Santa Maria Av. Roraima 1000 RS Santa Maria 97105-000 Brazil

The treatment of concentrated landfill leachate generated by nanofiltration and reverse osmosis processes represents a significant challenge. This concentrate is characterized by high concentrations of heavy metals, contaminants of emerging concern, dissolved salts, and organic compounds. In this study, a novel advanced treatment system integrating an Electrocoagulation Reactor with a subsequent electrooxidation process was proposed. Two anode/cathode arrangements were evaluated: electrocoagulation followed by electrooxidation with “boron-doped diamond” and steel electrodes, and electrocoagulation followed by electrooxidation with “boron-doped diamond” and aluminum electrodes, focusing on their effectiveness in degrading contaminants and improving the quality of the treated concentrated landfill leachate. In order to monitor the efficiency of the electrocoagulation process and integrated systems, the degradation of the physicochemical parameters of absorbance at 254 nm, total organic carbon, and turbidity were investigated. Within the best performance, acute toxicity indices (Artemia salina - LC50) were determined and possible degradation and/or formation of contaminants of emerging concern were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The results indicated the mineralization of 73 % of total organic carbon and 25 % of total nitrogen, an increase in the biodegradability fraction (BOD5/COD) of the concentrated landfill leachate from 0.18 to 0.35, as well as a significant reduction in toxicity (LC50 of 54.4 %), demonstrated by Artemia salina bioassays. The reduction in toxic potential was also observed in the by-product analysis by GC–MS, which indicated the removal of emerging contaminants such as benzene, 2-(2-methoxy-1-propenyl)-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, benzothiazole, 2-(methylthio) and phenol, 2,2′-methylenebis[6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methyl-. These findings highlight that the integration of the electrocoagulation process with electrooxidation us

关键词： Concentrated landfill leachate Contaminants of emerging concern Electrocoagulation Electrooxidation

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Statistical trend characteristics of rainfall over Kerala, India evaluated through analysing modern era retrospective analysis for research and applications (MERRA-2) reanalysis data

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Bulletin of Atmospheric Science and Technology 2025年第1期6卷 1-38页

作者： Modon Valappil, Ninu Krishnan de Oliveira Júnior, José Francisco Mendes, David Jamjareegulgarn, Punyawi Hamza, Vijith Environmental Technology Division School of Industrial Technology Universiti Sains Malaysia Pulau Pinang 11800 Malaysia Laboratory of Applied Meteorology and Environment (LAMMA) Institute of Atmospheric Sciences (ICAT) Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL) LourivalMeloMota avenue S/N Alagoas Tabuleiro dos Martins Maceió CEP: 57072-970 Brazil Post-Graduate Program in Aerospace Engineering – PPGEA Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte – UFRN Campus Universitário Lagoa Nova RN Natal Brazil Prince of Chumphon Campus King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang Chumphon 86160 Thailand Kerala State Disaster Management Authority Kerala Thiruvananthapuram 695033 India

Statistical trends of rainfall (annual and seasonal rainfalls) in Kerala, India were characterised using the 44-years (1980–2023) data of Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) version 2. Monthly rainfall data were collected from the selected fifty locations which represent the state as a whole, and the collected data were then categorised into annual as well as seasonal (winter, summer, monsoon and post-monsoon) datasets based on the classification proposed by Indian Meteorological Organisation (IMD). Lag-1 autocorrelation, modified Mann Kendall (mMK), Pettitt test and Theil-Sen’s slope methods were used to determine the statistical characteristics of rainfalls in Kerala. Mean rainfalls were 3124 mm, 66 mm, 527 mm, 1667 mm and 862 mm, respectively, for annual, winter, summer, monsoon and post-monsoon periods. mMK based statistical trend analysis revealed an overall decreasing trend characteristics in annual (-0.54 mm.y⁻¹), monsoon (-1.20 mm.y⁻¹), and post-monsoon (-0.93 mm.y⁻¹) seasons whereas winter and summer rainfalls showed an increasing trend (0.67 mm.y⁻¹ and 3.40 mm.y⁻¹, respectively) for the state as a single unit. Pettitt test indicated four dominant periods of change in rainfall characteristics in the study area that spanned over the decades of 1980, 1990, 2000 and 2010, in which major changes in annual and seasonal rainfalls were occurred during 1990’s, 2000’s and 2010’s. Theil-Sen’s slope-based estimation of rate of change in rainfall showed an average variation of -4.33 mm.y⁻¹, 0.17 mm.y⁻¹, 6.27 mm.y⁻¹, -6.54 mm.y⁻¹ and − 3.28 mm.y⁻¹ for annual, winter, summer, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, respectively. Though the winter and summer rainfalls showed an increase in its rate during the period of analysis, annual rainfall showed an overall reduction in the amount of rainfall received in the state. The study ulti

关键词： MERRA-2 Modified Mann Kendall Period of change Rainfall variation Spatial statistics

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