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Multi-causal and integrated assessment of sustainability: The case of agriculturization in the Argentine Pampas

Environment, Development and Sustainability 2009年第3期11卷 621-638页

作者： Manuel-Navarrete, David Gallopín, Gilberto C. Blanco, Mariela Díaz-Zorita, Martín Ferraro, Diego O. Herzer, Hilda Laterra, Pedro Murmis, María R. Podestá, Guillermo P. Rabinovich, Jorge Satorre, Emilio H. Torres, Filemón Viglizzo, Ernesto F. Department of Geography Kinǵs College London Strand London WC2R 2LS United Kingdom Tte. Gral J.D. Perón Buenos Aires 1040 Piso 5 Argentina Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones Laborales (CEIL-PIETTE) CONICET Capital Federal CP: 1083 Saavedra 15 piso 4o Argentina Department of Plant Production Faculty of Agronomy University of Buenos Aires Buenos Aires (1417) Av. San Martín 4457 Argentina IFEVA Cátedra de Cerealicultura UBA/CONICET Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1417DSE Av. San Martín 4453 Argentina CENTRO Estudios Sociales y Ambientales Buenos Aires 1035 Av. Pte. Roque Saenz Peña 1142 5o Argentina Faculty of Agricultural Sciences National University of Mar Del Plata-INTA Balcarce Balcarce CC 276 7620 Argentina Apoyo Al Programa de Medianas Donaciones Del GEF en Argentina GEF/PNUD Buenos Aires C1070AAJ Piedras 482 2 G Argentina University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science Miami FL 33149-1098 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway United States Center for the Study of Parasites and Vectors (CEPAVE) National University of la Plata La Plata Province of Buenos Aires 1900 Calle 2 No. 584 Argentina Cátedra de Cerealicultura Facultad de Agronomía University of Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Av. San Martín 4453 Argentina CEO Group (Consultants on Economy and Organization) Buenos Aires 1086 Hipólito Yrigoyen 785-5 M Argentina Environmental Management Program National Institute for Agricultural Technology (INTA la Pampa) Santa Rosa La Pampa 6300 Av. Spinetto 785 Argentina

Assessing the sustainability of complex development processes requires multi-causal and integrated analyses. We develop a system-based methodology, rooted in interdisciplinary discussion and consensus building between 15 experts, to construct a multi-causal diagram which examines the sustainability of the Argentine Pampaś process of agriculturization. The resulting diagram includes 25 factors and provides a big-picture of the multiple dimensions and interrelations affecting sustainability. According to this examination, the increasing concentration of production and the incorporation of technological innovations, triggered by economic and institutional factors, are the cause of environmental distresses and social changes, whose consequences for sustainability are still highly disputed. Nevertheless, the symptoms of both environmental and social unsustainability are more evident in the case of the extra-Pampean regions than in the Pampas. This suggests that the Pampean agriculture model should not be transferred to these regions without substantial modifications. The experts did not reach consensus on whether the agriculturization process is overall sustainable or unsustainable. Lack of consensus revolved mainly around opposing perspectives regarding the significance of the threats to environmental sustainability. The magnitude of socio-distributive unbalance and loss of rural jobs were also contentious. Yet, the paper shows how the exercise of building a joint causal diagram was undoubtedly helpful for linking piece-meal disciplinary facts, brought in from all fronts, into a comprehensive and coherent picture. © 2007 Springer science+Business Media B.V.

关键词： Agriculturization Integrated assessment Multi-causal diagrams Pampas Sustainability Syndromes of global change

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Tfe Solberg Award

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Naval Engineers Journal 2009年第5期112卷

作者： Dr. Roy L. Streit Since 1992 Dr. Streit has focused a significant amount of his energy to assignment problems in acoustic warfare data fusion systems. This work led him to the formulation of the PDD Principle a broadly useful theoretical method that enables the derivation of new classes of discrete-continuous estimation algorithms for solving assignment problems without requiring enumeration and pruning. In recognition of his outstanding work in this area Dr. Streit received the NAVSEA Scientist of the Year Award for 1997. Dr. Streit has also been pursuing avenues for analyzing the loss in broadband detection performance of an acoustic array in the presence of interferences. Because examining all possible separations between the signal and many interferers is infeasible he has proposed a Poisson process model for the number and location (s) of the interferers. In this same time period Dr. Streit has also been investigating issues in environmental modeling and localization by proposing a novel integral method for solving the bearings-only target motion analysis problem which enables a natural heuristic for compensating for mismatch between the model predictions and the real world. Most recently Dr. Streit has proposed the Numerical ACoustic Hull ARray (NACHAR) Project as a revolutionary and ambitious approach to hull array design. Its premise is that optimizing the detection capability of large hull arrays requires the full integration of hull sensor array and beamformer design processes. Because NACHAR crosses an unusual number of technical disciplines it involves researchers from several departments. The diversity of Dr. Streif s technical background makes him uniquely suited to lead the project Dr. Streifs truly impressive scientific achievements are complemented by a noteworthy list of professional activities that accentuate his value to Division Newport and the Navy. He represents the United States in The Technical Cooperation Program Maritime Activities Panel 9 (Sonar Technology) and participates in the Division New

for his significant engineering research and development in sonar array research and acoustic transient signals as set forth in the following

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Abstracts for the 6th Congress of Asian Sleep Research Society

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Sleep and Biological Rhythms 2009年第4期7卷 A1-A49页

作者： Seog Ju Kim In Kyoon Lyoo Yu-Jin Lee Do-Un Jeong Hirohiko Kanai Masanori Ookubo Atsushi Yoshimura Masako Okawa Noto Yamada Takeshi Munezawa Yoshitaka Kaneita Yoneatsu Osaki Hideyuki Kanda Tadahiro Ohtsu Masumi Minowa Kenji Suzuki Susumu Hijuchi Hiroyuki Suzuki Takashi Ohida Takashi Abe Yoko Komada Shoichi Asaoka Yuichi Inoue Jin-Seong Lee Sang-Yong Cho Deependra Kumar Hruda N. Mallick Velayudhan M. Kumar Mahesh K. Kaushik Akihiro Karashima Noiihiro Katayama Mitsuyuki Nakao Ravindra P. Nagendra Sathiamma Sulekha Sathyaprabha T. Narasappa Pradhan Nityanadan Bindu M. Kutty M. Nirmala P. N. Ravindra Basavaraj Ramappa Tubaki T. N. Sathyaprabha D. Sudhakar G. S. Lavekar C. R. Chandrashekar Kazuyoshi Kitaoka Mika Shimizu Sachiko Chikahisa Kazuo Yoshizaki Hiroyoshi Sei Jong-Won Kim Misa Takegami Shin Yamazaki Yasuaki Hayashino Rei Ono Koji Otani Miho Sekiguchi Shinichi Konno Shunichi Fukuhara Antonia J. Jakobson Paul Fitzgerald Russell Conduit Xin Shirley Li Siu Ping Joyce Lam Wai Man Mandy Yu Yun Kwok Wing Kazue Okamoto-Mizuno Koh Mizuno Mituaki Yamamoto Shuichiro Shirakawa Hirokazu Doi Mikako Kato Kazuyuki Shinohara Masako Tamaki Shiori Matsuda Katsuo Yamazaki Tadao Hori Keiko Ogawa Kazumi Takahashi Kunio Kitahama Katuo Yamazaki Yoshimasa Koyama Kohei Shioda Yugo Ueda Yukiko Nakamura Clara Inoue Kazushige Goto Sunao Uchida Yuko Morita Yoshiko Honda Tohru Kodama Mari Hagihara Toru Nakajima Masato Saito Yoshihiko Koga Shinichiro Tanaka Hiroshi Yamadera Madoka Takahara Sachiko Suwa Minoru Onozuka Sadao Sato Fumiharu Togo Taiki Komatsu Takeshi Mitani Jongbae Choi Bin Zhang Taeko Sasai Hiromi Mitsubayashi Mitsuhiro Ohtsu Isao Hasegawa Tatsuya Ishii Akira Komori Asami Suzuki Yue Nakahara Mitsuyasu Hiroki Mariko Nakauma Nobuo Someya Tomomasa Ochiai Shouhei Komori Rayleigh Ping-Ying Chiang Zai-Ting Yeh Seong T. Kim Seung H. Yoon Jeong S. Kwon Jong H. Choi Hyung J. Ahn Youngsoo Kim Bolortuya Yunren Lichao Chen Radhika Basheer Robert W. Mccarley Robert E. Strecker Makoto Honda Tetsuaki Arai Miyuki Fukazawa Yutaka Honda Kuniaki T Department of Psychiatry Gachon University of Medicine and Science Incheon Republic of Korea Department of Psychiatry Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea Department of Neuropsychiatry and Center for Sleep and Chronobiology Seoul National University Hospital Seoul Republic of Korea Department of Neuropsychiatry Seoul National University Hospital Seoul Republic of Korea Seoul National University Hospital Seoul Republic of Korea Department of Psychiatry Shiga University of Medical Science Otsu Japan Division of Public Health Department of Social Medicine Nihon University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan Department of Public Health Nihon University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan Division of Environmental and Preventive Medicine Department of Social Medicine Faculty of Medicine Tottori University Yonago Japan Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine Fukushima Medical University Fukushima Japan Department of Public Health Showa University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan Faculty of Humanities Seitoku University Matsudo Japan Section on Behavioral Science Division of Clinical Research National Hospital Organization Kurihama Alcoholism Center Yokosuka Japan Department of Otolaryngology Second Hospital Fujita Health University Nagoya Japan National Hospital Organization Kurihama Alcoholism Center Kanagawa Japan Metropolitan Police Department Criminal Investigation Laboratory Tokyo Japan Japan Somnology Center Neuropsychiatrie Research Institute Tokyo Japan Department of Somnology Tokyo Medical University Tokyo Japan Japan Somnology Center Neuropsychiatric Research Institute Tokyo Japan Department of Somnology Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo Japan Center for Sleep and Chronobiology Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science Center for Sleep and Chronobiology Seoul Republic of Korea Department of Physiology Al

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GENETIC-ENGINEERING AND environmental-POLLUTION - POTENTIAL AND UNCERTAINTIES

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BIO-technology 1983年第8期1卷 670-673页

作者： ZABORSKY, OR Oskar R. Zaborsky Ph.D. is a program director in the Division of Chemical and Process Engineering of the National Science Foundation 1800 G Street Washington DC 20550. The views conclusions and recommendations expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the National Science Foundation.REFERENCES Conference on "Genetic Control of Environmental Pollutants" July 31-August 3 1983 University of Washington School of Public Health & Community Medicine and Department of Environmental Health Seattle WA. The proceedings are to be published by Plenum Press.Recent reports covering the handling of hazardous industrial wastes including biological processes are (a) "Management of Hazardous Industrial Wastes: Research and Development Needs" National Research Council National Academy Press Washington D.C. 1983 (b) "Technologies and Management Strategies for Hazardous Waste Control " Congress of the United States Office of Technology Assessment Washington D.C. 1983.An expanded report on the technology market analysis regulatory and legislative factors dealing with biotechnology applications to hazardous wastes has been produced by Dr. Thomas O.Peyton AmTech Consultants Vienna VA for the OTA study.Baross J.A. and Deming J.W.1983. Growth of 'black smoker' bacteria at temperatures of at least 250C. Nature303: 423-426.|Article|ISI|ChemPort|

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RUDDER ROLL STABILIZATION FOR COAST GUARD CUTTERS AND FRIGATES

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1983年第3期95卷 267-282页

作者： BAITIS, E WOOLAVER, DA BECK, TA Dr. Erich Baitis: a native of Germany came to the David W. Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center in 1957 as a co-operative student/trainee and received his Bachelor of Science Degree in Physics from Virginia Polytechnic Institute. As a 32-year-old naval architect in 1971 he received both the VietnamHonorServiceMedaland the Navy'sMeritoriousCivilianServiceAwardfor his eight months as liaison with the Vietnamese NAVVS ferro-cement ship program. As head of the Seakeeping and Stabilization Group of the Surface Ship Dynamics Branch his work has led to the development of a new standard Ship Motion Computer Program and the application of ship motions to ship habitability operability and survivability problems. A major area of this work has been the ship/aircraft interface which is particularly sensitive to ship motions wind and other environmental factors. Mr. Dennis A. Woolaver:has been employed as a Naval Architect at the David W. Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center since 1965 where his work has resulted in numerous patents. He received his Bachelor of Science Degree in Electrical Engineering from George Washington University where he also completed graduate work in Communication Theory. Additional fields of study include Computer Science and Personnel Management. Current efforts are directed toward surface ship motion mitigation data acquisition and statistical analysis. He is a member of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers. Lt. Tom A. Beck USCG: joined the UnitedStatesCoastGuardin 1966 where he trained as an Electronics Technician. He received a Bachelor of Science Degree in Electrical Engineering from Columbia University in 1978. From 1978 to 1979 he was an Electronics Project Officer at the CoastGuardElectronics Laboratory in Alexandria Virginia. Since 1980 he has been a Research and Development Project Officer in the Sensor Technology Branch of the CoastGuardsOffice of Research and Development. Lt. Beck is a member of the Institute of Electronic and Elect

The potential use of rudders as anti-roll devices has long been recognized. However, the possible interference of this secondary function of the rudder with its primary role as the steering mechanism has prevented, for many years, the development of practical rudder roll stabilizers. The practical feasibility of rudder roll stabilization has, however, in recent years been demonstrated by two systems designed and developed for operational evaluation aboard two different U.S. C oast G uard Cutters, i.e., Jarvis and Mellon of the 3,000-ton, 378-foot HAMILTON Class. The authors describe the major components of the rudder roll stabilization (RRS) system, along with the design goals and methodology as applied to these first two prototypes. In addition, a brief history of the hardware development is provided in order to show some of the lessons learned. The near flawless performance of the prototypes over the past four years of operational use in the North Pacific is documented. Results from various sea trials and reports of the ship operators are cited and discussed. The paper concludes with a discussion of the costs and benefits of roll stabilization achieved using both a modern anti-roll fin system, as well as two different performance level RRS systems. The benefits of roll stabilization are demonstrated by the relative expansion in the operational envelopes of the USS OLIVER HAZARD PERRY (FFG-7) Class. The varying levels of roll stabilization suggest that the merits of fins and RRS systems are strongly dependent on mission requirements and the environment. The demonstrated performance of the reliable RRS system offers the naval ship acquisition manager a good economical stabilization system.

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Abstracts

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environmental Management 1977年第1期1卷 67-96页

作者： Frankenfeld, John W. Schulz, Wolfgang McMurty, George J. Petersen, Gary W. May, G. A. Hering, F. S. Schwartz, J. I. Heywood, J. B. Chigier, N. A. Grohse, E. W. Walker, J. D. Colwell, R. R. Petrakis, L. Pergament, H. S. Thorpe, R. D. Schoepf, Richard W. Krzyczkowski, Roman Henneman, Suzanne S. Hudson, Charles L. Putnam, Evelyn S. Thiesen, Donna J. Parks, G. A. McCarty, Perry L. Leckie, J. O. Schrumpf, Barry J. Simonson, G. H. Paine, D. P. Lawrence, R. D. Pyott, W. T. Leh, M. Elders, W. Combs, J. Caplen, T. Harrison, F. L. Wong, K. M. Heft., R. E. Charnell, Robert L. Lehmann, Edward J. Mallon, Lawrence G. Hatfield, Cecile Adams, Gerald H. Johanning, James Talvitie, Antti Noll, Kenneth E. Miller, Terry Smiarowski, Joseph F. Willis, Cleve E. Foster, John H. Schlesinger, Benjamin Daetz, Douglas Lear, Donald U. Smith, Mona F. Hundemann, Audrey S. Crockett, Pernell W. Werner, Kirk G. Carroll, Thomas E. Maase, David L. Genco, Joseph E. Ifeadi, Christopher N. Lowman, F. G. Christensen, S. W. Van Winkle, W. Mattice, J. S. Harrison, Elizabeth A. Barker, James C. Chesness, Jerry L. Smith, Ralph E. Shaheeen, Donald G. Raney, R. Keith Borton, T. Wezernak, C. T. Raney, R. K. Sherwani, Jabbor K. Moreau, David H. Eisenberg, Norman A. Lynch, Cornelius J. Breeding, Roger J. Johnson, J. D. Foster, K. E. Mouat, D. A. Clark, R. Hyden, John William Owen, Wilfred Bayfield, Neil G. Barrow, Graham C. Stolz, Stephanie B. Wienckowski, Louis A. Brown, Betram S. Keyfitz, Nathan Wilson, W. L. Newman, Peter W. G. Bammi, Deepak Bammi, Dalip Goddard, James E. Chisholm, Tony Walsh, Cliff Brennan, Geoffrey Thompson, K. S. Richardson, R. Jensen, Clayton E. Brown, Dail W. Mirabito, John A. Cowing, Thomas G. Binghamton, Suny Siehl, George H. Albrecht, O. W. Alexander, Ariel Barde, Jean -Philippe Darby, William P. McMichael, Francis Clay Dunlap, Robert W. Muckleston, Keith W. Frankenhoff, Charles A. Giulini, Lorenzo T. Wyatt, T. Black, Peter E. Keating, William Thomas Leonard, M. E. Fisher, E. L. Brunelle, M. F. Dickinson, J. E. Pethig, Rudiger Clapham Exxon Research & Engineering Co. Linden Government Research Lab Coast Guard Washington D.C. Department of Transportation Washington D.C. Office For Remote Sensing of Earth Resources. NASA Earth Resources Survey Program Pennsylvania State University Washington D.C. Department of the Navy Washington D.C. Cambridge. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Massachusetts Inst. of Technology USA Huntsville. School of Graduate Studies and Research Alabama Univ. USA Dept. of Microbiology. Office of Naval Research Maryland Univ. Arlington Research and Development Co. Pittsburgh AeroChem Research Labs. Inc. Princeton Dept. of the Interior Office of Library Services. Bibliographic Series (Final) Washington D.C. Interplan Corp. Santa Barbara Urban Mass Transportation Adm. Washington D.C. Naval Underwater Systems Center Newport Calif. Mercury Project. National Science Found Stanford Univ Washington D.C. Div. of Advanced Environmental Research & Tech. USA Corvallis. NASA Earth Resources Survey Program Oregon State Univ. Washington D.C. Riverside. Inst. of Geophysics and Planetary Physics National Science Foundation California Univ. Washington D.C. Livermore Lawrence Livermore Lab. California Univ. USA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Labs. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Miami National Technical Information Service Springfield Miami Univ. Coral Gables School of Law National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Rockville National Academy of Sciences Office of Sea Grant Washington D. C. School of Law National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Sea Grant. Rockville Norman. Dept. of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science. Urban Mass Transportation Administration Oklahoma Univ. Washington D. C. Knoxville.Dept. of Civil Engineering. Federal Highway Administration Tennessee Univ. Washington D. C. Amherst.Water Resources Research Center. Office of Water Research and Technology Massachusetts Univ. Washington D. C. Calif. Dept. of Industria

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Industry Transformations for High Service Provisioning with Lower Energy and Material Demand: A Review of Models and Scenarios

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Environment and Resources 1000年第1期49卷 249-279页

作者： Dominik Wiedenhofer Jan Streeck Frauke Wiese Elena Verdolini Alessio Mastrucci Yiyi Ju Benigna Boza-Kiss Jihoon Min Jonathan Norman Hanspeter Wieland Nuno Bento María Fernanda Godoy León Leticia Magalar Andreas Mayer Simone Gingrich Ayami Hayashi Joni Jupesta Gamze Ünlü Leila Niamir Tao Cao Marianne Zanon-Zotin Barbara Plank Johan Vélez-Henao Eric Masanet Volker Krey Keigo Akimoto Arnulf Grubler Bas van Ruijven Stefan Pauliuk 1Institute of Social Ecology University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Austria email: Dominik.Wiedenhofer@boku.ac.at 2Department for Sustainable Energy Transition Europa-Universität Flensburg Flensburg Germany 3Law Department University of Brescia Brescia Italy 4Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC Foundation) Lecce Italy 5RFF-CMCC European Institute on Economics and the Environment Milan Italy 6International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Laxenburg Austria 7Waseda Institute for Advanced Study Tokyo Japan 8Institute for Future Initiatives University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan 9School of Earth and Environment University of Leeds Leeds United Kingdom 10University Institute of Lisbon (ISCTE) Lisbon Portugal 11Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University Ghent Belgium 12Centre for Energy and Environmental Economics (Cenergia) Energy Planning Program (PPE) COPPE Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil 13Department of Geography University of Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria 14Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth Kizugawa Japan 15Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability United Nations University Shibuya Japan 16Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development Utrecht University Utrecht Netherlands 17Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany 18Bren School of Environmental Science and Management University of California Santa Barbara California USA 19Department of Energy and Process Engineering Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway

Developing transformative pathways for industry's compliance with international climate targets requires model-based insights into how supply- and demand-side measures affect industry, material cycles, global supply chains, socioeconomic activities, and service provisioning that support societal well-being. We review the recent literature modeling the industrial system in low energy and material demand futures, which mitigates environmental impacts without relying on risky future negative emissions and technological fixes. We identify 77 innovative studies drawing on nine distinct industry modeling traditions. We critically assess system definitions and scopes, biophysical and thermodynamic consistency, granularity and heterogeneity, and operationalization of demand and service provisioning. We find that combined supply- and demand-side measures could reduce current economy-wide material use by 56%, energy use by 40% to 60%, and greenhouse gas emissions by 70% to net zero. We call for strengthened interdisciplinary collaborations between industry modeling traditions and demand-side research to produce more insightful scenarios, and we discuss challenges and recommendations for this emerging field.

关键词： climate change mitigation sustainable resource use integrated assessment modeling IAM ecological economics industrial ecology

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Changes in Ocean Heat, Carbon Content, and Ventilation: A Review of the First Decade of GO-SHIP Global Repeat Hydrography

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Marine science 1000年第1期8卷 185-215页

作者： L.D. Talley R.A. Feely B.M. Sloyan R. Wanninkhof M.O. Baringer J.L. Bullister C.A. Carlson S.C. Doney R.A. Fine E. Firing N. Gruber D.A. Hansell M. Ishii G.C. Johnson K. Katsumata R.M. Key M. Kramp C. Langdon A.M. Macdonald J.T. Mathis E.L. McDonagh S. Mecking F.J. Millero C.W. Mordy T. Nakano C.L. Sabine W.M. Smethie J.H. Swift T. Tanhua A.M. Thurnherr M.J. Warner J.-Z. Zhang 1Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego La Jolla California 92093 email: ltalley@ucsd.edu jswift@ucsd.edu 2Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Seattle Washington 98115 email: richard.a.feely@noaa.gov john.l.bullister@noaa.gov gregory.c.johnson@noaa.gov jeremy.mathis@noaa.gov chris.sabine@noaa.gov 3Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Hobart Tasmania 7001 Australia email: bernadette.sloyan@csiro.au 4Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Miami Florida 33149 email: rik.wanninkhof@noaa.gov molly.baringer@noaa.gov jia-zhong.zhang@noaa.gov 5Department of Ecology Evolution and Marine Biology University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California 93106 email: carlson@lifesci.ucsb.edu 6Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole Massachusetts 02543 email: sdoney@whoi.edu amacdonald@whoi.edu 7Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science University of Miami Miami Florida 33149 email: rfine@rsmas.miami.edu dhansell@rsmas.miami.edu clangdon@rsmas.miami.edu fmillero@rsmas.miami.edu 8Department of Oceanography University of Hawai'i at Mānoa Honolulu Hawaii 96822 email: efiring@hawaii.edu 9Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics ETH Zurich Zurich 8092 Switzerland email: nicolas.gruber@env.ethz.ch 10Meteorological Research Institute Japan Meteorological Agency Tsukuba 305-0052 Japan email: mishii@mri-jma.go.jp 11Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) Yokosuka 237-0061 Japan email: k.katsumata@jamstec.go.jp 12Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Princeton University Princeton New Jersey 08544 email: key@princeton.edu 13JCOMM in-situ Observations Programme Support Center (JCOMMOPS) Technopôle Brest Iroise Plouzané 29280 France email: mkramp@*** 14National Oceanography Centre Southampton SO14 3ZH United Kingdom email: e.mcdonagh@noc.ac.uk 15A

Global ship-based programs, with highly accurate, full water column physical and biogeochemical observations repeated decadally since the 1970s, provide a crucial resource for documenting ocean change. The ocean, a central component of Earth's climate system, is taking up most of Earth's excess anthropogenic heat, with about 19% of this excess in the abyssal ocean beneath 2,000 m, dominated by Southern Ocean warming. The ocean also has taken up about 27% of anthropogenic carbon, resulting in acidification of the upper ocean. Increased stratification has resulted in a decline in oxygen and increase in nutrients in the Northern Hemisphere thermocline and an expansion of tropical oxygen minimum zones. Southern Hemisphere thermocline oxygen increased in the 2000s owing to stronger wind forcingand ventilation. The most recent decade of global hydrography has mapped dissolved organic carbon, a large, bioactive reservoir, for the first time and quantified its contribution to export production (∼20%) and deep-ocean oxygen utilization. Ship-based measurements also show that vertical diffusivity increases from a minimum in the thermocline to a maximum within the bottom 1,500 m, shifting our physical paradigm of the ocean's overturning circulation.

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