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AWWA 124th Annual Conference and Exposition: The World's Water Event, ACE 2005

作者： Rosario-Ortiz, Fernando L. Snyder, Shane Rexing, David Suffet, I.H. Southern Nevada Water Authority 1350 Richard Bunker Avenue Henderson NV 89015 United States Environmental Science and Engineering Program UCLA School of Public Health CHS Charles E. Young Drive South Los Angeles CA 90095 United States

ISBN: (纸本)1583213821

Characterization of dissolved organic matter (DOM) is extremely important for water utilities in order to minimize potential detrimental effects of disinfection by-products formation, fouling of membranes and biological re-growth and off-taste and odor occurring in the distribution system. Diverse analytical methods have been developed for the characterization of DOM, mostly relying on complex and lengthy procedures limiting real time information. In addition, most DOM characterization methods include preparation steps, such as changes in pH, which may change the DOM structure and conformation from its natural state. Rapid characterization of DOM and how it evolves throughout treatment processes is needed to be able to modify treatment parameters as needed to minimize the effects of DOM. PRAM (polarity rapid assessment method), fluorescence EEM (excitation emission matrix) and HPLC-SEC (size exclusion chromatography) offer great advantages for the continuous monitoring of DOM changes in treatment facilities with minimum sample preparation steps. These techniques offer the advantage of providing information in short periods of time. This paper assesses the changes in DOM polarity and size characteristics through the water treatment process at the River Mountains Water Treatment Facility in Henderson, Nevada indicating the value of the approach. Initial data shows temporal variation in DOM polarity as wells as differences in the effects of ozone pre-treatment as measured by the PRAM method. Size data indicates minimum differences in molecular weight distributions. A pre-concentration step, required prior to analysis of DOM size distribution, may be inhibiting the detection of differences in molecular weight distributions. Fluorescence data show a reduction in the intensity of the fulvic component between influent and finished waters. © 2005 American Water Works Association.

关键词： Molecular weight distribution

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Effectiveness assessment of NPDES regulations for storm water discharges

Effectiveness assessment of NPDES regulations for storm wate...

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World Water and environmental Resources Congress 2001

作者： Augustenborg, Cara A. Duke, L. Donald UCLA Environmental Health Sciences Department United States Environmental Science and Engineering Program School of Public Health University of California Los Angeles CA 90095-1772 United States

ISBN: (纸本)0784405697

This research is designed to evaluate effectiveness of current regulations for control of pollutants in stormwater runoff from industrial facilities, and resulting efforts by the regulated community to reduce pollutants. For three targeted municipalities, the research first assesses the approximated proportion of industrial facilities that have recognized their duty to comply since the promulgation of permits under NPDES in the early 1990s. The research examines the proportion of facilities subject to regulations that have filed Notice of Intent (NOI) and the number of new NOIs filed each year since the regulations took effect in 1992. Then, the research determines for each municipality the industry types with the greatest number of NOIs filed. The purpose of these analyses is to characterize trends and patterns of compliance by industrial facilities within the regions, in order that future efforts may attempt to link those trends with observed water quality changes in the targeted municipalities. The total number of facilities in compliance can be influenced by unique facility types in different regions;by the diligence of regulatory and outreach effects by state and local agencies in different regions;and various other factors. The method is based on databases containing industrial facility compliance information. In this way, the research evaluates the relative effectiveness of municipal programs at achieving the pollutant reduction goals of the storm water NPDES regulations. Copyright ASCE 2004.

关键词： Water quality

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Olfactory and chemical analysis of taste and odor episodes in drinking water supplies

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Reviews in environmental science and Biotechnology 2004年第1期3卷 3-13页

作者： Suffet, I.H. (Mel) Schweitze, Linda Khiari, Djanette Environmental Health Sciences Environmental Science and Engineering Program UCLA School of Public Health LA USA Department of Chemistry Oakland University Rochester USA American Water Works Association Research Foundation Denver USA

This paper evaluated the presentknowledge of taste and problems in drinkingwater supplies in the form of a ``Taste and OdorWheel'' which organises the relationshipsbetween specific taste and odor problems andtheir causes. The Flavor Profile Analysis (FPA)method enabled the development of the odordescriptors on the wheel. The abilities andshort-comings of the FPA method for odorevaluation by taste and odor panels wereevaluated. The present state of development oftaste and odor standards for drinking water wasthen discussed.

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ENHANCED DEGRADATION OF DISSOLVED BENZENE AND TOLUENE USING A SOLID OXYGEN-RELEASING COMPOUND

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GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1994年第1期14卷 120-128页

作者： BIANCHIMOSQUERA, GC ALLENKING, RM MACKAY, DM Gino Bianchi-Mosquera is principal geochemist at Stollar Bianchi (140 Ravenna Dr. Long Beach CA 90803). He received a B.A. degree in geochemistry from Occidental College in Los Angeles California an M.S. degree in geochemistry from The Pennsylvania State University and a D. Env. degree from the University of California Los Angeles in 1982 1986 and 1993 respectively. His research interests include the transport and fate of organic compounds in the subsurface and the design and evaluation of new aquifer cleanup techniques. Douglas Mackay is adjunct professor in the Centre for Groundwater Research at the University of Waterloo (Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1) Canada and a visiting scientist at the UCLA Department of Civil Engineering. From 1986 to mid- 1990 he was a faculty member in the environmental science and engineering program of the UCLA School of Public Health. His research focuses on field studies of transport and fate of organic chemicals in ground water and ground water decontamination technologies. Mackay received a B.S. in engineering and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in civil engineering from Stanford University in 1970 1973 and 1981 respectively.

A field test to evaluate the applicability of an oxygen-releasing compound (ORC) to the remediation of ground water contaminated with benzene and toluene was conducted in the Borden Aquifer in Ontario, Canada. Benzene and toluene were injected as organic substrates to represent BTEX compounds, bromide was used as a tracer, and nitrate was added to avoid nitrate-limited conditions. The fate of the solutes was monitored along four lines of monitoring points and wells. Two lines studied the behavior of the solutes upgradient and downgradient of two large-diameter well screens filled with briquets containing ORC and briquets without ORC. One line was used to study the solute behavior upgradient and downgradient of columns of ORC powder placed directly in the saturated zone. The remaining line was a control. The results indicate that ORC in both briquet and powder form can release significant amounts of oxygen to contaminated ground water passing by it. In the formulation used in this work, oxygen release persisted for at least 10 weeks. Furthermore, the study indicates that the enhancement of the available dissolved oxygen content of at least 4 mg/L each of the ground water by ORC can support biodegradation of benzene and toluene dissolved in ground water. Such concentrations are typical of those encountered at sites contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons;therefore, these results suggest that there is promise for ORC to enhance in situ biodegradation of BTEX contaminants at such sites using passive (nonpumping) systems to contact the contaminated ground water with the oxygen source.

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COMPARISON OF STAINLESS-STEEL VS PTFE MINIWELLS FOR MONITORING HALOGENATED ORGANIC SOLUTE TRANSPORT

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GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1992年第4期12卷 126-131页

作者： BIANCHIMOSQUERA, GC MACKAY, DM Gino Bianchi-Mosquera (51 Claremont Ave. Long Beach CA 90803) is a project geochemist with Watkins-Johnson Environmental Inc. He received a B.A. degree in geochemistry from Occidental College Los Angeles California an M.S. degree in geochemistry from The Pennsylvania State University and a D.Env. degree from the University of California Los Angeles in 1982 1986 and 1992 respectively. His research interests include the transport and fate of organic compounds in the subsurface and in the evaluation of new aquifer cleanup techniques. Douglas Mackay is adjunct professor in the Centre for Groundwater Research at the University of Waterloo (Waterloo Ontario N2L3G1) Canada and a visiting scientist at the UCLA Department of Civil Engineering. From 1986 to mid-1990 he was a faculty member in the Environmental Science and Engineering Program of the UCLA School of Public Health. His research focuses on field studies of transport and fate of organic chemicals in ground water and ground water decontamination technologies. Dr. Mackay received a B.S. in engineering and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in civil engineering from Stanford University in 1970 1973 and 1981 respectively.

Field tests of organic solute transport behavior have often been monitored using small-diameter wells (miniwells). To determine if experimental results could be significantly biased by sorption to, desorption from, or diffusion through sampling lines, dissolved concentrations of tetrachloroethene and carbon tetrachloride were measured in ground water samples collected simultaneously from the same spatial location during a forced-gradient test in the Borden aquifer using polytetrafluoroethene (PTFE) and stainless steel miniwells (1/8-inch O.D.). A semiautomated organic analytical system was used on-site to obtain real-time results, which avoided sample holding problems and permitted optimizing sampling times. The breakthrough curves (plots of concentration vs. time) for both organic compounds indicate that under the conditions of this experiment (low organic solute concentrations, short exposure time of sampling lines to the plume. adequate flushing of sampling lines) there is no significant difference between concentration histories (breakthrough curves) collected using a polytetrafluoroethene sampling line and those collected using a stainless steel sampling line. This suggests that organic solute tailing seen in this and also in a similar transport experiment previously conducted at the site is the result of transport processes in the aquifer rather than an artifact introduced by the PTFE miniwells.

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A METHOD FOR ASSESSING RESIDUAL NAPL BASED ON ORGANIC-CHEMICAL CONCENTRATIONS IN SOIL SAMPLES

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GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1991年第2期11卷 128-136页

作者： FEENSTRA, S MACKAY, DM CHERRY, JA Stan Feenstra is a hydrogeochemist and president of Applied Groundwater Research Ltd. in Mississauga Ontario He received a B.Sc. in earth sciences and an M.Sc. in hydrogeology from the University of Waterloo in 1978 and 1980 respectively and was designated a Certified Ground Water Professional by AGWSE in 1989. Since 1980 he has been a ground water consultant with Golder Associates in Mississauga Ontario and Zenon Environmental in Burlington Ontario and founded Applied Groundwater Research Ltd. in 1987. Feenstra specializes in the hydrogeochemical evaluation of ground water contamination at waste disposal facilities and chemical spill sites. He is currently a Ph.D. candidate in hydrogeology and research associate in the Waterloo Centre for Ground Water Research at the University of Waterloo (Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1) and is involved in research related to the behavior of dense organic solvents in ground water. Douglas M. Mackay is an adjunct professor at the Waterloo Centre for Groundwater Research at the University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario (N2L3G1). Dr. Mackay received a B.S. in engineering and M.S. and Ph.D. in civil engineering from Stanford University in 1970 1973 and 1981 respectively. From 1986 to 1990 he was a faculty member of the Environmental Science and Engineering Program of the UCLA School of Public Health. His research focuses on field studies of transport and fate of organic chemicals in ground water various scale studies of decontamination of soil and ground water and ground water monitoring technologies. John A. Cherry is a professor at the Waterloo Centre for Groundwater Research at the University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario (N2L 3G1). He received his B.S. in geological engineering from the University of Saskatchewan in 1962. He received his M.S. from the University of California at Berkeley in 1964 and his Ph.D. from the Department of Geology at the University of Illinois in 1966. His research interests include the field study and modeling of contaminants in ground wat

Ground water contamination by non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) chemicals is a serious concern at many industrial facilities and waste disposal sites. NAPL in the form of immobile residual contamination, or pools of mobile or potentially mobile NAPL, can represent continuing sources of ground water contamination. In order to develop rational and cost-effective plans for remediation of soil and ground water contamination at such sites, it is essential to determine if non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) chemicals are present in the subsurface and delineate the zones of NAPL contamination. The presence of NAPL pools may be evident as a floating or sinking phase in monitoring wells. The residual NAPL contamination may be identified in soil samples if residual contents are high and contaminated zones in the soil cores are thick. However, visual identification may not be effective if residual contents ar elow or if the NAPL residual is distributed heterogeneously in the samples. The chemical analysis of soil samples provides a measure of the total chemical concentration in the soil but cannot determine directly whether NAPL is present in the samples. Qualitatively, soil analyses that exhibit chemical concentrations in the percent range or > 10,000 mg/kg would generally be considered to indicate the presence of NAPL. However, the results of soil analyses are seldom used in a quantitative manner to assess the possible presence of residual NAPL contamination when chemical concentrations are lower and the presence of NAPL is not obvious. The assessment of the presence of NAPL in soil samples is possible using the results of chemical and physical analyses of the soil, and the fundamental principles of chemical partitioning in unsaturated or saturated soil. The method requires information on the soil of the type typically considered in ground water contamination studies and provides a simple tool for the investigators of chemical spill and waste disposal sites to assess whether soil

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DISCUSSION by Victor W. Lambou“A Carlson–Type Trophic State Index for Nitrogen in Florida Lakes”

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JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association 1982年第6期18卷 1059-1060页

作者： Brezonik, Patrick L. Kratzer, Charles R. Respectively professor of Environmental Engineering Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota 55455 and Graduate Student Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Program UCLA Los Angeles California 90024.

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