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Factors affecting the distribution of microplastics in soils of China

Frontiers of environmental science & engineering 2023年第9期17卷 157-176页

作者： Yin Liu Matthias CRillig Quan Liu Jingjing Huang Muhammad Amjad Khan Xiaohui Li Qin Liu Qingqing Wang Xuesong Su Linyi Lin Yang Bai Genmao Guo Yi Huang Yong Sik Ok Shan Hu Junfeng Wang Honggang Ni Qing Huang Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province/Center for Eco-Environmental Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province/State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea/College of Ecology and Environment Hainan UniversityHaikou 570228China Institute of Biology Ecology of PlantsFreie Universität Berlin/Berlin Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research(BBIB)Berlin 14195Germany Hainan Inspection and Detection Center for Modern Agriculture Haikou 570100China Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100081China China College of Management and Economics Tianjin UniversityTianjin 300072China College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China Korea Biochar Research Center APRU Sustainable Waste Management Program&Division of Environmental Science and Ecological EngineeringKorea UniversitySeoul 02841Republic of Korea School of Urban Planning and Design Peking University Shenzhen Graduate SchoolShenzhen 518055China

Microplastics(MPs)are found worldwide in high abundance,posing a potential threat to *** the ubiquity of MPs in the environment,very little is known about the regional distribution of MPs and underlying factors affecting this distribution in the field,which likely include human activity,but also features of the environment ***,out of a total of 1157 datapoints investigated in 53 Chinese studies,9.68%datapoints were removed as outliers in the heterogeneity *** review revealed that the abundance of MPs was highly *** addition,microplastic(MP)distribution maps based on China demonstrated that the highest abundance of MPs tended to occur near large rivers and central land affected by the intersection of two *** model-fitting and previous studies showed that MP abundance in China was correlated with longitude,agricultural mulching film usage per capita,temperature,and ***,due to the heterogeneity of MPs and the low matching degree between the current environmental data and the sampling points,this pattern was not as evident as reported in any single *** affecting the distribution of MPs can not be captured by linear relationships alone,and systematic selection of suitable environmental factors and further model optimization are needed to explore the cause of MP pollution in ***,this review revealed an uneven distribution of MPs and serves as a reference for model prediction to assess and control plastic pollution in natural soil environments.

关键词： Microplastic distribution Microplastic heterogeneity Effecting factors Agriculture Socio-economic factors

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HYDROCARBON VAPOR DIFFUSION IN INTACT CORE SLEEVES

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GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1993年第1期13卷 139-150页

作者： OSTENDORF, DW MOYER, EE XIE, YF RAJAN, RV David W. Ostendorf (Civil Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003) is an associate professor in the Environmental Engineering Program of the Civil Engineering Department of the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. His research interests include unconfined aquifer contamination hazardous waste site remediation and analytical modeling of problems in environmental fluid mechanics. Ostendorf is a Registered Professional Engineer in Massachusetts and a member of the American Geophysical Union American Society of Civil Engineers Soil Science Society of America Water Pollution Control Federation and Association of Environmental Engineering Professors as well as the National Ground Water Association. Ellen E. Moyer (Civil Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003) is a doctoral candidate in the Environmental Engineering Program of the Civil Engineering Department of the University of Massachusetts at Amherst with an M.S. degree in environmental engineering from that institution. Her research interests include subsurface investigation soil venting bioremediation and analytical modeling of subsurface contamination. She has six years of professional experience managing hazardous waste site investigation and cleanup projects and is a member of the National Ground Water Association and the American Society of Civil Engineers. Yuefeng Xie (Civil Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003) is a postdoctoral research associate in the Environmental Engineering Program of the Civil Engineering Department of the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. His research interests include environmental analyses drinking water treatment and the chemical characterization and removal of disinfection by-products. A graduate with a Ph.D. and an M.S. in environmental engineering and a B.S. in chemistry and chemical engineeering from Tsinghua University Beijing China Xie is a member of the American Water Works Association and the Water Poll

The diffusion of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (TMP) and 2,2,5-trimethylhexane (TMH) vapors out of residually contaminated sandy soil from the U.S. environmental Protection Agency (EPA) field research site at Traverse City, Michigan, was measured and modeled. The headspace of an intact core sleeve sample was swept with nitrogen gas to simulate the diffusive release of hydrocarbon vapors from residual aviation gasoline in and immediately above the capillary fringe to a soil-venting air flow in the unsaturated zone. The resulting steady-state profile was modeled using existing diffusivity and air porosity estimates in a balance of diffusive flux and a first order source term. The source strength, which was calibrated with the observed flux of 2,2,4-TMP leaving the sleeve, varied with the residual gasoline remaining in the core, but was independent of the headspace sweep flow rate. This finding suggested that lower soil-venting air flow rates were in principle as effective as higher air flow rates in venting LNAPL vapors from contaminated soils. The saturated vapor concentration ratio of 2,2,4-TMP to 2,2,5-TMH decreased from 6.6 to 3.5 over the duration of the experiments in an expression of distillation effects. The vertical profile model was tested against sample port data in four separate experiments for both species, yielding mean errors ranging from 0 to -24 percent in magnitude.

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Thermal runaway evaluation of α-methylstyrene and trans-β-methylstyrene with benzaldehyde

Thermal runaway evaluation of α-methylstyrene and trans-β-...

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作者： Lin, S.-Y. Tseng, J.-M. Lee, M.-K. Wu, T.-C. Shu, C.-M. Doctoral Program Graduate School of Engineering Science and Technology National Yunlin University of Science and Technology 123 University Rd. Douliou Yunlin 64002 Taiwan Department of Occupational Safety and Health Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science 60 Er-Jen Rd. Jen-Te Tainan 71710 Taiwan Department of Safety Health and Environmental Engineering HungKuang University 34 Chung-Chie Rd. ShaLu Taichung 43302 Taiwan

Styrene is an important chemical in the petrochemical industry. In recent years, there have been sporadic releases, runaway reactions, fires, and thermal explosion accidents incurred by styrene and its derivatives worldwide. The purpose of this study was to estimate the impact of styrene and its derivatives of α-methylstyrene (AMS) and trans-β-methylstyrene (TBMS) contacting with benzaldehyde. Experiments were carried out to evaluate the thermokinetic parameters estimated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal activity monitor III (TAM III). TAM III was used to determine the fundamental thermokinetics under various isothermal temperatures, 80, 90 and 100C. This autocatalytic reaction was demonstrated in thermal curves. After styrene was contacted with benzaldehyde, the exothermic onset temperature (T 0) and the total heat of reaction (Q total) were altered by DSC tests. When benzaldehyde is mixed with AMS and TBMS, the reaction time will be shorter but the enthalpy reduced, as revealed by TAM III tests. As AMS and TBMS, respectively, were contacted with benzaldehyde, both exothermic phenomena were changed during the reaction excursion. According to the results of this research, an operator should dictate the oxygen concentration in order to avoid any potential hazards during handling and transportation. © 2009 Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest.

关键词： Differential scanning calorimetry

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The dependence in microcystin removal with powdered activated carbon on variant properties, carbon properties, and dissolved organic matter

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Chemosphere 2024年 351卷 141205页

作者： Huang, Yuzhou Lenhart, John J. Environmental Science Graduate Program The Ohio State University United States Department of Civil Environmental and Geodetic Engineering The Ohio State University United States

Powdered activated carbon (PAC) is commonly used by water treatment plants to remove harmful cyanotoxins such as microcystins (MCs) produced during seasonal harmful algal blooms. MC removal by PAC depends upon the properties of the PAC, the properties of the MC variant, and the presence and properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM). To identify which of these factors has the greatest impact on the removal of MC by PAC, we evaluated the removal of four different MC variants (MC-LR, MC-LA, MC-RR and desmethylated MC-RR) by three different PAC types (wood-based, coal-blend and coal-based). The role of DOM properties was evaluated using DOM isolated from two different sources, a terrestrial source (Suwannee River Fulvic Acid, SRFA) and a microbial source (Grand Lake St Marys DOM, GLSM). The results of adsorption experiments conducted over a period of 72 h demonstrated the wood-based PAC, which had the highest surface area and mesopore volume of the PAC tested, had the highest adsorption rate and capacity for all four MC variants. Of the variants studied, neutrally charged MC-RR was adsorbed more rapidly and to a greater extent on all of the PAC types than were the other variants. Although MC-LA and MC-LR had the greatest hydrophobicity, their negative charges resulted in their being adsorbed the least. As expected, DOM inhibited microcystin adsorption to PAC. The degree of inhibition, however, did not significantly vary for the two DOM types evaluated, indicating the properties of the DOM on MC adsorption to PAC was less important than the PAC properties or MC variant properties. Overall, PAC properties were a more important factor in MC removal than were the MC properties or DOM conditions. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd

关键词： Adsorption DOM Kinetic Mesopores Microcystin PAC

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Relative humidity level influences the morphology of fungal growth in carpet 16

Relative humidity level influences the morphology of fungal ...

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16th Conference of the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate: Creative and Smart Solutions for Better Built Environments, Indoor Air 2020

作者： Nastasi, Nicholas Haines, Sarah Xu, Lingyi da Silva, Hadler Divjan, Adnan Rappleye, Chad A. Perzanowski, Matthew S. Dannemiller, Karen C. Department of Civil Environmental and Geodetic Engineering Ohio State University ColumbusOH United States Environmental Health Sciences College of Public Health Ohio State University ColumbusOH United States Environmental Science Graduate Program Ohio State University ColumbusOH United States Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of California BerkeleyCA United States Department of Environmental Health Sciences Mailman School of Public Health Columbia University New YorkNY United States Department of Microbiology College of Arts and Sciences Ohio State University ColumbusOH United States

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A Systematic Review of Forensic Approaches to Disasters: Gaps and Challenges

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International Journal of Disaster Risk science 2023年第5期14卷 722-735页

作者： Adriano Mota Ferreira Victor Marchezini Tatiana Sussel Gonçalves Mendes Miguel Angel Trejo-Rangel Allan Yu Iwama Graduate Program in Disasters Institute of Science and TechnologySão Paulo State University(Unesp)São Josédos CamposSP12247-004Brazil Cemaden–National Center for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disasters São Josédos CamposSP12247-004Brazil Natural Hazards Center Institute of Behavioral ScienceUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCO80309USA Department of Environmental Engineering Institute of Science and TechnologySão Paulo State University(Unesp)São Josédos CamposSP12247-004Brazil Irish Climate Analysis and Research UnitS(ICARUS) Department of GeographyMaynooth UniversityMaynoothW23 F2H6KildareIreland Graduate Program in Development and Environment Federal University of ParaíbaJoão PessoaPB58051-900Brazil

Disaster forensic approaches aim to identify the causes of disasters to support disaster risk ***,few studies have conducted a systematic literature review of scientific articles that labeled themselves as a forensic approach to *** article provides a qualitative analysis of these forensic studies,focusing on five main issues:(1)the methodologies applied;(2)the forensic approaches used in the disaster risk management phases;(3)the hazards addressed;(4)if the methodologies involve social participation,and using what types of participation;and(5)if there are references to urban planning in the scientific studies *** results showed a predominance of the Forensic Investigations of Disasters(FORIN)and Post-Event Review Capability(PERC)methodologies used in isolation or *** is a need for methodologies that engage people in participatory FORIN,fostering the co-production of knowledge and action research approaches.

关键词： Dynamic pressures Forensic investigation Participatory research Risk drivers Root causes

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CVN 68 class solid waste flow analysis

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1998年第6期110卷 73-87页

作者： Markle, SP Gill, SE LCdr. Stephen P. Markely USN:is a career Engineering Duty Oficer assigned to Naval Sea Systems Command Arlington VA where he is Deputy Directol Environmental Protection Systems Division (SEA 03 LIB). He is responsible for Program Management activities associated with all afloat environmental protection equipment and serves on several teams designed to promote Navy wide awareraess of environmental protection requirements and Navy programs to meet these challenges. He is a 1993 graduate of the Naval Construction and Engineering Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Zchmlogy where he received a Naval Engineering Degree and Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering. His interest in environmental issues predates his undergraduate studies at Syracuse UniversitylState University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestw where he received a Bachelm of Science degree in Forrest Engineering from the School of Environmental and Resource Engineeriw. LCdr Markle has qualified as a Surface Warfare Oficer and in submarines through Engineering Duty Dolphin Program. He is a Professional Engineer registered in the State of New York and is a member ofASNE NSPE ASTM SNAME and SAE. Sean G. Gill:is a Senior Engineer with GEO-CENTERS incorporated in Pittsburgh PA where he provides technical and administrative support to the Naval Sea Systems Command (SEA 03L1) and the Carderock Division of the Naval Surfme Waflare Center (Code a) principal& on the shipboard and submarine solid waste management programs. Prior to joining GEO-CENTERS incorporated in 1996 he worked for eleven years at the Carderock Division of the Naval Surfme Warfare Center as a project engineer and a Branch Head. In the former capacity Mr Gill participated in various blackwatel gray watel and oily wastewater treatment projects oversaw the development of the Navy Pulper and was Center's technical team leader for the NAVSEA Solid Waste management program. In 1994 he was assigned to be Branch Head of Code 634 the Solid Waste Management

Through a detailed Research and Development program, the U.S. Navy has developed a suite of shipboard solid waste management equipment enabling compliance with federal and international law. Four major equipment types have been developed to outfit twenty-seven classes of naval surface ships. The major equipment types are: Plastic Waste Processor (PWP), Metal/Glass Shredder (MGS), Large Pulper (LP), and Small Pulper (SP). The Navy is aggressively procuring and installing this equipment aboard all ships of FFG 7 Class and larger. A deadline of December 31, 2000 has been set for completion. engineering analysis and held waste generation studies were conducted to select the specific equipment suite and develop alteration documentation for each ship class. Specific factors in this process were: solid waste generation rates, equipment reliability analysis, ship arrangement considerations, daily equipment operation Limits, and shipboard quality of life issues. A solid waste management study was conducted in the fall of 1997 to validate Navy equipment and ship design parameters onboard the USS John C. Stennis (CVN 74). Generation rates for shipboard solid waste were determined for plastic, metal and glass, food, paper, cardboard, fabric and wood. engineering analysis of data allowed a decrease in CVN 68 Class design waste generation rates. engineering analysis enabled a reduction in the number of PWPs and MGSs required, and fewer spaces for efficient operation. Ship arrangement studies were conducted to optimize efficiency and equipment mix of Solid Waste Processing Rooms (SWPRs) relative to waste generation sites. This paper briefly articulates the process followed by the Navy in responding to regulations governing solid waste management in the marine environment. Evidence validating the engineering procedures followed is presented.

关键词： Ship equipment

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Global variations in critical drought thresholds that impact vegetation

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National science Review 2023年第5期10卷 180-193页

作者： Xiangyi Li Shilong Piao Chris Huntingford Josep Pe?uelas Hui Yang Hao Xu Anping Chen Pierre Friedlingstein Trevor F.Keenan Stephen Sitch Xuhui Wang Jakob Zscheischler Miguel D.Mahecha Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science College of Urban and Environmental SciencesPeking University Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity Institute of Tibetan Plateau ResearchCenter for Excellence in Tibetan Earth ScienceChinese Academy of Sciences UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology CSIC Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB CREAF Cerdanyola de Vallès Department of Biogeochemical Integration Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry Department of Biology Colorado State University Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Department of Mathematics College of Engineering Mathematics and Physical SciencesUniversity of Exeter Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique Institut Pierre-Simon LaplaceCNRS-ENS-UPMC-XDépartement de GeósciencesEcole Normale Superieure Earth and Environmental Sciences Area Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Department of Environmental Science Policy&ManagementUniversity of California Berkeley Department of Geography College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Exeter Department of Computational Hydrosystems Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—Ufz Remote Sensing Centre for Earth System Research Leipzig University

Identifying the thresholds of drought that,if crossed,suppress vegetation functioning is vital for accurate quantification of how land ecosystems respond to climate variability and *** present a globally applicable framework to identify drought thresholds for vegetation responses to different levels of known soil-moisture deficits using four remotely sensed vegetation proxies spanning *** thresholds identified represent critical inflection points for changing vegetation responses from highly resistant to highly vulnerable in response to drought stress,and as a warning signal for substantial vegetation *** thresholds varied geographically,with much lower percentiles of soil-moisture anomalies in vegetated areas covered by more forests,corresponding to a comparably stronger capacity to mitigate soil water deficit stress in forested ***,those lower thresholds are detected in more humid ***-of-the-art land models,however,overestimated thresholds of soil moisture(*** drought impacts),especially in more humid areas with higher forest covers and arid areas with few forest *** on climate model projections,we predict that the risk of vegetation damage will increase by the end of the twenty-first century in some hotspots like East Asia,Europe,Amazon,southern Australia and eastern and southern *** data-based results will inform projections on future drought impacts on terrestrial ecosystems and provide an effective tool for drought management.

关键词： drought threshold inflection points vegetation response soil moisture drought impacts

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Molecular insight of dissolved organic matter and chlorinated disinfection by-products in reclaimed water during chlorination with permanganate preoxidation

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Chemosphere 2024年 349卷 140807页

作者： Hu, Wei Niu, Xi-Zhi Chen, Huan Ye, Bei Liang, Jun-Kun Guan, Yun-Tao Wu, Qian-Yuan Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety Institute of Environment and Ecology Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School Tsinghua University Shenzhen518055 China Environmental Engineering and Science Program Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering University of Cincinnati CincinnatiOH45221 United States Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Science Clemson University SC29634 United States

Permanganate is a common preoxidant applied in water treatment to remove organic pollutants and to reduce the formation of disinfection by-products. However, the effect of permanganate preoxidation on the transformation of dissolved effluent organic matter (dEfOM) and on the formation of unknown chlorinated disinfection by-products (Cl-DBPs) during chlorination remains unknown at molecular level. In this work, the molecular changes of dEfOM during permanganate preoxidation and subsequent chlorination were characterized using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). Permanganate preoxidation was found to decrease the DBE (double bond equivalent) and AImod (modified aromaticity index) of the dEfOM. The identity and fate of over 400 unknown Cl-DBPs during KMnO4-chlorine treatment were investigated. Most Cl-DBPs and the precursors were found to be highly unsaturated aliphatic and phenolic compounds. The Cl-DBPs precursors with lower H/C and lower O/C were preferentially removed by permanganate preoxidation. Additionally, permanganate preoxidation decreased the number of unknown Cl-DBPs by 30% and intensity of unknown Cl-DBPs by 25%. One-chlorine-containing DBPs were the major Cl-DBPs and had more CH2 groups and higher DBEw than Cl-DBPs containing two and three chlorine atoms. 60% of the Cl-DBPs formation was attributed to substitution reactions (i.e., +Cl–H, +2Cl–2H, +3Cl–3H, +ClO–H, +Cl2O3–2H). This work provides detailed molecular level information on the efficacy of permanganate preoxidation on the control of overall Cl-DBPs formation during chlorination. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd

关键词： Chlorination

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Modeling the welding process of the Low Alloy Ferritic Steels T/P23 and T/P24

Modeling the welding process of the Low Alloy Ferritic Steel...

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3rd International Conference on Manufacturing science and engineering (ICMSE 2012)

作者： de Castro, Jose Adilson Xavier, Carlos Roberto Moreira, Luciano Pessanha Sazaki, Yasushi Federal Fluminense University Graduate Program on Metallurgical Engineering and Mechanical Engineering Volta Redonda RJ 27255-125 Brazil POSTECH GIFT South Korea UniFOA/Petrobras Três Poços - 27240-560 - Volta Redonda - RJ Av. Paulo E. A. Abrantes 1325 Brazil Environmental Laboratory Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 790-784 San 31 Hyojay-Dong Nam-Gu South Korea

ISBN: (纸本)9783037853719

In this paper a model based on transport equations is proposed to study the weldability of low alloy ferritic steels T/P23 and T/P24. The model was numerically implemented by using the finite volume method (FVM) in an open source computational code to simulate the influence of the heat input, base metal thickness and preheating temperature on the thermal evolution and the cooling rate during the welding process. Meanwhile, it was possible to evaluate qualitatively the microstructure at the heat affected zone (HAZ) of these steels when a single weld bead was deposited on their surface and calculate the maximum hardness reached at this region. A double-ellipsoid heat source model for power density distribution was used in order to obtain a good estimate of the cooling rate and evolution of the fusion zone (FZ). The results are discussed and good agreement between experimental and simulated results was obtained for temperature distribution.

关键词： Modeling T/P23 and T/P24 steels Weldability Hardness

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