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World environmental and Water Resources Congress 2011: Bearing Knowledge for Sustainability

作者： Shabnam, Rabiya Bezbaruah, Achintya Simsek, Senay Khan, Eakalak McEvoy, John Thompson, Jay Environmental and Conservation Science Program North Dakota State University Fargo ND 58102 United States Department of Civil Engineering North Dakota State University Fargo ND 58105 United States Department of Plant Sciences North Dakota State University Fargo ND 58105 United States Department of Veterinary and Microbial Sciences North Dakota State University Fargo ND 58105 United States Department of Civil Engineering Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 United States

ISBN: (纸本)9780784411735

Zero-valent iron nanoparticle (NZVI) is the most popular among the metal nanoparticles used in environmental remediation. The experiments discussed in this paper are conducted in 'micro-reactors' made of biopolymers (e.g., alginate). The calcium alginate capsules/microreactors are made and optimized for diameter, membrane thickness, and bursting force. Diffusion studies done using monosaccharide (Xylose) and pesticide (Alachlor) show good contaminant diffusion into the microreactors (∼3.4 mm dia). NZVI was encapsulated in the microreactors and treatability batch studies with specific contaminants (Alachlor) were conducted. © 2011 ASCE.

关键词： Biopolymers

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Reasons and options for integrating ecosystem services in strategic environmental assessment of spatial planning

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International Journal of Biodiversity science, Ecosystem Services and Management 2011年第3期7卷 143-149页

作者： Geneletti, Davide Sustainability Science Program Harvard University Cambridge MA 02138 79 JFK Street United States Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Trento 38123 Trento Via Mesiano 77 Italy

Despite the attention that research on ecosystem services has attracted in recent years, its use to support real-life decision-making processes is still very limited, especially at the planning level. Spatial planning results in actions that may affect the distribution and quality of a wide range of ecosystem services. Hence, spatial planning decisions would benefit from systematic considerations of their effects on ecosystem services. Strategic environmental Assessment (SEA) provides an excellent platform to this purpose. This paper aims at providing insights on why it is important to promote ecosystem service-inclusive SEA processes, and on how to do it, with particular emphasis on spatial planning. First, possible actions to include relevant information of ecosystem services throughout the SEA process are presented. Second, the advantages are discussed by considering both the characteristics of ecosystem services approaches and the criteria of good-quality SEA. Finally, four main challenges are identified, concerning scoping, scale issues, trade-offs, and indicators, respectively. Addressing these challenges is bound to produce more effective SEA processes and better planning decisions. © 2011 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

关键词： ecosystem services land use planning scale strategic environmental assessment trade-offs

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ELEMENTAL SULFUR-BASED ELECTRODEPOSITION OF INDIUM SULFIDE FILMS

ELEMENTAL SULFUR-BASED ELECTRODEPOSITION OF INDIUM SULFIDE F...

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IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference

作者： M. Jason Newell Robert Engelken J. Hall M. A. Mughal F. Felizco J. Vangilder S. Thapa D. McNew Z. Hill College of Engineering/Environmental Science Program and B.R. Carroll Department of Chemistry and Physics Arkansas State University

ISBN: (纸本)9781424499663

We report research on electrodeposition of indium sulfide films, with In_2S_3 a less hazardous alternative to CdS buffer layers in solar cells. Numerous organic and aqueous/organic electrolytes of InCl_3, NaCl, and elemental sulfur were investigated, including several glycols and amides. Temperatures ranged from 80-170℃, and deposition voltages from -0.6 to -1.2 V (Ag/AgCl with organic filling solution). Substrates included indium tin oxide-on-glass, molybdenum, and titanium, with indium or graphite anodes. Rapid stirring was used. Deposition was sluggish in all baths. Uniformity and adherence were only moderate, with irregular coverage and cracking-and-flaking sometimes evident. The best baths were ethylene glycol or 1, 2-propanediol-based, with golden-yellow films, nominally In_2S_(3-x)O_x, depositing typically heavier around the substrate edges. With low temperatures and/or large currents, brown films more rich in indium sometimes formed. Cyclic voltammetry elucidated onset potentials, secondary reactions, and photoactivity, with the greatest anodic photocurrents arising from In_2S_3's n-type conductivity occurring with mixed ethylene glycol/propionic acid/water baths. Scanning electron microscope photographs indicated a compact small grain microstructure for yellow films. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis and photoelectron spectroscopy data indicate up to 15% oxygen content.

关键词： Indium Photovoltaic cells Photonic band gap Substrates Buffer layers Solvents

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Enhanced interfacial adhesion, mechanical, and thermal properties of natural flour-filled biodegradable polymer bio-composites

Enhanced interfacial adhesion, mechanical, and thermal prope...

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作者： Kim, Hee-Soo Lee, Byoung-Ho Lee, Sena Kim, Hyun-Joong Dorgan, John R. Research and Development Institute Research 2 Team Woongjin Chemical Co. Ltd Suwon 443-270 Korea Republic of Laboratory of Adhesion and Bio-Composites Program in Environmental Materials Science Seoul National University Seoul 151-921 Korea Republic of Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences Seoul National University Seoul 151-921 Korea Republic of Colorado Center for Biorefining and Biofuels Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Colorado School of Mines Golden CO 80401-1887 United States

This study examined the interfacial adhesion, mechanical, and thermal properties of compatibilizing agent-treated and non-treated biocomposites as a function of the type of compatibilizing agent. The tensile strength, interfacial adhesion, and heat deflection temperature (HDT) of maleic anhydride-grafted poly(butylene succinate) (PBS-MA) and maleic anhydride-grafted poly(lactic acid) (PLA-MA)-treated biocomposites are greater than those of untreated maleic anhydride-grafted poly(styrene-b-ethylene-co-butylene-b-styrene) triblock copolymer (SEBS-MA) and maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (MAPP)-treated biocomposites. The storage modulus (E′) values and the tan Εmax temperatures (T g) of PBS-MA and PLA-MA-treated biocomposites were slightly higher than that of the untreated biocomposites. © Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary 2010.

关键词： Maleic anhydride

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Evaluations on thermal runaway characteristics for three liquid organic peroxides

Evaluations on thermal runaway characteristics for three liq...

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爆炸科学与技术国家重点实验室2011年学术年会暨International Workshop on Intensive Loading and Its Effects

作者： Chi(M)(i)(n)Shu Yung(Ch)an Chu Process Safety and Disaster Prevention Laboratory Department of SafetyHealthand Environmental EngineeringNYUST123University Rd.Sec.3DouliouYunlinTaiwan 64002ROC Doctoral ProgramGraduate School of Engineering Science and TechnologyNational Yunlin University of Science and Technology (NYUST)123University Rd.Sec.3DouliouYunlinTaiwan 64002ROC

In virtue of operating improperly, many exigent accidents of chemical industries are emerged frequently.1, l-Di-(tert-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane (TMCH), 1,1-di (tert-butylperoxy) cyclohexane (BPCH) and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) are commonly well-known as thermal instability materials which were used as hardening and curing *** aim was to evaluate the safety operating parameters which play an important role in reaction *** this study, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was applied to measure the heat of decomposition reactions, which can contribute to understanding the reaction characteristics of those *** sizing package 2 (VSP2) was employed to evaluate rates of increase for temperature and pressure in decomposition reactions, and then the thermokinetic parameters of three organic peroxides were *** last, Semenov's model derived to criticality characteristics of various stirring rate situation were clearly identified.

关键词： Criticality characteristics organic peroxides thermal instability thermokinetic parameters vent sizing package 2 (VSP2)

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No-take Reserve Networks: Sustaining Fishery Populations and Marine Ecosystems

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Fisheries 2011年第11期24卷 11-25页

作者： Steven N. Murray Richard F. Ambrose James A. Bohnsack Louis W. Botsford Mark H. Carr Gary E. Davis Paul K. Dayton Dan Gotshall Don R. Gunderson Mark A. Hixon Jane Lubchenco Marc Mangel Alec MacCall Deborah A. McArdle John C. Ogden Joan Roughgarden Richard M. Starr Mia J. Tegner Mary M. Yoklavich Department of Biological Science California State University Fullerton CA 92834-6850 USA Environmental Science and Engineering Program University of California Los Angeles NOAA/NMFS Miami Florida USA Department of Wildlife Fish and Conservation Biology University of California Davis USA Department of Biology University of California Santa Cruz Channel Islands National Park Ventura California USA Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego USA Sea Challengers in Monterey School of Fisheries University of Washington Seattle USA Department of Zoology Oregon State University (OSU) Corvallis USA Department of Environmental Studies University of California Santa Cruz Groundfish Analysis Branch NMFS Tiburon Laboratory California USA University of California Sea Grant Extension Program Santa Barbara USA The Florida Institute of Oceanography St. Petersburg USA Biological Science Stanford University California USA University of California Sea Grant Extension Program Moss Landing California USA NMFS Pacific Fisheries Environmental Laboratory Pacific Grove California USA

Improved management approaches are needed to reduce the rate at which humans are depleting exploited marine populations and degrading marine ecosystems. Networks of no-take marine reserves are promising management tools because of their potential to (1) protect coastal ecosystem structure and functioning, (2) benefit exploited populations and fisheries, (3) improve scientific understanding of marine ecosystems, and (4) provide enriched opportunities for non-extractive human activities. By protecting marine ecosystems and their populations, no-take reserve networks can reduce risk by providing important insurance for fishery managers against overexploitation of individual populations. Replicated reserves also foster strong scientific testing of fishery and conservation management strategies. Reserve networks will require social acceptance, adequate enforcement, and effective scientific evaluation to be successful. Processes for reserve establishment should accommodate adaptive management so boundaries and regulations can be modified to enhance performance. However, even well-designed reserve networks will require continued conservation efforts outside reserve boundaries to be effective. Establishing networks of no-take reserves is a process-oriented, precautionary management strategy that protects functional attributes of marine ecosystems. As an addition to fishery management practices and other conservation efforts, no-take reserve networks may improve the status of exploited populations while conserving marine resources for future generations.

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Using spectrometry and photography to study color underwater

Using spectrometry and photography to study color underwater

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OCEANS

作者： Derya Akkaynak Eric Chan Justine J. Allen Roger T. Hanlon Joint Program in Oceanography Applied Ocean Science & Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Cambridge MA USA Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA US The Brown-MBL Graduate Biological and Environmental Sciences Providence RI USA Marine Biological Laboratory Woods Hole MA USA

Most underwater images are post-processed to look pleasing to human viewers. This often results in unrealistically saturated colors. Images taken for the purpose of studying color-sensitive topics such as marine animal coloration, must represent colors as accurately as possible and should not be arbitrarily enhanced. This first requires a transformation of colors from the camera color space to a device independent space. In this paper we present a method for transforming raw camera-RGB colors to a device independent space, optimizing this transformation for a particular underwater habitat. We have conducted an extensive study of the variation of color appearance underwater at a dive site in the Aegean Sea by taking 21 sets of spectrometry and irradiance readings with corresponding photographs of four different color standards. Spectral and photographic data were collected in the presence of natural daylight at various depths and under different weather conditions. In addition to the color charts, we have built a “habitat chart” to optimize this camera-specific transformation for a given dive site.

关键词： Image color analysis Cameras Lighting Sensitivity Humans Optical surface waves Optical sensors

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Exposure to phthalates in house dust: Community-based participatory research in a central California county on low-to middle-income older adults with asthma and/or COPD

Exposure to phthalates in house dust: Community-based partic...

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12th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate 2011

作者： Shendell, Derek G. Lin, Lin Fan, Zhihua Yamamoto, Naomichi Mizan, Samina Annor, Samuel D. Foster, Christine Department of Environment and Occupational Health Piscataway NJ United States Center for School and Community-Based Research and Education UMDNJ SPH New Brunswick NJ United States Rutgers University Piscataway NJ United States Clarkson University Potsdam NY United States UMDNJ RWJMS Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine Piscataway NJ United States Yale University Department of Chemical Engineering New Haven CT United States Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Tokyo Japan Respiratory Therapy Program Visalia CA United States Visalia CA United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781627482721

We conducted community-based participatory research with a cross-sectional repeated measures design in Visalia, Tulare County, California. We report on a novel modification of both an existing field dust wipe method and laboratory analysis procedure for extracting then quantifying phthalates from pre-wetted wipes. Twelve individuals- of 34 at baseline from convenience sample meeting selection criteria recruited in spring 2009- agreed to comprehensive home visits;nine completed first visits July, 2009 (Shendell et al, 2010). We confirmed each participant at baseline had 13 physician-diagnosed respiratory diseases, e.g., asthma. Four of five targeted phthalates [DEHP (diethylhexyl phthalate), DBP (dibutyl phthalate), DEP (diethyl phthalate) and BBzP (butylbenzyl phthalate), not DINP (diisononyl phthalate)] were measured above study analytic detection limits in most study homes. Measured levels of phthalates varied between kitchen floors compared to front hallways/entry areas (FH) and TV rooms/dens for DBP and DEHP;for DnBP and BBzP, levels were consistently higher in FH.

关键词： Dust

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A new short beam shear test for mode ii fracture toughness measurement

A new short beam shear test for mode ii fracture toughness m...

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18th European Conference on Fracture: Fracture of Materials and Structures from Micro to Macro Scale, ECF 2010

作者： Krishnan, A. Xu, L.R. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Materials Science Program Vanderbilt University Nashville TN 37235 United States

In this paper, an efficient method to characterize the mode II fracture toughness KIIC for materials with preferred interfaces such as wood, fiber composite materials and bonded materials based on the Iosipescu fixture is developed. A simple formula for calculating KIIC is verified numerically. Our method is easy to implement and is free of friction thereby offering a more reasonable value of KIIC than previous methods. A calibration chart for composite materials is generated. Finite element analysis along with cohesive elements is used to validate experimental load-displacement curves by testing bonded polymers.

关键词： Finite element method

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Effect of the interfacial stress distribution on the material interfacial shear strength measurement

Effect of the interfacial stress distribution on the materia...

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作者： Krishnan, A. Xu, L.R. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Materials Science Program Vanderbilt University Nashville TN 37235 United States

An integrated experimental and numerical analysis is carried out to study the interfacial shear strength of bonded materials. Two types of shear tests, namely the losipescu shear test, and the short-beam shear test are employed to understand the effect of interfacial stress on the interfacial shear strength measurements. The measured average shear strengths are very close, even though the interfacial shear stress distributions of these two kinds of specimens are very different. Therefore, we conclude that the interfacial stress distribution has the least effect on the interfacial strength measurement if the interfacial shear stress is non-singular. © Society for Experimental Mechanics 2009.

关键词： Stress concentration

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