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Biochar supported metal cobalt activated PAA to efficiently degrade CBZ: The important role of Co (IV) in the generation of peroxyacyl radicals

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Journal of Water Process engineering 2025年 75卷

作者： Mengyu Li Shaochun Yuan Yuhang Liu Siqi Chen Mingyang Si Rong Liu Bangxing Ren Zhe Zhang Zhen Liu School of River and Ocean Engineering Chongqing Jiaotong University Chongqing 400074 China Engineering Laboratory of Environmental Hydraulic Engineering of Chongqing Municipal Development and Reform Commission Chongqing Jiaotong University Chongqing 400074 China Environmental Engineering and Science Program Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE) University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 45221-0071 USA

This study utilized biochar-supported transition metal cobalt as a model catalyst to activate peracetic acid (PAA) for carbamazepine (CBZ) degradation. The acetyl peroxyl radical (CH 3 (CO)OO•) was identified as the predominant reactive oxygen species (ROS) responsible for CBZ degradation in this system, with its generation primarily facilitated by the catalytic activation of PAA mediated by high-valent cobalt species [Co(IV)]. The generation of Co(IV) species occurs via PAA-mediated stepwise single-electron oxidation of Co(II). Comprehensive characterization techniques (SEM, XRD, FTIR, XPS) demonstrated that cobalt-modified biochar (Co@BC 700°C ) exhibits a layered structure with increased surface area and numerous functional groups. The incorporation of cobalt simultaneously increases active site density and optimizes electron transfer efficiency within the BC. As a result, Co@BC 700°C activated PAA achieved efficient degradation of CBZ within 10 min under weakly acidic conditions. The comprehensive free radical investigation experiments collectively demonstrated that CH 3 (CO)OO• as the dominant reactive species driving CBZ degradation. Meanwhile, chemical trapping experiments confirmed that Co(IV) species significantly influence the degradation of CBZ, and the primary role of Co(IV) species is to mediate the generation of CH 3 (CO)OO• via electron transfer mechanisms. Furthermore, integrated toxicological assessments and circulation experiments verified the catalytic potential of Co@BC 700°C , demonstrating sustained removal efficiency in complex aqueous environments containing competitive anions and natural organic species. The results of this study provide innovative understanding of CH 3 (CO)OO• formation through Co(IV)-activated PAA catalysis, as well as a unique viewpoint on applying PAA-driven advanced oxidation technologies for wastewater treatment.

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Exercise-Induced miR-210 Promotes Cardiomyocyte Proliferation and Survival and Mediates Exercise-Induced Cardiac Protection against Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury

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Research 2024年第4期2024卷 396-412页

作者： Yihua Bei Hongyun Wang Yang Liu Zhuhua Su Xinpeng Li Yujiao Zhu Ziyi Zhang Mingming Yin Chen Chen Lin Li Meng Wei Xiangmin Meng Xuchun Liang Zhenzhen Huang Richard Yang Cao Lei Wang Guoping Li Dragos Cretoiu Junjie Xiao Institute of Geriatrics(Shanghai University) Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University(The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong)and School of Life ScienceShanghai UniversityNantong 226011China Joint International Research Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Organ Repair(Ministry of Education) Shanghai UniversityShanghai 200444China Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab Institute of Cardiovascular SciencesShanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ RepairSchool of MedicineShanghai UniversityShanghai 200444China Department of Cardiology Shanghai Tongji HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghai 200065China School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Shanghai UniversityShanghai 200444China Cardiac Rehabilitation Program Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital/Zhongshan-Xuhui HospitalFudan University/Shanghai Clinical Research CenterShanghai 200031China Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjing 210023China Cardiovascular Division of the Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School BostonMA 02114USA Department of Medical Genetics Carol Davila University of Medicine and PharmacyBucharest 020031Romania Materno-Fetal Assistance Excellence Unit Alessandrescu-Rusescu National Institute for Mother and Child HealthBucharest 011062Romania

Exercise can stimulate physiological cardiac growth and provide cardioprotection effect in ischemia/reperfusion(I/R)***-210 is regulated in the adaptation process induced by exercise;however,its impact on exercise-induced physiological cardiac growth and its contribution to exercise-driven cardioprotection remain *** investigated the role and mechanism of miR-210 in exercise-induced physiological cardiac growth and explored whether miR-210 contributes to exercise-induced protection in alleviating I/R ***,we first observed that regular swimming exercise can markedly increase miR-210 levels in the heart and blood samples of rats and *** miR-210 levels were also elevated after a programmed cardiac rehabilitation in patients that were diagnosed of coronary heart *** 8-week swimming model in wild-type(WT)and miR-210 knockout(KO)rats,we demonstrated that miR-210 was not integral for exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy but it did influence cardiomyocyte proliferative *** neonatal rat cardiomyocytes,miR-210 promoted cell proliferation and suppressed apoptosis while not altering cell ***,miR-210 promoted cardiomyocyte proliferation and survival in human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes(hESC-CMs)and AC16 cell line,indicating its functional roles in human *** further identified miR-210 target genes,cyclin-dependent kinase 10(CDK10)and ephrin-A3(EFNA3),that regulate cardiomyocyte proliferation and ***,miR-210 KO and WT rats were subjected to swimming exercise followed by I/R *** demonstrated that miR-210 crucially contributed to exercise-driven cardioprotection against I/R *** summary,this study elucidates the role of miR-210,an exercise-responsive miRNA,in promoting the proliferative activity of cardiomyocytes during physiological cardiac ***,miR-210 plays an essential role in mediating the protective effects of exercise against cardiac I/R injury.

关键词： Survival protective markedly

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Embodied energy and carbon emissions of DOE prototype buildings from a life cycle perspective

Embodied energy and carbon emissions of DOE prototype buildi...

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2020 ASHRAE Virtual Conference

作者： Arehart, Jay H. Srubar, Wil V. Pomponi, Francesco D’Amico, Bernardino The Department of Civil Environmental and Architectural Engineering University of Colorado Boulder BoulderCO United States The Department of Civil Environmental and Architectural Engineering Materials Science and Engineering Program University of Colorado Boulder BoulderCO United States The School of Engineering and Built Environment Edinburgh Napier University Edinburgh United Kingdom

ISBN: (纸本)9781947192621

While the reduction of operational energy and associated emissions has been the focus of the building design community in recent decades, focus must now be given to reducing the upfront or embodied energy and emissions of buildings. Embodied energy and emissions are those associated with the extraction, manufacturing, transportation, and end-of-life of building materials and assemblies. The present study evaluates, using life cycle assessment, the "cradle-to-gate" embodied energy and embodied carbon of the Office and Apartment ASHRAE 90.1-2016 DOE Prototype Buildings. Results from this analysis show that on average, the office prototype buildings consumed 938 MJ/m2 (82.6 kBtu/ft2) of embodied energy and emitted 77.0 kg CO2e/m2(15.7 lb CO2e/ft2) of embodied carbon. The apartment prototype buildings consumed 1168 MJ/m2 (103 kBtu/ft2) of embodied energy and emitted 102 kg CO2e/m2 (20.9 lb CO2e/ft2) of embodied carbon on average. This study serves as a first step towards establishing reference building models for embodied carbon so that the building design community can realize a zero-carbon built environment by 2050. © 2020 Amer. Soc. Heating, Ref. Air-Conditoning Eng. Inc.. All rights reserved.

关键词： Life cycle

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Remediation of soil and groundwater contaminated with organic chemicals using stabilized nanoparticles: Lessons from the past two decades

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Frontiers of environmental science & engineering 2020年第5期14卷 83-102页

作者： Zhengqing Cai Xiao Zhao Jun Duan Dongye Zhao Zhi Dang Zhang Lin National Engineering Lab for High-concentration Refractory Organic Wastewater East China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai 200237China Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security Shanghai 200092China College of Water Resources&Civil Engineering China Agricultural UniversityBeijing 100083China Environmental Engineering Program Department of Civil EngineeringAuburn UniversityAuburnAL 36849USA School of Environment and Energy South China University of TechnologyGuangzhou 510006China

Due to improved soil deliverability and high reactivity,stabilized nanoparticles have been studied for nearly two decades for in situ remediation of soil and groundwater contaminated with organic *** large amounts of bench-and field-scale experimental data have demonstrated the potential of the innovative technology,extensive research results have also unveiled various merits and constraints associated different soil characteristics,types of nanoparticles and particle stabilization ***,this work aims to critically overview the fundamental principles on particle stabilization,and the evolution and some recent developments of stabilized nanoparticles for degradation of organic contaminants in soil and *** specific objectives are to:1)overview fundamental mechanisms in nanoparticle stabilization;2)summarize key applications of stabilized nanoparticles for in situ remediation of soil and groundwater contaminated by legacy and emerging organic chemicals;3)update the latest knowledge on the transport and fate of stabilized nanoparticles;4)examine the merits and constraints of stabilized nanoparticles in environmental remediation applications;and 5)identify the knowledge gaps and furore research needs pertaining to stabilized nanoparticles for remediation of contaminated soil and *** instructions of this invited special issue,this review is focused on contributions from our group(one of the pioneers in the subject field),which,however,is supplemented by important relevant works by *** knowledge gained is expected to further advance the science and technology in the environmental applications of stabilized nanoparticles.

关键词： Stabilized nanoparticle In-situ remediation Organic contaminant Soil remediation Groundwater Fate and transport

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Multi-Functional Locomotion of Collectively Assembled Shape-Reconfigurable Electronics

SSRN

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Cho, Woongbi Kang, Dong Jun Hahm, Min Jeong Jeon, Jisoo Kim, Dong-Gyun Kim, Yong Seok Han, Tae Hee Wie, Jeong Jae Department of Organic and Nano Engineering Hanyang University 222 Wangsimni-ro Seongdong-gu Seoul04763 Korea Republic of Human-Tech Convergence Program Hanyang University 222 Wangsimni-ro Seongdong-gu Seoul04763 Korea Republic of Program in Environmental and Polymer Engineering Inha University 100 Inha-ro Michuhol-gu Incheon22212 Korea Republic of Advanced Materials Division Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology 141 Gajeong-ro Yuseong-gu Daejeon34114 Korea Republic of Department of Chemical Engineering Hanyang University 222 Wangsimni-ro Seongdong-gu Seoul04763 Korea Republic of Institute of Nano Science and Technology Hanyang University 222 Wangsimni-ro Seongdong-gu Seoul04763 Korea Republic of Department of Chemical Engineering State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry SyracuseNY13210 United States The Michael M. Szwarc Polymer Research Institute State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry SyracuseNY13210 United States

Beyond typical flexible electronics, stimuli-responsive shape-reconfigurable electronics are great candidates for the next-generation miniaturized electronics, carrying out complex missions by morphing their geometry and transferring their bodies to the desired positions. To achieve shape-reconfigurable electronics, it is essential to give shape-programmability as well as high electrical conductivity for polymeric materials. However, this is difficult to achieve due to a trade-off relationship between the shape-reconfigurability and the electrical conductivity of polymer composites that embed conductive fillers. Herein, we introduced highly conductive and physical intelligence-encoded polymeric composites based on MXene/liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) bilayer (MLB), for shape-reconfigurable electronics performing on-demand and reversible 3D morphing and locomotion. The MLB demonstrated remarkable photo-/electro-thermally driven bending and twisting performance under near-infrared (NIR) light with 0.4 W cm-2 and voltage application of 3.5 V without delamination, originating from both high photothermal conversion efficiency and electrical conductivity of ~5,300 S cm-1. The MLB also proved structural durability after 1000 cycles of bending originating from the stable interface induced by hydrogen bonding between MXene and LCE. Macroscopic collective assembly of the MLBs enabled dynamic locomotion inspired by nature. Collectively assembled MLBs demonstrated crawling, rotating, jumping, and sling-shooting by engineering the symmetricity of assembled structure and introducing snap-through instability. © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Flexible electronics

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Techno-Economic Analysis of Bioethanol Production from Sugarcane Bagasse in Indonesia

SSRN

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Aditiya, H.B. Riayatsyah, Teuku Meurah Indra Chitra, I.S.N. Ong, Hwai Chyuan Silitonga, A.S. Mahlia, T.M. Indra Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Engineering Sampoerna University Jakarta Indonesia Sampoerna University Energy Research Center Pancoran Jakarta Selatan12780 Indonesia School of Civil & Environmental Engineering University of Technology Sydney 81 Broadway UltimoNSW2007 Australia Department of Mechanical Engineering National Yunlin University of Science and Technology Touliu Yunlin64002 Taiwan Program Study of Mechanical Engineering Department of Production and Industrial Technology Institut Teknologi Sumatera South Lampung 3536 Indonesia Future Technology Research Center College of Engineering National Yunlin University of Science and Technology Douliou Yunlin64002 Taiwan Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology University of Technology SydneyNSW2007 Australia Center of Renewable Energy Department of Mechanical Engineering Politeknik Negeri Medan Medan20155 Indonesia

The studies of bioethanol production are being intensively explored over the past years in the provision of biofuel. This has been long recognized as the best alternative for a renewable energy resource to overcome the problem of the depletion of fossil resources. Indonesia's main agricultural sector, sugarcane industry, has shown promise in supplying sugarcane bagasse (SCB) as a feedstock for the second generation of bioethanol production. In this study, the techno-economic analysis of the sugarcane bagasse from the bioethanol production plant was explored, and the viability of bioethanol production based on the biomass generated from a local sugarcane factory was evaluated. All the costs that will be incurred during a 20-year operating period for a 203 ktons bioethanol production plant from SCB is $231 million, with a payback period of 6.19 years. The potential amount of bioethanol produced from SCB of this plant is 30.19 ML/year with the production cost (levelized cost of bioethanol, LCOB) of $0.59 per liter of ethanol produced. Overall, SCB bioethanol still carries better competitiveness at lower selling price in comparison with the latest price regulation by the Indonesian government ($0.85/L). © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Life cycle

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Towards seamless environmental prediction-development of Pan-Eurasian EXperiment(PEEX)modelling platform

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Big Earth Data 2024年第2期8卷 189-230页

作者： Alexander Mahura Alexander Baklanov Risto Makkonen Michael Boy Tuukka Petäjä Hanna KLappalainen Roman Nuterman Veli-Matti Kerminen Stephen R.Arnold Markus Jochum Anatoly Shvidenko Igor Esau Mikhail Sofiev Andreas Stohl Tuula Aalto Jianhui Bai Chuchu Chen Yafang Cheng Oxana Drofa Mei Huang Leena Järvi Harri Kokkola Rostislav Kouznetsov Tingting Li Piero Malguzzi Sarah Monks Mads Bruun Poulsen Steffen M.Noe Yuliia Palamarchuk Benjamin Foreback Petri Clusiu Till Andreas Soya Rasmussen Jun She Jens Havskov Sørensen Dominick Spracklen Hang Su Juha Tonttila Siwen Wang Jiandong Wang Tobias Wolf-Grosse Yongqiang Yu Qing Zhang Wei Zhang Wen Zhang Xunhua Zheng Siqi Li Yong Li Putian Zhou Markku Kulmala Faculty of Science Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research(INAR)/PhysicsUniversity of Helsinki(UHEL)HelsinkiFinland Science and Innovation Department World Meteorological Organization(WMO)GenevaSwitzerland Niels Bohr Institute University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark Climate System Research Finnish Meteorological Institute(CSR-FMI)HelsinkiFinland School of Engineering Sciences Lappeenranta University of TechnologyLappeenrantaFinland Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK Biodiversity and Natural Resources Program International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis(IIASA)LaxenburgAustria Department of Physics and Technology UiT-The Arctic University of NorwayTromsoNorway Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center(NERSC) BergenNorway Atmospheric Composition Finnish Meteorological Institute(AC-FMI)HelsinkiFinland Norwegian Institute for Air Research(NILU) KjellerNorway LAGEO Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences(IAP-CAS)BeijingChina Max Planck Institute for Chemistry(MPI-Chem) MainzGermany Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate National Research Council of Italy(CNR-15SAC)BolognaItaly Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research(IGSNRR) Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)BeijingChina Faculty of Science Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science(HELSUS)University of Helsinki(UHEL)HelsinkiFinland Atmospheric Research Centre of Eastern Finland Finnish Meteorological Institute(ARCEF-FMI)KuopioFinland Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences(IAP-CAS)BeijingChina Department of Plant Physiology Estonian University of Life Sciences(EULS)Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences(IAES)TartuEstonia Danish Meteorological Institute(DMI) CopenhagenDenmark State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry(LAPC) Institute of Atmospheric Physics(IAP)Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)BeijingChina Uni

The Pan-Eurasian Experiment Modelling Platform(PEEX-MP)is one of the key blocks of the PEEX Research *** PEEX MP has more than 30 models and is directed towards seamless envir-onmental *** main focus area is the Arctic-boreal regions and *** models used in PEEX-MP cover several main components of the Earth’s system,such as the atmosphere,hydrosphere,pedosphere and biosphere,and resolve the physicalchemicalbiological processes at different spatial and temporal scales and *** paper introduces and discusses PEEX MP multi-scale modelling concept for the Earth system,online integrated,forward/inverse,and socioeconomical modelling,and other approaches with a particular focus on applications in the PEEX geographical *** employed high-performance com-puting facilities,capabilities,and PEEX dataflow for modelling results are *** virtual research platforms(PEEXView,Virtual Research Environment,Web-based Atlas)for handling PEEX modelling and observational results are *** over-all approach allows us to understand better physical-chemicalbiological processes,Earth’s system interactions and feedbacks and to provide valuable information for assessment studies on evaluating risks,impact,consequences,*** population,envir-onment and climate in the PEEX *** work was also one of the last projects of *** Zilitinkevich,who passed away on 15 February *** the finalization took time,the paper was actually submitted in 2023 and we could not argue that the final paper text was agreed with him.

关键词： Multi-scale and-processes modelling concept seamless coupling high-performance computing data infrastructure virtual research platforms

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Hypocenter dimension of 7.5 mw Palu earthquake using fractal approach 2

Hypocenter dimension of 7.5 mw Palu earthquake using fractal...

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2nd International Conference of Interdisciplinary Research on Green environmental Approach for Sustainable Development, ICROEST 2020

作者： Rasimeng, Syamsurijal Alimuddin Rustadi Sinambela, Rudy Z. Mandang, Idris Bakri, Samsul Zaenudin, Ahmad Department of Geophysical Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Lampung Indonesia Disaster and Mitigation Center Faculty of Engineering University of Lampung Indonesia Study Program of Geophysics Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science Mulawarman University Indonesia Department of Forestry Graduate Program of Environmental Sciences University of Lampung Indonesia

Research on the Palu earthquake in the period of August to October 2018 has been carried out in the Palu Koro Fault (PKF) zone with a hypocenter of 5-20 km. This study aims to determine the fractal dimensions of these earthquakes based on the relationship between logarithmic frequency and earthquake magnitude correlation introduced by Gutenberg-Richter. Statistical correlation between logarithmic frequency and earthquake magnitude was calculated using the inversion approach. Based on the calculation results obtained fractal dimension value of 1.0378, which describes the seismicity pattern at a depth of 5-20 km. It indicates that the earthquakes triggered by the movement in rupture segments which seen as points along the PKF zone. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

关键词： Earthquakes

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Microplastics removal through water treatment plants: Its feasibility, efficiency, future prospects and enhancement by proper waste management

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environmental Challenges 2021年 5卷

作者： Tang, Kuok Ho Daniel Hadibarata, Tony Environmental Science Program Division of Science and Technology Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College 2000 Jintong Road Tangjiawan Zhuhai 519087 GD China Environmental Engineering Program Faculty of Engineering and Science Curtin University Malaysia CDT 250 Miri Malaysia

With water treatment plants providing a viable solution for removal of microplastics from the environment, this review examines the overall and stage-wise efficiency of various water treatment technologies in removing microplastics and the technologies for managing water treatment wastes. More than 80 scholarly papers published in the past 10 years were reviewed. This review showed highly variable efficiency of the water treatment technologies with primary treatment of wastewater treatment plant reported to remove 16.5 to 98.4% microplastics. Secondary treatment of wastewater treatment plant has overall microplastics removal efficiency ranging from 78.1 to 100% and stage-wise efficiency from 7% (activated sludge) to 99.9% (membrane reactor). Tertiary treatment removes an overall 87.3% to above 99.9% microplastics. Initial coagulation and sedimentation of drinking water treatment plant can normally remove 1.8% to 54.5% of microplastics though advanced treatment pushes microplastics removal to overall 88.6%. Use of larger-than-normal dose of flocculent experimentally significantly increases microplastics removal up to 62%. The largest fraction of microplastics removed conventionally is trapped in sludge. This review highlights the feasibility of water treatment for removal of microplastics from water sources but reveals sludge and membranes as significant sources of microplastics from water treatment. It recommends enhancement of water treatment through adjustment of coagulants, potential use of emerging sol-gel technology and incorporation of advanced treatment for more efficient removal of microplastics. It advocates thermal pretreatment of sludge to potentially facilitate microplastics breakdown and recycle of membrane to reduce re-entry of microplastics into the environment. © 2021 The Author(s)

关键词： Efficiency Membrane Microplastics Sludge Water treatment

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Analytical Method Interferences for Perfluoropentanoic Acid (Pfpea) and Perfluorobutanoic Acid (Pfba) in Biological and environmental Samples

SSRN

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SSRN 2022年

作者： Bangma, Jacqueline McCord, James Giffard, Nathan Buckman, Kate Petali, Jonathan Chen, Celia Amparo, Daniel Turpin, Barbara Morrison, Glenn Strynar, Mark Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Oak RidgeTN United States Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling US Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle ParkNC United States Department of Biological Sciences Dartmouth College HanoverNH United States Environmental Health Program New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services ConcordNH United States Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel HillNC United States

While high-resolution MS (HRMS) can be used for identification and quantification of novel per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS), low-resolution MS/MS is the more commonly used and affordable approach for routine PFAS monitoring. Of note, perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA) and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), two of the smaller carboxylic acid containing-PFAS, have only one major MS/MS transition, preventing the use of qualitative transitions for verification on low-resolution instrumentation. Recently our lab has observed widespread chemical interference in the quantitative ion channel for PFPeA (263→219) and PFBA (213→169) in numerous matrices. PFPeA interference was investigated using HRMS and putatively assigned as a diprotic unsaturated fatty acid (263.1288 Da) in shellfish and a separate interferent (262.1087 Da) in hot cocoa, which had been previously described by the FDA. PFBA interference caused by saturated oxo-fatty acids, previously demonstrated in tissue, was also observed in liquid condensate from a residential air conditioning unit. Therefore, in support of PFAS analysis on low-resolution instrumentation, authors recommend several adjustments to analytical methods including altering LC conditions as well as using matched internal standards to investigate and expressly confirm PFBA and PFPeA detections in both biological and environmental samples. © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Unsaturated fatty acids

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