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OXYGEN-TRANSFER THROUGH FLEXIBLE TUBING AND ITS EFFECTS ON GROUND-WATER SAMPLING RESULTS

GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1988年第3期8卷 83-89页

作者： HOLM, TR GEORGE, GK BARCELONA, MJ Thomas R. Holm is an associate chemist in the Aquatic Chemistry Section of the Illinois State Water Survey (2204 Griffith Dr. Champaign IL 61820-7495) a division of the Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources. His research interests include ground water geochemistry trace-metal speciation and arsenic chemistry. Prior to joining the Water Survey he was a research assistant prof essor at the University of Minnesota (Twin Cities) where he studied the geochemistry of aquifer thermal energy storage. Before that he was a postdoctoral research associate in the Water Chemistry Program of the University of Wisconsin (Madison) where he investigated arsenic speciation and cycling in fresh water sediments. He received his B.S. in chemistry from Portland State University and his M.S. and Ph.D. in environmental engineering science from the California Institute of Technology. Gregory K. George is' an assistant chemist in the Aquatic Chemistry Section of the Illinois State Water Survey (2204 Griffith Dr. Champaign IL 61820-7495). His research work has focused on evaluation and improvement of analytical methods for naturally occurring aquatic organic matter and on the development and validation of analytical and sampling methods for ground water oxidants. He was previously a research technician with the University of Illinois Institute for Environmental Studies where he determined dissolved 226Ra for a ground water treatment project. He received a B.S. in chemistry from the University of Illinois (Urbana-Champaign). Michael J. Barcelona is the head of the Aquatic Chemistry Section of the Illinois State Water Survey (2204 Griffith Dr. Champaign IL 61820-7495). His research interests include ground water geochemistry contaminant detection monitoring and verification techniques with an emphasis on ground water resource protection and management. He has been involved in various aspects of ground water research and policy matters extensively in the past eight years. He has a B.A. in chemistry from St. Mary's

A model for the diffusion of gases through polymeric tubing was derived which predicts that the amount of gas transferred is proportional to the tubing length and inversely proportional to the pumping rate. The model was experimentally tested and confirmed for oxygen transfer through fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer (FEP) tubing using tubing lengths and flow rates typical of ground water sampling. Diffusion can introduce measurable concentrations of oxygen into initially anoxic water. Diffusive loss of carbon dioxide from water that is oversaturated with respect to atmospheric CO 2 does not measurably affect pH under similar usage conditions.

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THE CHEMISTRY OF WATER-TREATMENT PROCESSES INVOLVING OZONE, HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE AND ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION

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OZONE-science & engineering 1987年第4期9卷 335-352页

作者： GLAZE, WH KANG, JW CHAPIN, DH Environmental Science and Engineering Program School of Public Health University of California Los Angeles CA 90024 United States

Advanced oxidation processes are defined as those which involve the generation of hydroxyl radicals in sufficient quantity to affect water purification. The theoretical and (practical yield of OH from O3at high pH, 03/H202, O3/UV and H2O2/UV systems is reviewed. New data is presented which illustrates the importance of direct photolysis in the O3/UV process, the effect of the H202:03ratio in the O3/H2O2process, and the impact of the low extinction coefficient of H2O2in the H202/UV process.

关键词： Ozone Hydrogen Peroxide Ultraviolet Radiation Water Treatment Processes Chemistry Hydroxyl Free Radicals Ozone Decomposition Products Trichloroethylene Oxidation Tetrachloroethylene Oxidation Photolysis of Organic Compounds Advanced Oxidation Process Mechanisms 0zone/H2O2 Ozone/UV

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A PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF MULTIPHASE TRANSPORT-THEORY TO GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION PROBLEMS

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GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1987年第1期7卷 84-92页

作者： HINCHEE, RE REISINGER, HJ Robert E. Hinchee Ph.D. P.E. is manager of Western Regional Engineering Operations for EA Engineering Science and Technology Inc. (41 Lafayette Circle Lafayette CA 94549). He holds a doctorate in civil and environmental engineering from Utah State University is a registered professional engineer and is a master's level certified hazardous materials manager. He is involved in subsurface hydrocarbon behavior research and practical assessment and remediation of contaminated sites. His experience includes investigation and design of remediation at more than 50 subsurface petroleum spill sites. H. James Reisinger II CHMM is a vice president of EA Engineering Science and Technology Inc. (Hunt Valley/Loveton Center 15 Loveton Circle Sparks MD 21152) and is responsible for all analytical services. He holds a master's degree from Millersville State University and is a master's level certified hazardous materials manager. He has developed sampling and analytical programs and provided analysis of the resulting data for more than 100 contaminated sites. He is currently responsible for a major laboratory that is in the EPA CLP program and certified in eight states.

Hydrocarbon transport in the subsurface environment occurs in several phases, chiefly the non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL), dissolved and vapor phases. Mechanisms that influence transport include the physicochemical properties of the specific compounds present (density, vapor pressure, viscosity, hydrophobicity) and the physical and chemical properties of the subsurface environment, including geology, aquifer minerology and ground water hydrology. Hydrocarbon liquids are typically complex mixtures composed of numerous compounds, each with its own individual physicochemical and, therefore, transport properties. Examination of chemical data can provide insights into the transport mechanisms operating at a site: Ground water transport results in relative enrichment by more soluble, less hydrophobic hydrocarbon compounds as a function of distance from a spill; vapor phase transport typically results in relative enrichment in more volatile hydrocarbon *** sites at which subsurface fuel spills resulted in ground water contamination will illustrate the use of transport mechanism theory. At Site 1 a subsurface spill resulted in a NAPL plume approximately 150m (500 feet) and a dissolved hydrocarbon plume resulting from ground water transport of dissolved hydrocarbon approximately 350m (1150 feet) hydraulically downgradient of the source. At Site 2 there was a sudden subsurface fuel spill; ground water pumping with hydrocarbon recovery was begun within a week of spillage. Vapor phase transport resulted in contaminated ground water hydraulically upgradient of the source. In addition, there was cross-contamination at Site 2, probably as the result of contaminated water level gauging equipment, but the chemical characteristics of this contamination were sufficiently obvious to permit its identification. An understanding of transport mechanisms is instrumental in contamination assessment source identification, contaminant fate prediction and design of an appropriate reme

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UTILIZATION OF RESIDUALS FROM FLUE-GAS DESULFURIZATION

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environmental PROGRESS 1986年第3期5卷 190-196页

作者： KAPPE, J ELLISON, W Alpha-mont B.V. Billiton weg 1 9461 KZ Veendam The Netherlands Jantinus Kappe:has been the head of the independent consulting firm Kappe Inter Mediar BV Veendam The Netherlands since 1985 specializing in recovery and utilization of waste products such as FGD gypsum and fluorogypsum. His educational background includes the degree of Chemical Engineer Technical High School and the British Institute of Economics and Technology. He has also completed a business administration program at the University of Groningen The Netherlands. Ellison Consultants 4966 Tall Oaks Drive Monrovia Maryland 21770–9316 His educational background includes a degree in Mechanical Engineering as well as a Master of Science degree in Heat Power from the Stevens Institute of Technology. He also has a Master of Engineering degree majoring in Environmental Pollution Control from the City University of New York.

Diverse large-scale sources of FGD gypsum, the plentiful waste by-product from SO 2 emissions cleanup in major industrial countries, are characterized in terms of properties including crystal form and contained impurities that affect commercial usability. New technology to expand FGD gypsum usage by economical conversion to alpha hemihydrate of calcium sulfate is detailed.

关键词： GYPSUM

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INSITU BIORESTORATION AS A GROUNDWATER REMEDIATION TECHNIQUE

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GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1986年第4期6卷 56-64页

作者： WILSON, JT LEACH, LE HENSON, M JONES, JN John T. Wilson is a research microbiologist with EPA's Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory in Ada Oklahoma (P. O. Box 1198 Ada OK 74820). He is responsible for developing an in-house and extra-mural research program to define microbial transformations of organic contaminants in subsurface environments. He received a Ph. D. in soil microbiology from Cornell University in 1978 Lowell E. Leach is an environmental engineer with the Ada Laboratory (United States Environmental Protection Agency Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory P. O. Box 1198 Ada OK 74820). He is responsible for developing methodology for sampling ground water and subsurface materials and manages an international cooperative research program on land treatment of waste waters with the Republic of China. He received a B. S. in geological engineering from Oklahoma University in 1959 Michael Henson is a research microbiologist with the Ada Laboratory. He conducts in-house research on microbial transformations of pollutants in the subsurface. He received a Ph. D. in microbiology from the University of Florida in 1983 Jerry N. Jones is a chemist with the Ada Laboratory. He has extensive experience with the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station in the remediation of hazardous waste sites. At Ada his research responsibilities are directed at remediation of ground water contamination from underground storage tanks. He received a B. S. in chemistry from East Central Oklahoma University in 1974 and an M. S. in environmental science from Oklahoma University in 1982

In situ biorestoration, where applicable, is indicated as a potentially very cost-effective and environmentally acceptable remediation technology. Many contaminants in solution in ground water as well as vapors in the unsaturated zone can be completely degraded or transformed into new compounds by naturally occurring indigenous microbial populations. Undoubtedly, thousands of contamination events are remediated naturally before the contamination reaches a point of detection. The need is for methodology to determine when natural biorestoration is occurring, the stage the restoration process is in, whether enhancement of the process is possible or desirable, and what will happen if natural processes are allowed to run their *** addition to the nature of the contaminant, several environmental factors are known to influence the capacity of indigenous microbial populations to degrade contaminants. These factors include dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, oxidation-reduction potential, availability of mineral nutrients, salinity, soil moisture, the concentration of specific pollutants, and the nutritional quality of dissolved organic carbon in the ground *** enhanced in situ bioreclamation techniques available today are variations of hydrocarbon degradation procedures pioneered and patented by Raymond and coworkers at Suntech during the period 1974 to 1978. Nutrients and oxygen are introduced through injection wells and circulated through the contaminated zone by pumping one or more producing *** limiting factor in remediation technology is getting the contaminated subsurface material to the treatment unit or units, or in the case of in situ processes, getting the treatment process to the contaminated material. The key to successful remediation is a thorough understanding of the hydrogeologic and geochemical characteristics of the contaminated area.

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THE IN-TANK OIL-WATER SEPARATOR

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1986年第3期98卷 209-215页

作者： WILLNER, NB DAIGNEAULT, KD Norman B. Willnerhas been employed by the Naval Sea System Command (NA VSEA) for the past five years as a program manager in the Oil Pollution Abatement Branch. His responsibilities include the design development and installation of shipboard systems to control oily waste. He is also the task leader for environmental pollution control systems for the AOE-6 and YFRT ship designs. After attending the University of Maryland Mr. Willner worked as an engineer for the National Bureau of Standards General Services Administration and the U. S. Forest Service. Mr. Willner is a member of ASNE and ASME. Kevin D. Daigneaultis currently working in the Fluid Systems Division of M. Rosenblatt & Son Inc. A graduate of Maine Maritime Academy he received a bachelor of science degree in marine engineering with a minor degree in engineering science. A U.S.C.G. licensed 3rd assistant engineer Mr. Daigneault has experience working with shipboard oil/water separator and sewage systems as well as municipal and residential pollution abatement systems. He is an ASNE member.

Recently enacted public law and international treaties prohibit the discharge of oily wastes from oceangoing ships. To comply with these laws, the U.S. Navy and the Department of Defense (DOD) have issued a directive implementing standards for the prevention of oil pollution from U.S. Navy ships. Because of unique equipment and system design requirements for combatant and auxiliary ships in the U.S. Navy, research and development (R&D) was initiated to develop oil/water separator (OWS) systems. Over the past ten years, three systems were developed that met the Navy's requirements and are currently installed aboard Navy ships. Recently, a new generation of oil/water separator was conceived. Using existing oil coalescing theory and equipment already in the fleet, an in-tank oil/water separator (ITOWS) was developed. This new separator, installed aboard a naval combatant for testing, has met or exceeded all system requirements. Following a satisfactory operational evaluation by an independent U.S. Navy test command, the ITOWS will be specified for installation aboard new U.S. Navy ships. This article reviews current U.S. Navy OWS designs and introduces the ITOWS system currently undergoing final evaluation.

关键词： NAVAL VESSELS

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Atmospheric Environment (1967) 1986年第5期20卷 1067-1067页

作者： W.W. Nazaroff Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Building Ventilation and Indoor Air Quality Program University of California Berkeley CA 94720 U.S.A. California Institute of Technology Environmental Engineering Science Pasadena CA 91125 U.S.A.

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DIFFUSION AND PARTITIONING OF HEXACHLOROBIPHENYL IN SEDIMENTS

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environmental science & TECHNOLOGY 1985年第12期19卷 1169-1176页

作者： DITORO, DM JERIS, JS CIARCIA, D Environmental Engineering and Science Program Manhattan College Bronx New York 10471 United States

The diffusion coefficient and partition coefficient of hexachlorobiphenyl (HCBP) in a sediment are determined by using a dual radio-tag experiment that extended over 2 years. Essentially constant coefficients were observed. An independent measurement of the diffusion coefficient for a nonsorbing chemical (tritiated water) allows an estimate to be made of the interstitial water-sediment partition coefficient. The result is in close agreement with that predicted from hydrophobic sorption correlations based upon sediment organic carbon and HCBP octanol-water partition coefficient. It also corresponds to the low particle concentration limit of the partition coefficients found when batch equilibrations of dilute suspensions of the same sediment were used. © 1985, American Chemical Society. All rights reserved.

关键词： Organic compounds

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MEASUREMENT AND MODELING OF WESTERN WASHINGTON PRECIPITATION CHEMISTRY

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WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION 1985年第1期26卷 71-84页

作者： VONG, RJ LARSON, TV COVERT, DS WAGGONER, AP 1.Environmental Engineering and Science Program Department of Civil Engineering University of Washington WA Seattle 98195 USA

Precipitation was collected and chemically analyzed for a 1 yr period at four sites in western Washington. Spatial and seasonal variabilities in concentrations were identified with the highest concentrations nearest emission sources and in the summer. Multiple correlations among measured species revealed five groupings which were interpreted as the influences of seasalt, metals from a Cu smelter, an urban factor, soil, and acidic sulfate aerosol. A simple washout model predicted that the Cu smelter was the major contributor to a budget for rainwater sulfate. Measurement uncertainties were estimated for each analyte.

关键词： Acid precipitation Air pollution monitoring Copper smelter Emission Sulfate Washington (western)

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MEASUREMENT OF LABORATORY AND AMBIENT AEROSOLS WITH TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY CONTROLLED NEPHELOMETRY

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ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT 1985年第7期19卷 1181-1190页

作者： ROOD, MJ LARSON, TV COVERT, DS AHLQUIST, NC Environmental Engineering and Science Program Department of Civil Engineering FX-10 University of Washington WA 98195 U.S.A.

The relationships between fine particle light scattering extinction coefficient, relative humidity and temperature can be used to quantify sulfate mass concentration and composition for laboratory generated and ambient aerosols. This measurement involves the use of an integrating nephelometer as well as a system for controlling the temperature and relative humidity of the air directly upstream of the nephelometer. Recent improvements in the control of these variables has subsequently enhanced the ability to detect the presence of sulfate compounds in complex atmospheric mixtures. Measurements at 2 urban sites (Seattle, Washington and Riverside, California) indicate the presence of fine particle sulfate compounds mixed with more volatile compounds. Measurements at a background site (Ozette Lake, Washington) indicate a mixture of acidic sulfate compounds with compounds that are less volatile than (NH4)2SO4.

关键词： Aerosol sulfate hygroscopic thermal decomposition humidograph thermograph

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