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Cryogenic drilling: A new drilling method for environmental remediation

GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1996年第3期16卷 79-85页

作者： Simon, RD Cooper, GA Rafael Simon (595 Evans Hall UC Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720) received his Ph. D. in the Department of Materials Science and Mineral Engineering in 1996. He has studied various types of environmental drilling methods and has been working on cryogenic drilling since January 1992. George Cooper (595 Evans Hall UC Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720) graduated from Cambridge University in 1967 with a Ph. D. in materials science. He has spent most of his career in industrial research working both as a scientist and a manager often in the fields of rock drilling mining and tunneling and working for companies such as Atlas Copco and Schlumberger. In 1988 he became a full professor at University of California at Berkeley where he is the head of the Petroleum Engineering Program.

Cryogenic drilling isa technique developed at the University of California (UC), Berkeley, for drilling in unstable sediments of environmental monitoring, for characterizing, and for remediation wells. The method uses standard air rotary drilling techniques, but with cold nitrogen rather than ambient air as the circulating fluid in order to freeze and stabilize the borehole wall. Several laboratory and full-scale field tests have been performed. A 52-foot-deep (16 m) soil boring and 24-foot (7 m) monitoring well have been drilled as part of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Site Characterization Project. Continued testing and refinement of the equipment and operational method are in progress. The method has been proposed for use as part of the Department of Energy (DOE) weapons site cleanup at locations with unstable sediments such as Hanford, Sandia, and Idaho National engineering Laboratory (INEL).

关键词： Well drilling

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Success criteria and adaptive management for a large-scale wetland restoration project

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Wetlands Ecology and Management 1996年第2期4卷 111-127页

作者： Weinstein, Michael P. Balletto, John H. Teal, John M. Ludwig, David F. TEVA Environmental Associates Inc. Millbwn NJ 854 Ridgewood Road United States Pnblic Service Electric and Gas Company Estuary Enhancement Program Hancocks Bridge NJ 08038 United States Woods Hole Océanographie Institution Woods Hole MA 02543 Red Field 212 Water Street United States EA Engineering Science and Technology Hunt Valley MD 21031 11019 McCormick Road United States

We are using a 20+ year photographic history of relatively undisturbed and formerly diked sites to predict the restoration trajectories and equilibrium size of a 4,050 ha salt marsh on Delaware Bay, New Jersey (USA). The project was initiated to offset the loss of finfishes from once-through cooling at a local power plant. We used a simple food chain model to estimate the required restoration size. This model assumed that annual macrophyte detritus production and benthic algal production resulted in production of finfishes, including certain species of local interest. Because the marsh surface and intertidal drainage system are used by many finfishes and are the focal points for exchange of detrital materials, the restoration planning focused on both vegetational and hydrogeomorphological parameters. Recolonization by Spartina spp. and other desirable taxa will be promoted by returning a natural hydroperiod and drainage configuration to two types of degraded salt marsh: diked salt hay (Spartina patens) farms and brackish marsh dominated by Phragmites australis. The criteria for success of the project address two questions: What is the "bound of expectation" for restoration success, and how long will it take to get there? Measurements to be made are macrophyte production, vegetation composition, benthic algal production, and drainage features including stream order, drainage density, channel length, bifurcation ratios and sinuosity. A method for combining these individual parameters into a single success index is also presented. Finally, we developed adaptive management thresholds and corrective measures to guide the restoration process.

关键词： Restoration Success criteria Wetlands

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Response to Comment on “Off-Site Forensic Determination of Airborne Elemental Emissions by Multi-Media Analysis: A Case Study at Two Secondary Lead Smelters

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environmental science & Technology 1996年第7期30卷 2419页

作者： David Eugene Kimbrough I. H. Suffet Castaic Lake Water Agency 27234 Bouquet Canyon Road Santa Clarita California 91350 School of Public Health Environmental Science & Engineering Program University of California Los Angles Los Angeles California 90095-1772

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Affordability, logistics R&D and fleet systems

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1996年第3期108卷 199-213页

作者： Schulte, DP Skolnick, A He has supported the development and operation of several naval systems including advanced component selection for Trident II fire control and navigation systems. He served as branch manager of the Surface Ship ASW Combat System Branch which acted as the acquisition engineering agent for the AN/SQQ-89 Surface Ship Anti-Submarine Warfare Weapon System. He was then selected to manage the Module Engineering Department which provided engineering support to numerous naval systems including the AN/BSY-1 Submarine Combat System and the Trident II fire control and navigation system. He then served as the deputy program manager for NAVSEA Progressive Maintenance (2M/ATE). He holds a B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from Purdue University and currently is pursuing a Maste's degree in Public Environmental Affairs at Indiana University—Purdue University Indianapolis. He served at Applied Physics Laboratory/The Johns Hopkins University in missile development then aboard USS Boston (CAG-1) and played leading roles in several weapon system developments (Regulus Terrier Tartar Talos) inertial navigation (Polaris) deep submergence (DSRV) and advanced ship designs (SES). He later was director Combat System Integration Naval Sea Systems Command and head Combat Projects Naval Ship Engineering Center. He led the Navy's High Energy Lasers and Directed Energy Weapons development efforts. He was vice president advanced technology at Operations Research Inc. and vice president maritime engineering at Defense Group Inc. before starting SSC in 1991. Dr. Skolnick holds a B.S. degree in Mathematics and Economics Queens College an M.A. degree in Mathematics and Philosophy Columbia University an M.S. degree in Electrical/Aeronautical Engineering U.S. Naval Postgraduate School and a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering and Applied Mathematics from Polytechnic University in New York. He is the author of many published papers on engineering design issues source selection procedures and large-scale complex technology problems

The Fleet continues to require high performance systems that can operate with dependability in the seas' unforgiving environments and under hostile action. Those demands are not new. What has changed is the urgent priority formerly assigned to national defense issues. The arguments for continued superpower military strength are now roiled in politics along with unsettled budgets and uncertain force level projections. Current expectations revolve about indefinite fiscal and operational issues (difficult funding constraints and broadband threats). In the actual event of ''doing more with less,'' a practical response is to apply the creative power available from sound engineering judgement and the crucible of experience to the immediate needs of the Fleet. The attempt to shorten the path between advanced development effort and Fleet use has been tried occasionally in the past, often, without exemplary results. The Sustainable Hardware and Affordable Readiness Practices (SHARP) program, is a generic R&D effort under OpNav sponsorship that has been working steadily on sensible solutions to product engineering problems. Armed today with fast-time, large-scale computation abilities and modern tools for technical problem solving coupled with specialized engineering knowledge, it has been refreshed and is underway satisfying existing Fleet needs. The relationship between fully responsive engineering services and current operational needs is always demanding. The connection between advanced engineering development (6.3 category funds) and immediate Fleet usage brings added complexity and challenge, both technical and organizational. Illustrative examples of affordable engineering solutions to ''retain, revise, replace or retire'' questions are presented within the context of both Fleet realities and budgetary limitations. The discussion covers legacy system support, civil/military considerations and Fleet maintenance issues. It describes the substantial and critical payoffs i

关键词： Warships

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Industrial storm water pollution prevention: Effectiveness and limitations of source controls in the transportation industry

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WASTE MANAGEMENT 1995年第8期15卷 543-558页

作者： Duke, LD Chung, YJ Environmental Science and Engineering Program School of Public Health University of California Los Angeles CA 90095-1772 U.S.A.

Industrial activities that are sources of pollutants in storm water runoff at typical facilities of the transportation industry are identified by site investigations at five facilities. This research then evaluates pollution prevention measures implemented to reduce those pollutants, as required by storm water regulations under the U.S. Clean Water Act. Activities that potentially generate storm water pollutants, particular to facilities of this industry, include: vehicle maintenance;vehicle fueling;vehicle washing;and activities on paved access roads and vehicle storage areas. Activities common to this industry, but also found in other industries, include: storage and handling of process materials and wastes;operation of industrial equipment located outdoors or exposed to storm water;and design and operation of site drainage facilities. Most control measures cited in the compliance documents of the facilities in the case studies were not developed specifically for storm water pollution prevention, but serve to reduce storm water pollutants as part of compliance with regulations for hazardous waste, wastewater, worker safety, or other purposes. Most identified control measures were operational practices or employee procedures, rather than structural facility modifications or devices to remove pollutants. Implementation of such measures is difficult to enforce or verify by regulatory agencies, and evidence al the case study facilities suggests that measures described similarly at different facilities are unevenly implemented and unequally effective at controlling storm water pollutants. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier science Ltd

关键词： Water pollution control

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A RISK-BASED APPROACH FOR MANAGING HAZARDOUS-WASTE

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GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1995年第1期15卷 79-89页

作者： CHIANG, CY PETKOVSKY, PD MCALLISTER, PM Chen Y. Chiang received his Ph.D. in environmental engineering from Rice University. He is a senior research engineer in Environmental RD&T at Shell Development Co.'s Westhollow Technology Center (3333 Hwy. 6 South Houston TX 77082 fax (713) 544–8727). He serves on the Hydrologic Science Panel of the National Science Foundation and on the Ground Water/Soil Technical Task Force of the American Petroleum Institute. He also serves on the Advisory Board of the Rutgers DARPA/ONR research program. His research interests include in situ bioremediation processes ground water/soil sampling and monitoring multiphase fluid flow phenomenon and risk/ exposure assessment. Paul Petkovsky is a senior research technician in the Groundwater Modeling Group of Environmental RD&T at Shell Development Co.'s Westhollow Technology Center. His responsibilities include site data analysis and the numerical modeling of the fate and transport of organics in ground water. He is currently pursuing a B.S. in chemical engineering with an environmental emphasis at the University of Houston. Paul McAllister received a B.S. in chemical engineering from the University of Kansas in 1987 and a Ph.D. in chemical engineering from the University of Notre Dame in 1991. He is currently an associate research engineer in Environmental RD&T at Shell Development Co.'s Westhollow Technology Center. Since joining Shell he has conducted research and provided technical support on ground water modeling and remediation issues. His research interests include in situ bioremediation of ground water and residual hydrocarbons natural attenuation of contaminants and subsurface fate and transport phenomena in the subsurface.

In 1992, the U.S. environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed risk-based management of hazardous waste. A major component of the proposed rule is the determination of non-site-specific screening concentration levels from waste leachate. Ground water at a downgradient exposure point must not exceed those screening levels, or more stringent requirements would apply. The screening concentration level is determined with verified models and equations that simulate the transport and attenuation of chemicals as they travel from the source area to the exposure point. A consortium of screening levels is determined in this paper by considering varying physical, chemical, and biological conditions. In addition, a method is developed for multicomponent leaching from contaminated soils in a landfill to determine the time-dependent behavior of a finite source. Finally, this paper discusses infiltration rate through the clay liner.

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CHEMICAL MASS-BALANCE APPROACH TO FIELD-EVALUATION OF BIOREMEDIATION

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environmental PROGRESS 1995年第1期14卷 F2-F3页

作者： SIMS, RC SIMS, JL Utah State University Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Utah Water Research Laboratory Logan UT 84322 Professor and Head of the Division of Environmental Engineering at Utah State University. He holds degrees in biology (B.S.) environmental chemistry and biology (M.S.) environmental engineering (M.S.) and biological and agricultural engineering (Ph.D). He has worked as Director of the International Program in Industrial Development Chapel Hill NC as Supervisor of the Environmental Control Laboratory for Mobay Chemical Corporation Charleston SC and as environmental engineer with Research Triangle Institute NC. Dr. Sims currently is involved in teaching research and technology transfer in the area of contaminated soil characterization and remediation. Research Assistant Professor in the Division of Environmental Engineering at Utah State University. She holds degrees in biology (B.S.) environmental chemistry and biology (M.S.) and soil science (M.S.). She has held positions as an Associate in a private consulting firm in Raleigh NC and as Chairperson of the on-site wastewater disposal committee of the State of Utah. Judith Sims is currently involved in teaching research and technology transfer in the area of contaminated soil characterization and remediation.

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A Sophisticated Ground Water Analytical Tool

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Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation 1995年第2期15卷 134-139页

作者： Tonjes, David J. Heil, James H. Black, John A. David J. Tonjes is a doctoral candidate in coastal oceanography at the Marine Sciences Research Center University at Stony Brook through its Waste Management Institute (Waste Management Institute Marine Sciences Research Center University at Stony Brook 11794–5000). Under a grant from the Town Board he is a technical adviser to the commissioner of waste management of the town of Brookhaven New York in solid waste planning regulatory compliance and environmental site monitoring. Tonjes has a B.A. in liberal arts from St. John's College an M.S. in computer science from New York Institute of Technology and an M.S. in technological systems management from the University at Stony Brook. James H. Heil is commissioner of waste management for the town of Brookhaven (Department of Waste Management Town of Brookhaven 3233 Rte. 112 Medford NY 11763). Heil received a B.S. from Manhattan College and an M.S. from New York University in civil engineering and is a licensed professional engineer in New York. He is a former president of the New York State Solid Waste Management Association. John A. Black is the coordinator of the environmental science program at Suffolk County Community College (Environmental Science Program Suffolk County Community College Selden NY 11784). He is currently the chair of the Ecology Committee of the Pine Barrens Advisory Committee for Suffolk County and is a member of the Suffolk County Pine Barrens Review Commission. Black received a B.S. in chemistry from Adephi University an M.S. in public administration from the University at Stony Book an M. S. from Hofstra University and a Ph. D. from Adlephi in marine sciences.

Stiff diagrams arc a multivariate method of analysis used to describe the chemical state of ground water. The use of Stiff diagrams to describe multiconstituent contamination sites, such as landfills, has distinct advantages over single constituent analyses. Problems associated with traditional Stiff diagram analyses, such as diagram attentuation, can be addressed by allowing the scale of the diagram to vary with the ionic strength of the analyzed sample. The use of these sliding scale Stiff diagrams reveals the chemical slate of the ground water over wide ranges of constituent concentrations and thus allows for sensitive and sophisticated depictions of complicated contamination sites in a fashion that is extremely difficult to replicate with single constituent analyses. This approach has possible applications for understanding and tracing the mixing and chemical changes in uncontaminated settings. Copyright © 1995, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved

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A METHOD FOR DETERMINING IN-USE EFFICIENCY OF STAGE-II VAPOR RECOVERY-SYSTEMS

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ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 1994年第2期20卷 201-207页

作者： MACINTOSH, DL HULL, DA BRIGHTMAN, HS YANAGISAWA, Y RYAN, PB Environmental Science and Engineering Program Department of Environmental Health Harvard University School of Public Health Boston MA 02115 U.S.A.

A practical methodology has been developed to evaluate the in-use efficiency of Stage II vapor recovery systems. While the theoretical efficiency of these vapor recovery systems may be measured in chamber studies, their true effectiveness can only be assessed in the field under normal operating conditions. VOC concentrations during automobile refueling were measured at a gasoline station with conventional pumps and a station equipped with a Stage II vapor recovery system. A dual VOC sampling train was developed in order to minimize measurement variability caused by environmental conditions. The results showed a significant difference between VOC emissions during refueling at the Stage II and conventional gasoline stations investigated. The estimated efficiency per refueling of the vapor recovery system at the Stage II station, relative to the conventional station, was between 81% and 93%. Although gasoline spills during refueling have been documented as greater at typical Stage II stations as compared to conventional stations, the presented results indicate the magnitude of these spills is insufficient to substantially undermine the overall efficacy of these vapor recovery systems.

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Hazardous waste minimization: Is it taking root in U. S. industry?. Waste minimization in metal finishing facilities of the San Francisco Bay Area, California

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Waste Management 1994年第1期14卷 49-59页

作者： Donald Duke, L. Environmental Science and Engineering Program University of California Los Angeles CA 90024-1772 United States

Waste minimization plays a key part in U. S. planning for hazardous waste management. This paper examines the effectiveness of waste minimization policies and regulations by considering waste minimization measures implemented by industrial metal finishing facilities in the San Francisco Bay Area of California. The research identifies activities that manufacturers report they have implemented for the purpose of minimizing hazardous waste. In a sample of 26 facilities, a total of 52 waste minimization activities are identified and are described in this paper, divided into three general categories: process changes, maintenance of processes or facilities, and on-site treatment of pretreatment. The research concludes that hazardous waste minimization has not fully penetrated the industry, based on two pieces of evidence: Some technologically advanced measures have been implemented at some facilities, suggesting they have been demonstrated to be technologically effective and economically attractive in some facilities, but are not in place at all facilities;and some simple measures, of the kind that would be implemented early in a facility's waste minimization program, are only now being implemented at some facilities. © 1994.

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