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SSRN 2022年

作者： Nanlohy, Hendry Y. Adiwidodo, Satworo Yamaguchi, Masaki Subagyo, Rachmat Suryanto, Heru Wardana, I.N.G. Ueda, Toishihisa Department of Mechanical Engineering Jayapura University of Science and Technology 99351 Indonesia Department of Mechanical Engineering State Polytechnic of Malang 65141 Indonesia School of Science for Open and Environmental Systems Keio University Join Program Center Teikyo University Tokyo 108-8345 Japan Department of Mechanical Engineering Lambung Mangkurat University 70123 Indonesia Department of Mechanical Engineering State University of Malang 65145 Indonesia Department of Mechanical Engineering Brawijaya University 65145 Indonesia

This paper experimentally investigates the effect of ignition timing on a spark-ignition engine using 50% isooctane and bioethanol as fuel. In addition, the atomic, bond, and bond angle properties of both fuel molecules were investigated. The engine tests were conducted on three different ignition timings at 9°, 12°, and 15° before the top dead center (BTDC) with the wide-open throttle at 3500 rpm to 7500 rpm. The result shows that ethanol has 8 non-rotatable and 1 rotatable atomic bond, while the isooctane bond has 23 non-rotatable bonds and 2 rotatable bonds. In addition, ethanol has a partial charge of δ+ 0.209 and δ- 0.395, which is larger than isooctane (i.e., δ+ 0.030, and δ- 0.063);on the other hand, isooctane has a bond angle of 121.1745° that is greater than ethanol, which is 110.0476°. The result shows that the unique molecular properties of ethanol and isooctane can increase the reactivity of the fuel molecules, thereby increasing the performance of the spark-ignition engine. The results also show that the modification to ignition timing gives the maximum effect occurring at 12° for BE50. Moreover, the BE50 produces environmentally friendly exhaust emissions, thus proving that BE50 has the potential to be used in spark-ignition engines. © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Paraffins

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Reed pyrolysis system using multi-stage quench scheme for furfural and chemical production: Process analysis and life cycle assessment

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Fuel 2025年 400卷

作者： Xu, Juntian Pan, Hongmin Zhou, Shaomin Haijin, Lan Zhan, Lulu Wang, Saige Li, Rui Wu, Yulong MOE Engineering Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy Beijing Forestry University Beijing100083 China Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry Beijing Forestry University Beijing100083 China Ulansuhai Nur Ecological Protection Center Inner Mongolia 015000 China Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology Tsinghua University Beijing100084 China Beijing Engineering Research Center for Biofuels Beijing100084 China School of Energy and Environmental Engineering University of Science & Technology Beijing Beijing100083 China Program International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Laxenburg2361 Australia

This study presents an efficient utilization strategy for reed pyrolysis products, focusing on furfural as the primary product, along with acetic acid, wood vinegar, and phenol-rich oil. Based on this, the Energy-Integration Resource Utilization (EIRU) process, which incorporates a multi-stage quenching method, is developed. This process effectively removes most water from the main organic compounds during condensation by harnessing the internal heat of the high-temperature pyrolysis product stream from the reactor. Compared to conventional pyrolysis process, the EIRU can reduce energy consumption by 50 %. Life cycle assessment reveals that the EIRU process significantly reduces key environmental impact factors, including 90.15 kg CO2 eq. reduction in Global Warming Potential (GWP), 22.95 kg 1,4-DB eq. reduction in Human Toxicity Potential (HTP), and 1.86 kg Sb eq. reduction in Abiotic Depletion Potential (ADP). Additionally, the EIRU process yields a profit of 151.69 USD/ton, which is 14.81 USD/ton higher than the conventional process. This study highlights the superior environmental and economic performance of the EIRU process, positioning it as a more sustainable and profitable solution for reed pyrolysis. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd

关键词： Furfural

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By-products of Baru and Monguba: A review of their potential

Food and Humanity

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Food and Humanity 2025年 4卷

作者： Miranda, Bruna Melo Tovar, Beatriz Carolina Alvez Otero, Deborah Murowaniecki da Silva, Flávio Alves Scalize, Paulo Sergio de Oliveira, Tatianne Ferreira Department of Food Science Nutrition School Federal University of Bahia Canela Campus Bahia Salvador Brazil Department of Food Engineering Agronomy School Federal University of Goiás Goiás Goiânia Brazil Institute of Experimental Biology Faculty of Sciences Central University of Venezuela Caracas Venezuela Graduate Program in Food Science Faculty of Pharmacy Federal University of Bahia Campus Ondina Bahia Salvador Brazil Graduate Program in Food Nutrition and Health Nutrition School Federal University of Bahia Campus Canela Bahia Salvador Brazil School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Federal University of Goiás Goiás Goiânia Brazil

During food processing, large amounts of waste are generated, which compromise the environment and society. The valorization of agri-food by-products has been investigated as a solution to obtain clean energy and value-added materials, improving food security and production profitability. This research focuses on the by-products of baru (Dipteryx alata Vog.) and monguba (Pachira aquatica Aubl.), discussing their applications and biotechnological perspectives. A critical review of the parameters related to the valorization of these by-products was conducted, using publications from 2013 to 2023, prioritizing studies that presented new knowledge. An increase in publications on the topic was observed starting in 2020, with Brazil leading, followed by India, Portugal, and Singapore. Although still underexplored, eight areas of knowledge were identified, with emphasis on food science and chemistry. Monguba lacks technological exploitation and economic value, while baru, despite being more documented, remains underutilized. Both fruits have fractions (epicarp, mesocarp, and endocarp) that are often considered waste but are of scientific interest. The mesocarp of baru is rich in proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and phenolic compounds with high antioxidant capacity. The by-products of baru and monguba can be used in the extraction of nutraceutical compounds, in the transformation into biomaterials for water impurity removal, in renewable energy production, in food enrichment, and as ingredients in animal feed, improving the quality of eggs and meat. The use of these by-products offers economic and environmental advantages, reducing contamination caused by the improper disposal of agro-industrial waste. It is essential to promote their commercial exploitation and potential applications. © 2024 Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Bioactive compounds Biomaterials By-products application Functional foods Residues recovery Sustainable agriculture

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Comparison of ZnO Doped Different Phases TiO2 Nanoparticles in Terms of Toxicity Using Zebrafish (Danio Rerio)

SSRN

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SSRN 2022年

作者： Sezer, Selda Yücel, Ayşegül Turan, Duygu Özhan Emre, Fatma Bilge Sarikaya, Musa Malatya Turgut Ozal University Akcadag Vocational School Laboratory and Veterinary Health Program Akcadag Malatya Turkey Iskenderun Technical University Iskenderun Vocational School Environmental Protection and Control Program Hatay Iskenderun Turkey Inonu University Faculty of Engineering Department of Mining Engineering Malatya Turkey Inonu University Faculty of Arts and Science Department of Biology Malatya Turkey Inonu University Faculty of Education Department of Science Teaching Malatya Turkey

Titanium dioxide is used in many commercial and industrial areas such as paint, paper, cosmetics, textiles, and surface coating. The reasons for its use in such a wide area are its anti-corrosion and high stability. Although TiO2 is considered to be a low toxicity material, research has been further expanded following the recognition of the possible carcinogenic effects of TiO2 in humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). The aim of this study is to compare the toxicity of TiO2 used in many fields in different phases. In the study anatase TiO2 synthesized by hydrothermal method and dual phase TiO2 (anatase and rutile phase) structures obtained by thermal conditioning were used and compared with commercially available TiO2. ZnO which has similar uses like TiO2 was also used and compared with 1% doped TiO2 in different phases in terms of toxicity. Zebrafish (Danio rerio, D. rerio), a freshwater fish, which is widely used in toxicity assessments was preferred in this study due to its small size, fast reproduction rate, low cost, physiological and molecular similarity with humans, and genetic predisposition. Experimental investigations showed that the highest death occurred in the low concentrations of (10 ppm) ZnO doped rutile phase. 39% of the embryos died in the ZnO nanoparticle solutions prepared at low concentrations. The highest mortality at medium (100 ppm) and high (1000 ppm) concentrations were observed in the ZnO-doped rutile phase after 96 hours. Similarly, the highest malformation was detected in the ZnO-doped rutile phase during the same period. © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Titanium dioxide

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The Relation between Outdoor Thermal Conditions and Young Adults’ Actions During Moderate Seasons in Arid Climate: Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis

SSRN

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SSRN 2024年

作者： Sobhy, Hadeer Emad Mahmoud, Hatem Sailor, David Galal, Omar Mohamed Department of Architectural Engineering and Environmental Design College of Engineering Arab Academy for Science Technology and Maritime Transport Smart Village Campus6th October City Giza Egypt Sustainable Architecture Program Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology E-JUST New Borg El-Arab City Alexandria21934 Egypt School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning College of Liberal Arts and Sciences Arizona State University TempeAZ875302 United States Department of Architecture Faculty of Engineering Aswan University Aswan81542 Egypt Urban Climate Research Center Arizona State University TempeAZ875302 United States

Limited studies have explored how variations in climatic conditions affect the usability of outdoor spaces and the behavior of users within them. This study examines the relationship between microclimatic parameters and physiological equivalent temperature (PET), as well as the number of users of outdoor spaces in a university campus. Observations were made during daylight hours for six days in the spring and four days in the fall. Surveys in addition to semi-structured interviews were conducted with the students and analyzed to formulate an in-depth understanding of how variations in the microclimatic conditions affected their choices. Results of the correlational analysis show that amongst all measured climatic parameters only MRT and PET had a significant relationship with the number of students using the outdoor spaces. The semi-structured interviews showed that other subjective factors such as aesthetics and openness also have an impact on participants’ relationships with outdoor spaces. Additionally, the correspondence between heat sensation and PET values significantly differs from initial benchmarking and from similar studies conducted by other researchers. These differences may be attributed to variations in socio-economic levels between the target group of this study and previous ones. © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Thermal comfort

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Evaluating the Efficacy of ZnO and MgO Nanoparticles on Post-harvested Rice to Enhance Food Security Against Agroterrorism

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Rice science 2025年

作者： Daisy Wilson Valeria Gonzalez Hamidreza Sharifan Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Texas at El Paso Texas 79968 USA Environmental Science and Engineering Program University of Texas at El Paso Texas 79968 USA Forensic Science Program University of Texas at El Paso Texas 79968 USA

Assessing the resilience of rice varieties against bioterrorism agents is critical to safeguarding food security. This study evaluates the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved and recognized as safe metallic oxide nanoparticles (NPs) of zinc oxide (ZnO) and magnesium oxide (MgO) as protective strategies for susceptibility in imported rice varieties to a biothreat model, Escherichia coli ( E . coli ). Two types of rice (brown and white) and four origins (USA, Mexico, India, and Thailand) were treated with 60 mg/L NPs and their ionic form ( n = 3) and sterilized before inoculation. The treatments were tested for nutritional profiles, heavy metal content, and pathogen susceptibility. Rice organic compositions were characterized by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and metals were quantified using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy. The pathogenic response was monitored using Ultraviolet mass spectrophotometry. The findings revealed that nutrient-rich varieties like Mexican brown rice display reduced susceptibility to E. coli compared with Indian white rice, which showed the highest susceptibility. NP fortification demonstrated significant antimicrobial efficacy, particularly with ZnO and MgO NPs, which were more effective than their ionic counterparts in inhibiting bacterial growth. Results showed that ZnO and MgO nanoparticle treatments reduced E. coli growth by 72% and 68%, respectively, compared to untreated controls. Mexico brown rice treated with MgO NPs exhibited the lowest OD600 (0.01), indicating significantly enhanced resistance to bacterial *** research underscores the potential of nano-fortification not only to improve pathogen resilience in rice but also to maintain its nutritional integrity. This study provides a foundational framework for enhancing food safety against bioterrorism agents and supports the development of resilient agricultural practices.

关键词： rice ZnO MgO post-harvest food safety

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The influence of preparation and pretreatment on the physicochemical properties and performance of plant-based biocoagulants in treating wastewater

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environmental Advances 2023年 14卷

作者： Kurniawan, Setyo Budi Ahmad, Azmi Said, Nor Sakinah Mohd Gustinasari, Kiki Abdullah, Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Imron, Muhammad Fauzul Laboratory of Algal Biotechnology Centre Algatech Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Opatovický mlýn Novohradská 237 Třeboň 379 81 Czech Republic Department of Petrochemical Engineering Politeknik Tun Syed Nasir Syed Ismail Johor Pagoh 84600 Malaysia Department of Chemical and Process Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) Selangor Bangi 43600 Malaysia Study Program of Environmental Engineering Department of Biosystem Engineering Faculty of Agricultural Engineering Universitas Brawijaya Malang 65145 Indonesia Study Program of Environmental Engineering Department of Biology Faculty of Science and Technology Universitas Airlangga Kampus C UNAIR Jalan Mulyorejo Surabaya 60115 Indonesia Department of Water Management Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences Delft University of Technology Stevinweg 1 CN Delft 2628 Netherlands

Biocoagulants have gained attention as an alternative to chemical coagulants in water and wastewater treatment due to their ability to remove pollutant parameters such as turbidity, suspended solids, color, and organic compounds. Plant-based biocoagulants are currently the most promising due to their abundant availability and reliable performance. A proper preparation of plant-based biocoagulants is required to ensure the active compounds from the plants can be extracted. Plant raw materials are prepared into biocoagulants using drying and grinding, extraction, and purification. In mechanical preparation, drying and grinding exhibit great influence on the performance of plant-based biocoagulants due to the removal of moisture and higher contact with the carrier medium during dissolution. A smaller biocoagulant's size resulted in up to 78 % higher removal of turbidity. In chemical preparation, the oil needs to be removed before extracting the active ingredients to avoid low active compound extraction yields. The defatting of Moringa oleifera seeds showed an 18 % higher protein content. Salt and alcohol extractions were mentioned as superior extraction methods to obtain carbohydrate and protein from plant-based biocoagulants compared to water extraction, with up to a 5 % increment in turbidity removal. Preparation and pretreatment protocols have a great influence on the properties and performance of plant-based biocoagulants. Further extension of research on plant-based biocoagulants should address the problems in the initial characterization of plant material, standard pretreatment and preparation protocols, and real-scale application of plant-based biocoagulants. © 2023 The Author(s)

关键词： Biocoagulant Coagulant environmental pollution Extraction Properties Synthesis

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Divergent effect of landscape patterns on stream water chemistry and seasonal variations across mountainous watersheds in a Northwest Pacific island

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Ecological Indicators 2024年 158卷

作者： Chang, Chung-Te Lee, Li-Chin Song, Cheng-En Chiang, Jyh-Min Liao, Chien-Sen Liou, Ying-San Wang, Su-Fen Huang, Jr-Chuan – Ph.D. Program on Biodiversity Tunghai University Taichung407224 Taiwan Department of Life Science Tunghai University Taichung40799 Taiwan Department of Geography National Taiwan University Taipei10617 Taiwan Department of Geography National Changhua University of Education Changhua50074 Taiwan Department of Civil and Ecological Engineering I-Shou University Kaohsiung84001 Taiwan Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies National Dong-Hwa University Hualien97401 Taiwan

The impacts of landscape pattern on water quality of streams are intricate and influenced by spatiotemporal scales. Untangling the interactions between landscapes and water, and identifying the pivotal indicators that drive spatial and temporal changes in nutrient dynamics, are essential steps towards facilitating sustainable water resource management. This study explored the relationship between landscape patterns and annual and seasonal (wet and dry seasons) exports of major cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+) and anions (Cl-, SO42-, NO3-N, and PO4-P) in 43 watersheds across subtropical mountainous regions of Taiwan during the 2015–2016 period. Multiple stepwise regression models were constructed to elucidate the crucial landscape variables influencing variations in stream ion exports across different time scales, and spatial extent, ranging from watershed to various riparian buffer widths (100, 200, 500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 m). The findings indicated that the buffer width of 200 m emerged as the optimal scale for illustrating the connections between landscape patterns and water chemistry, outperforming larger scales. Nevertheless, there were minor deviations in the optimal scale for Na+ and Cl- (ranging from 100 to 500 m). Landscape-level configuration metrics (PD [patch density], CONTAG [Contagion], and IJI [Interspersion and Juxtaposition]) played a significant role in explaining the majority of data variations in cations. This suggest that overall landscape fragmentation tends to enhance cations exports, regardless of land cover types. On the contrary, class-level configuration metrics (EDBUD [edge density of buildup], PDBAR [patch density of bareland], and IJIAGR [Interspersion and Juxtaposition of agriculture]) played a primary role in interpreting data variations of anions. This indicated that the configurations of specific land cover types, such as buildup, agriculture and bareland, are the primary factors influencing anion exports. Furthermore, the regress

关键词： Negative ions

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Improving debris flow evacuation alerts in Taiwan using machine learning

arXiv

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Tsai, Yi-Lin Irvin, Jeremy Chundi, Suhas Ng, Andrew Y. Field, Christopher B. Kitanidis, Peter K. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Stanford University StanfordCA United States Department of Computer Science Stanford University StanfordCA United States Woods Institute for the Environment Stanford University StanfordCA United States Interdisciplinary Environmental Studies Program Stanford University StanfordCA United States Department of Earth System Science Stanford University StanfordCA United States Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering Stanford University StanfordCA United States

Taiwan has the highest susceptibility to and fatalities from debris flows worldwide. The existing debris flow warning system in Taiwan, which uses a time-weighted measure of rainfall, leads to alerts when the measure exceeds a predefined threshold. However, this system generates many false alarms and misses a substantial fraction of the actual debris flows. Towards improving this system, we implemented five machine learning models that input historical rainfall data and predict whether a debris flow will occur within a selected time. We found that a random forest model performed the best among the five models and outperformed the existing system in Taiwan. Furthermore, we identified the rainfall trajectories strongly related to debris flow occurrences and explored trade-offs between the risks of missing debris flows versus frequent false alerts. These results suggest the potential for machine learning models trained on hourly rainfall data alone to save lives while reducing false alerts. Copyright © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Rain

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Role of hydrogen in decarbonizing China’s electricity and hard-to-abate sectors

arXiv

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Yang, Haozhe He, Gang Masanet, Eric Deshmukh, Ranjit Bren School of Environmental Science and Management University of California Santa Barbara Santa BarbaraCA93106 United States Andlinger Center for Energy and Environment Princeton University PrincetonNJ08540 United States Marxe School of Public and International Affairs Baruch College City University of New York New York10010 United States Department of Mechanical Engineering University of California Santa BarbaraCA93106 United States Environmental Studies Program University of California Santa Barbara Santa BarbaraCA93106 United States

Green hydrogen has the potential to address two pressing problems in a zero-carbon energy system: balancing seasonal variability of solar and wind in the electricity sector, and replacing fossil fuels in hard-to-abate sectors. However, the previous research only separately modeled the electricity and hard-to-abate sectors, which is unable to capture how the interaction between the two sectors influences the energy system cost. In this study, focusing on China, we deploy an electricity system planning model to examine the cost implications of green hydrogen to fully decarbonize the electricity system and hard-to-abate sectors. Our results reveal that green hydrogen enables a 17% reduction in the levelized cost of a zero-carbon electricity system relative to that without hydrogen—however, cost savings hinge on the availability of underground hydrogen storage capacities and electric transmission expansion. More importantly, coupling hydrogen infrastructure in the electricity and hard-to-abate sectors not only reduces energy costs compared to a decoupled energy system but also makes green hydrogen cost-competitive compared to fossil fuel-based gray and blue hydrogen in China. © 2024, CC BY.

关键词： Zero-carbon

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