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FIELD TRAPPING OF SUBSURFACE VAPOR-PHASE PETROLEUM-HYDROCARBONS

GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1994年第1期14卷 110-119页

作者： MOYER, EE OSTENDORF, DW KAMPBELL, DH XIE, YF Ellen E. Moyer (ENSR Consulting and Engineering 35 Nagog Park Acton MA 01720) is a senior environmental engineer at ENSR Consulting and Engineering in Acton Massachusetts. Her research interests include bioremediation air sparging soil venting and analytical modeling of subsurface contamination. Moyer is a registered Professional Engineer with an M.S. in environmental engineering and a Ph.D. in civil engineering from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst and a member of the National Ground Water Association and the American Society of Civil Engineers. David W. Ostendorf (Civil Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003) is an associate professor in the environmental engineering program of the Civil Engineering Department of the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. His research interests include unconfined aquifer contamination hazardous waste site remediation and analytical modeling of problems in environmental fluid mechanics. Ostendorf is a registered Professional Engineer and a member of the American Geophysical Union American Society of Civil Engineers Soil Science Society of America Water Pollution Control Federation and Association of Environmental Engineering Professors as well as the National Ground Water Association. Don H. Kampbell (Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory Ada OK 74820) is a research chemist at the U.S. EPA Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory in Ada Oklahoma. His research interests include gas chromatog- raphy GC/mass spectrometry industrial waste processes soil bioreactor systems aquifer biorestoration and soil gas measurements. Kampbell is a certified Professional Soil Scientist and a registered Professional Engineer as well as a member of the Soil Science Society of America and the American Chemical Society. Yuefeng Xie (Civil Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003) is a postdoctoral research associate in the environmental engineering program of the Civil Engineering Depart

Soil gas samples from intact soil cores were collected on adsorbents at a field site, then thermally desorbed and analyzed by laboratory gas chromatography (GC). Vertical concentration profiles of predominant vapor phase petroleum hydrocarbons under ambient conditions were obtained for the zone directly above the capillary fringe. Water and residual phase weathered aviation gasoline were present in this region of the profile. The sampling, trapping, and GC methodology was effective in most respects. Reproducibility, trapping, and desorption efficiency were generally satisfactory, and different sorbent tubes gave similar results. A minor shortcoming of the method occurred with the most volatile compound, 2,3-dimethylbutane, which was poorly retained during several weeks of storage time and was also poorly desorbed. Vapor phase concentrations of predominant hydrocarbon compounds all increased with depth at one sampling location. At a more highly contaminated location, concentrations of highly volatile compounds increased with depth while concentrations of less volatile compounds remained constant or decreased, possibly indicating distillation effects. Scatter in the data was attributed to heterogeneities in water and residual phase distribution.

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ENHANCED DEGRADATION OF DISSOLVED BENZENE AND TOLUENE USING A SOLID OXYGEN-RELEASING COMPOUND

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GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1994年第1期14卷 120-128页

作者： BIANCHIMOSQUERA, GC ALLENKING, RM MACKAY, DM Gino Bianchi-Mosquera is principal geochemist at Stollar Bianchi (140 Ravenna Dr. Long Beach CA 90803). He received a B.A. degree in geochemistry from Occidental College in Los Angeles California an M.S. degree in geochemistry from The Pennsylvania State University and a D. Env. degree from the University of California Los Angeles in 1982 1986 and 1993 respectively. His research interests include the transport and fate of organic compounds in the subsurface and the design and evaluation of new aquifer cleanup techniques. Douglas Mackay is adjunct professor in the Centre for Groundwater Research at the University of Waterloo (Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1) Canada and a visiting scientist at the UCLA Department of Civil Engineering. From 1986 to mid- 1990 he was a faculty member in the environmental science and engineering program of the UCLA School of Public Health. His research focuses on field studies of transport and fate of organic chemicals in ground water and ground water decontamination technologies. Mackay received a B.S. in engineering and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in civil engineering from Stanford University in 1970 1973 and 1981 respectively.

A field test to evaluate the applicability of an oxygen-releasing compound (ORC) to the remediation of ground water contaminated with benzene and toluene was conducted in the Borden Aquifer in Ontario, Canada. Benzene and toluene were injected as organic substrates to represent BTEX compounds, bromide was used as a tracer, and nitrate was added to avoid nitrate-limited conditions. The fate of the solutes was monitored along four lines of monitoring points and wells. Two lines studied the behavior of the solutes upgradient and downgradient of two large-diameter well screens filled with briquets containing ORC and briquets without ORC. One line was used to study the solute behavior upgradient and downgradient of columns of ORC powder placed directly in the saturated zone. The remaining line was a control. The results indicate that ORC in both briquet and powder form can release significant amounts of oxygen to contaminated ground water passing by it. In the formulation used in this work, oxygen release persisted for at least 10 weeks. Furthermore, the study indicates that the enhancement of the available dissolved oxygen content of at least 4 mg/L each of the ground water by ORC can support biodegradation of benzene and toluene dissolved in ground water. Such concentrations are typical of those encountered at sites contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons;therefore, these results suggest that there is promise for ORC to enhance in situ biodegradation of BTEX contaminants at such sites using passive (nonpumping) systems to contact the contaminated ground water with the oxygen source.

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ISOLATION OF REMAINING POPULATIONS OF THE NATIVE FROG, RANA-MUSCOSA, BY INTRODUCED FISHES IN SEQUOIA AND KINGS CANYON NATIONAL-PARKS, CALIFORNIA

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CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 1993年第4期7卷 882-888页

作者： BRADFORD, DF TABATABAI, F GRABER, DM Environmental Science and Engineering Program School of Public Health University of California Los Angeles CA 90024 U.S.A. National Park Service Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks Three Rivers CA 93271 U.S.A.

Rana muscosa (mountain yellow-legged frog) was eliminated by introduced fishes early in this century in many of the lakes and streams in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, California. In waters not inhabited by fish, however, R. muscosa has disappeared from many sites within the parks during the past 30 years, and it appears to have gone extinct in some drainage systems. Fragmentation of populations may have caused or contributed to these recent extinctions, because R. muscosa populations are significantly more isolated from one another by fish at present than in prestocking conditions. A total of 312 lake-sites in 95 drainage basins were surveyed for amphibians and fish in 1989-1990. For the 109 sites containing R- muscosa, we delineated networks of sites connected to one another via fishless streams, and we compared these present fishless networks (''present networks'') to those expected for the same sites assuming that fish bad not been introduced to the parks (''former networks''). Most present networks consist of only one site (mean = 1. 4), whereas the former networks, average 5.2 sites. This difference represents approximately a 10-fold difference in connectivity of populations, which is defined is the mean number of potential dispersal links (fishless streams) per network. Connectivity averages only 0.43 in present networks, in contrast to 4.15 in former ones.

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HYDROCARBON VAPOR DIFFUSION IN INTACT CORE SLEEVES

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GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1993年第1期13卷 139-150页

作者： OSTENDORF, DW MOYER, EE XIE, YF RAJAN, RV David W. Ostendorf (Civil Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003) is an associate professor in the Environmental Engineering Program of the Civil Engineering Department of the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. His research interests include unconfined aquifer contamination hazardous waste site remediation and analytical modeling of problems in environmental fluid mechanics. Ostendorf is a Registered Professional Engineer in Massachusetts and a member of the American Geophysical Union American Society of Civil Engineers Soil Science Society of America Water Pollution Control Federation and Association of Environmental Engineering Professors as well as the National Ground Water Association. Ellen E. Moyer (Civil Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003) is a doctoral candidate in the Environmental Engineering Program of the Civil Engineering Department of the University of Massachusetts at Amherst with an M.S. degree in environmental engineering from that institution. Her research interests include subsurface investigation soil venting bioremediation and analytical modeling of subsurface contamination. She has six years of professional experience managing hazardous waste site investigation and cleanup projects and is a member of the National Ground Water Association and the American Society of Civil Engineers. Yuefeng Xie (Civil Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003) is a postdoctoral research associate in the Environmental Engineering Program of the Civil Engineering Department of the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. His research interests include environmental analyses drinking water treatment and the chemical characterization and removal of disinfection by-products. A graduate with a Ph.D. and an M.S. in environmental engineering and a B.S. in chemistry and chemical engineeering from Tsinghua University Beijing China Xie is a member of the American Water Works Association and the Water Poll

The diffusion of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (TMP) and 2,2,5-trimethylhexane (TMH) vapors out of residually contaminated sandy soil from the U.S. environmental Protection Agency (EPA) field research site at Traverse City, Michigan, was measured and modeled. The headspace of an intact core sleeve sample was swept with nitrogen gas to simulate the diffusive release of hydrocarbon vapors from residual aviation gasoline in and immediately above the capillary fringe to a soil-venting air flow in the unsaturated zone. The resulting steady-state profile was modeled using existing diffusivity and air porosity estimates in a balance of diffusive flux and a first order source term. The source strength, which was calibrated with the observed flux of 2,2,4-TMP leaving the sleeve, varied with the residual gasoline remaining in the core, but was independent of the headspace sweep flow rate. This finding suggested that lower soil-venting air flow rates were in principle as effective as higher air flow rates in venting LNAPL vapors from contaminated soils. The saturated vapor concentration ratio of 2,2,4-TMP to 2,2,5-TMH decreased from 6.6 to 3.5 over the duration of the experiments in an expression of distillation effects. The vertical profile model was tested against sample port data in four separate experiments for both species, yielding mean errors ranging from 0 to -24 percent in magnitude.

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AN OVERVIEW OF IN-SITU AIR SPARGING

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GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1993年第4期13卷 127-135页

作者： JOHNSON, RL JOHNSON, PC MCWHORTER, DB HINCHEE, RE GOODMAN, I Dr. Richard L. Johnson is an associate professor in the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering at the Oregon Graduate Institute (P.O. Box 91000 Portland OR 97291). He is also the director of the OGI Center for Groundwater Research and the OGI Large Experimental Aquifer Program. Dr. Paul C. Johnson is a senior research engineer at Shell Development Co. (Westhollow Research Center P.O. Box 1380 Houston TX 77251). Dr. David B. McWhorter is a professor in the Department of Agricultural and Chemical Engineering at Colorado State University (Engineering Research Center Foothills Campus Fort Collins CO 80523). Dr. Robert Hinchee is a research leader in the Environmental Technology Department at Battelle Memorial Institute (505 King Ave. Columbus OH 43201). Iris Goodman is an environmental scientist with the Advanced Monitoring Systems Division at the U.S. EPA Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory (P.O. Box 93478 Las Vegas NV 89192).

In situ air sparging (IAS) is becoming a widely used technology for remediating sites contaminated by volatile organic materials such as petroleum hydrocarbons. Published data indicate that the injection of air into subsurface water saturated areas coupled with soil vapor extraction (SVE) can increase removal rates in comparison to SVE alone for cases where hydrocarbons are distributed within the water saturated zone. However, the technology is still in its infancy and has not been subject to adequate research, nor have adequate monitoring methods been employed or even developed. Consequently, most IAS applications are, designed, operated, and monitored based upon the experience of the individual practitioner. The use of in situ air sparging poses risks not generally associated with most practiced remedial technologies: air injection can enhance the undesirable off-site migration of vapors and ground water contamination plumes. Migration of previously immobile liquid hydrocarbons con also be induced. Thus, them is an added incentive to fully understand this technology prior to application. This overview of the current state of the practice of air sparging is a review of available published literature, consultation with practitioners, a range of unpublished data reports, as well as theoretical considerations. Potential strengths and weaknesses of the technology are discussed and recommendations for future investigations given.

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EPAS APPROACH TO VADOSE ZONE MONITORING AT RCRA FACILITIES

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GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1993年第1期13卷 151-158页

作者： DURANT, ND MYERS, VB ECCLES, LA Washington D.C. 20460) has worked as an environmental scientist in the RCRA corrective action program at EPA since 1989. After graduating from Colgate University in 1987 Durant worked for GeoTrans Inc. conducting hydrogeologic investigations at numerous waste disposal sites throughout the northeastern United States. At present Durant is pursuing an M.S. degree in environmental science from The Johns Hopkins University. His research is focused on enhancing in situ biodegradation of aromatic organic compounds in the subsurface. Washington D. C. 20460) graduated from The Johns Hopkins University in 1972 with a B.A. degree in natural sciences. Myers received a Ph.D. in oceanography from Florida State University in 1977. During 1978 he held a post doctoral fellowship at University of Florida in the Department of Environmental Engineering and Science. From 1979 to 1983 Myers was employed by the Florida Department of Environmental Regulation where he worked on environmental restoration projects. Since 1984 Myers has worked at EPA managing RCRA ground water monitoring and corrective action programs. Lawrence A. Eccles (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory P.O. Box 93478 Las Vegas NV 89193–3478) is a hydrologist with the EPA Environmental Monitoring Systems Research Laboratory in Las Vegas Nevada. Eccles is responsible for the development of vadose zone and in situ monitoring techniques and guidelines. After graduating from Monmouth College with a B.S. degree in chemistry Eccles performed graduate work in chemical engineering at New Mexico State University. He received formal training in hydrology in 1969 from the U.S. Geological Survey in Denver and worked with that agency before joining EPA at Las Vegas in 1984. One of his co-authored articles was chosen for the Best Paper Award by the journal Ground Water in 1975 and another was the subject of a cover story for Water Well Journal in 1977.

The U.S. environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recently proposed to amend federal regulations to require vadose zone monitoring at certain hazardous waste facilities. To support this proposal, EPA evaluated previous policy on vadose zone monitoring and examined advances in vadose zone monitoring technology. Changes in EPA vadose zone monitoring policy were driven by demonstrated advances in the available monitoring technology and improvements in understanding of vadose zone processes. When used under the appropriate conditions, currently available direct and indirect monitoring methods can effectively detect contamination that may leak from hazardous waste facilities into the vadose zone. Direct techniques examined include soil-core monitoring and soil-pore liquid monitoring. Indirect techniques examined include soil-gas monitoring, neutron moderation, complex resistivity, ground-penetrating radar, and electrical resistivity. Properly designed vadose zone monitoring networks can act as a complement to saturated zone monitoring networks at numerous hazardous waste facilities. At certain facilities, particularly those in arid climates where the saturated zone is relatively deep, effective vadose zone monitoring may allow a reduction in the scope of saturated zone monitoring programs.

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CONTRIBUTION OF BENTHIC BLUE-GREEN-ALGAL RECRUITMENT TO LAKE POPULATIONS AND PHOSPHORUS TRANSLOCATION

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FRESHWATER BIOLOGY 1992年第2期27卷 249-260页

作者： BARBIERO, RP WELCH, EB Environmental Engineering & Science Program Department of Civil Engineering University of Washington Seattle WA U.S.A.

1. A two-season investigation was undertaken to determine the contribution of benthic recruitment to the population development of several species of blue-green algae. 2. Gloeotrichia echinulata populations were shown to be heavily subsidized by benthic recruitment, deriving on average 40% of their planktonic colonies from the benthos. 3. Benthic recruitment of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae;Anabaena flos-aquae and a second Anabaena species contributed less than 2% to planktonic increases, while Microcystis aeruginosa recruitment was negligible. 4. Phosphorus translocation via migrating G. echinulata accounted for most of the phosphorus (P) in the planktonic colonies, and constituted a significant portion of the internal loading of the lake. 5. Estimated P translocation via Aph. flos-aquae was relatively minor, although there was evidence of luxury uptake in the benthos.

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COMPARISON OF STAINLESS-STEEL VS PTFE MINIWELLS FOR MONITORING HALOGENATED ORGANIC SOLUTE TRANSPORT

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GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1992年第4期12卷 126-131页

作者： BIANCHIMOSQUERA, GC MACKAY, DM Gino Bianchi-Mosquera (51 Claremont Ave. Long Beach CA 90803) is a project geochemist with Watkins-Johnson Environmental Inc. He received a B.A. degree in geochemistry from Occidental College Los Angeles California an M.S. degree in geochemistry from The Pennsylvania State University and a D.Env. degree from the University of California Los Angeles in 1982 1986 and 1992 respectively. His research interests include the transport and fate of organic compounds in the subsurface and in the evaluation of new aquifer cleanup techniques. Douglas Mackay is adjunct professor in the Centre for Groundwater Research at the University of Waterloo (Waterloo Ontario N2L3G1) Canada and a visiting scientist at the UCLA Department of Civil Engineering. From 1986 to mid-1990 he was a faculty member in the Environmental Science and Engineering Program of the UCLA School of Public Health. His research focuses on field studies of transport and fate of organic chemicals in ground water and ground water decontamination technologies. Dr. Mackay received a B.S. in engineering and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in civil engineering from Stanford University in 1970 1973 and 1981 respectively.

Field tests of organic solute transport behavior have often been monitored using small-diameter wells (miniwells). To determine if experimental results could be significantly biased by sorption to, desorption from, or diffusion through sampling lines, dissolved concentrations of tetrachloroethene and carbon tetrachloride were measured in ground water samples collected simultaneously from the same spatial location during a forced-gradient test in the Borden aquifer using polytetrafluoroethene (PTFE) and stainless steel miniwells (1/8-inch O.D.). A semiautomated organic analytical system was used on-site to obtain real-time results, which avoided sample holding problems and permitted optimizing sampling times. The breakthrough curves (plots of concentration vs. time) for both organic compounds indicate that under the conditions of this experiment (low organic solute concentrations, short exposure time of sampling lines to the plume. adequate flushing of sampling lines) there is no significant difference between concentration histories (breakthrough curves) collected using a polytetrafluoroethene sampling line and those collected using a stainless steel sampling line. This suggests that organic solute tailing seen in this and also in a similar transport experiment previously conducted at the site is the result of transport processes in the aquifer rather than an artifact introduced by the PTFE miniwells.

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MINIMIZING CONTAMINATION HAZARDS TO WATERBIRDS USING AGRICULTURAL DRAINAGE EVAPORATION PONDS

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environmental MANAGEMENT 1991年第6期15卷 785-795页

作者： BRADFORD, DF SMITH, LA DREZNER, DS SHOEMAKER, JD 1. Environmental Science and Engineering Program School of Public Health University of California 90024 Los Angeles California USA

In much of the San Joaquin Valley, California, USA. inadequate drainage of applied irrigation water and accumulating salts in the soil have necessitated the installation of subsurface tile drainage systems to preserve crop productivity. At present, these subsurface drainage waters are disposed of by means of evaporation ponds or discharges into the San Joaquin River. Unfortunately, most of these agricultural drainage waters contain high concentrations of salts and naturally occurring trace elements, such as selenium, and recent evidence indicates that substantial numbers of waterbirds are exposed to contamination by selenium in the evaporation ponds. In order to avoid, minimize, or mitigate the adverse impacts on wildlife using the ponds, alternative pond management methods must be identified and evaluated for implementation. A number of methods have the potential to be cost-effective in significantly reducing the contamination hazard to birds using agricultural evaporation ponds. Twenty general methods were evaluated in this study, and four methods are recommended for implementation: remove levee vegetation. remove windbreaks, deepen the ponds, and haze birds. A number of other methods are recommended for further consideration because they appear to have good prospects for reducing the contamination hazard: steepen interior levee slopes, apply herbicides and insecticides, place netting on pond shorelines, and provide freshwater habitat adjacent to evaporation ponds. It may be necessary to use a combination of methods to effectively control selenium contamination of aquatic birds because it is unlikely that a single affordable pond management method will be able to entirely eliminate the contamination hazard.

关键词： AGRICULTURAL PONDS BIRDS EVAPORATION PONDS SELENIUM SELENIUM CONTAMINATION SHOREBIRDS SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE WATERFOWL

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FIELD SAMPLING OF RESIDUAL AVIATION GASOLINE IN SANDY SOIL

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GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1991年第2期11卷 107-120页

作者： OSTENDORF, DW LEACH, LE HINLEIN, ES XIE, YF 1 David W. Ostendorf is an associate professor in the Environmental Engineering Program of the Civil Engineering Department at the University of Massachusetts (Civil Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003). His research interests include unconfined aquifer contamination hazardous waste site remediation and analytical modeling of problems in environmental fluid mechanics. Dr. Ostendorf is a registered professional engineer in Massachusetts and a member of the American Geophysical Union American Society of Civil Engineers Soil Science Society of America Water Pollution Control Federation and Association of Environmental Engineering Professors as well as the National Water Well Association.2 Lowell E. Leach is an environmental engineer with the Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (RS Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory U.S. EPA P.O. Box 1198 Ada OK74820). Leach received his B.S. ingeological engineering at the University of Oklahoma in 1959 and has been a registered professional engineer in Oklahoma since 1966. With 29 years of experience in field applications of geological engineering he is responsible for developing methodology for sampling ground water and subsurface materials for the Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory.3 Erich S. Hinlein is a research assistant in the Environmental Engineering Program of the Civil Engineering Department at the University of Massachusetts (Civil Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003). His research interests include ground water pollution hazardous waste site investigation and transport processes in unconfined aquifers. Hinlein graduated with a B.S. in electrical and computer engineering from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst in May 1985 and entered the Environmental Engineering Master's Degree Program in January 1989.4 Yuefeng Xie is a postdoctoral research associate in the Environmental Engineering Program of the Civil E

Two complementary field sampling methods for the determination of residual aviation gasoline content in the contaminated capillary fringe of a fine, uniform, sandy soil were investigated. The first method featured field extrusion of core barrels into pint-size Mason jars, while the second consisted of laboratory partitioning of intact stainless steel core sleeves. The barrel extrusion procedure involved jar headspace sampling in a nitrogen-filled glove box, which delineated the 0.7m thick residually contaminated interval for subsequent core sleeve withdrawal from adjacent boreholes. Soil samples removed from the Mason jars (in the field) and sleeve segments (in the laboratory) were subjected to methylene chloride extraction and gas chromatographic analysis to compare their aviation gasoline content. The barrel extrusion sampling method yielded a vertical profile with 0.10m resolution over an essentially continuous 5.0m interval from the ground surface to the water table. The sleeve segment alternative yielded a more resolved 0.03m vertical profile over a shorter 0.8m interval through the capillary fringe. The two methods delivered precise estimates of the vertically integrated mass of aviation gasoline at a given horizontal location, and a consistent view of the vertical profile as well. In the latter regard, a 0.2m thick lens of maximum contamination was found in the center of the capillary fringe, where moisture filled all voids smaller than the mean pore size. The maximum peak was resolved by the core sleeve data, but was partially obscured by the barrel extrusion observations, so that replicate barrels or a half-pint Mason jar size should be considered for data supporting vertical transport analyses in the absence of sleeve partitions.

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