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Monitoring the navy's strategic reserve of ozone-depleting substances

NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 2002年第4期114卷 95-104页

作者： Smith, DE Breslin, DA Toms, GS Norton, P DENNIS E. SMITH PH.D. is currently a statistical consultant for GEO-CENTERS INC. He received a B.A. in Mathematics (magna cum laude)from Wabash College and an M.S. in mathematics an M.S. in statistics and a Ph.D. in statistics from the University of Wisconsin. From November 1973 until February 1999 he was president and principal statistician at Desmatics Inc. where he participated in a number of studies involving the application of statistical methods to various technical problems in the Navy's environmental-protection and auxiliary-machinery programs. Dr. Smith was instrumental in developing the statistical procedures underlying the Navy's ODS reserve monitoring plan. DAVID A. BRESLIN P.E. is the director of technical operations for the Naval Surface Warfare Center and chairs the ASNE/SNAME Joint Committee on Environmental Engineering. He received a master of science in aerospace engineering from Virginia Tech a master of engineering administration in industrial and systems engineering from Virginia Tech and a bachelor of engineering in mechanical engineering from Stevens Institute of Technology. From 1993 to 1997 he was the program manager of the Naval Sea Systems Command's CFC and Halon Elimination Program and played a critical role in establishing the Navy's strategic reserve of ozone-depleting substances. Because of his many efforts he received a Stratospheric Ozone Protection Award in 1995 from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in recognition of “exceptional contributions to global environmental protection”. GREGORY S. TOMS P.E. is the CFC &Halon Elimination Program Manager for the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA). He received a master of science degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Maryland and a B.S. degree in mechanical engineering from West Virginia University. From 1984 to 1997 he was employed at the Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division Annapolis Detachment (formerly David Taylor Research Center)where he worked on the development of advanced cent

The domestic production of the most powerful ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) has permanently ceased and the abundant supplies of a number of refrigerants, fire-fighting agents, and solvents, once taken for granted, are now a thing of the past. The Navy has adopted a successful strategy for addressing the threat posed by the unavailability of ODSs. That strategy includes relying on a strategic reserve of ODSs. Considering that the strategic reserve will play a critical role in sustained Fleet operations into the middle of the century, it is important to record the history of the reserve and to document lessons learned in order to educate future generations that may face similar challenges. This is the third of three papers that cover all aspects of the Navy's strategic reserve of ODSs. Breslin (1999) documented the history of the Navy's effort to size, establish, and monitor a reserve designed to support Fleet operations until the middle of the century. Breslin, Smith, and Toms (2000) addressed in detail the process used to estimate the required size of the reserve, including the survey method, statistical analyses, and sizing algorithms. This paper discusses the Navy's plan for monitoring the Navy's strategic reserves of ODSs and describes the methods used in the monitoring process. In particular it discusses the underlying assumptions and statistical techniques associated with the Navy's prediction of the expected drawdown of the reserves. A comparison of actual data, collected since the strategic reserves began operations in 1995, with the predicted reserve drawdown, is included in the paper.

关键词： Marine engineering

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A statistical method for estimating the life expectancy of certain shipboard equipment

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 2002年第1期114卷 27-32页

作者： Smith, DE Breslin, DA Toms, GS DENNIS E. SMITH PH.D. is a statistical consultant for Geo-Centers Inc. He received a B.A. in mathe-matics (magna cum laude) from Wabash College and an M.S. in mathematics an M.S. in statistics and a Ph.D. in statistics from the University of Wisconsin. From November 1973 until February 1999 he was President and Principal Statistician at Desmatics Inc. where he participated in a number of studies involving the application of statistical methods to various technical problems in the Navy's environmental-protection and auxiliary-machinery programs. Dr. Smith was instrumental in developing the statistical procedures underlying the Navy's ODS reserve monitoring plan. DAVID A. BRESLIN P.E. is the Director of Technical Operations for the Naval Surface Warfare Center and is the chairperson of ASNE's Committee on Environmental Engineering. He received a master of science degree in aerospace engineering from Virginia Tech a master of engineering administration in indus-trial & systems engineering from Virginia Tech and a bachelor of engineering in mechanical engineering from Stevens Institute of Technology. From 1993 to 1997 he was the program manager of the Naval Sea Systems Command's CFC & Halon Elimination Program and played a critical role in establishing the Navy's strategic reserve of ozone-depleting substances. Because of his many efforts he received a Stratospheric Ozone Protection Award in 1995 from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in recogni-tion of “exceptional contributions to global environmental protection”. GREGORY S. TOMS P.E. is the CFC & Halon Elimination Program Manager for the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA). He received a master of science degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Maryland and a B.S. degree in mechanical engineering from West Virginia University. From 1984 to 1997 he was employed at the Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division Annapolis Detachment (formerly David Taylor Research Center) where he worked on the development of advanced cent

This paper reviews an inexpensive statistical-sampling methodology that can be used to determine the attrition rates of certain types of shipboard equipment. The methodology relies on surveys that are conducted in conjunction with regularly scheduled ship visits over a period of time and a statistical analysis of the survey results. The statistical technique allows for reasonably accurate estimates to be made of attrition rates. The specific example cited in this paper is related to galley-type refrigeration equipment, such as salad chillers, beverage dispensers, et cetera. In the case of galley-type refrigeration equipment, the Navy needs to know whether the Fleet's inventory of equipment relying on Class I Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODSs) will be replaced through natural attrition by the end of fiscal year (FY) 2005, at which time supplies of ODS-based refrigerants will no longer be available for use by ship galleys. This paper outlines the process used to gather data, the analysis of the data, and concludes that the Navy's inventory of galley equipment using Class I ODSs will be replaced through natural attrition by the end of FY05. The methodology reviewed by this paper has wider applications. For various types of shipboard equipment, the methodology can also be used to estimate with reasonable accuracy life expectancies, configurations, conditions, and other items of interest.

关键词： Ship equipment

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Technology Roadmap for Flexible Sensors

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ACS NANO 2023年第6期17卷 5211-5295页

作者： Luo, Yifei Abidian, Mohammad Reza Ahn, Jong-Hyun Akinwande, Deji Andrews, Anne M. Antonietti, Markus Bao, Zhenan Berggren, Magnus Berkey, Christopher A. Bettinger, Christopher John Chen, Jun Chen, Peng Cheng, Wenlong Cheng, Xu Choi, Seon-Jin Chortos, Alex Dagdeviren, Canan Dauskardt, Reinhold H. Di, Chong-an Dickey, Michael D. Duan, Xiangfeng Facchetti, Antonio Fan, Zhiyong Fang, Yin Feng, Jianyou Feng, Xue Gao, Huajian Gao, Wei Gong, Xiwen Guo, Chuan Fei Guo, Xiaojun Hartel, Martin C. He, Zihan Ho, John S. Hu, Youfan Huang, Qiyao Huang, Yu Huo, Fengwei Hussain, Muhammad M. Javey, Ali Jeong, Unyong Jiang, Chen Jiang, Xingyu Kang, Jiheong Karnaushenko, Daniil Khademhosseini, Ali Kim, Dae-Hyeong Kim, Il-Doo Kireev, Dmitry Kong, Lingxuan Lee, Chengkuo Lee, Nae-Eung Lee, Pooi See Lee, Tae-Woo Li, Fengyu Li, Jinxing Liang, Cuiyuan Lim, Chwee Teck Lin, Yuanjing Lipomi, Darren J. Liu, Jia Liu, Kai Liu, Nan Liu, Ren Liu, Yuxin Liu, Yuxuan Liu, Zhiyuan Liu, Zhuangjian Loh, Xian Jun Lu, Nanshu Lv, Zhisheng Magdassi, Shlomo Malliaras, George G. Matsuhisa, Naoji Nathan, Arokia Niu, Simiao Pan, Jieming Pang, Changhyun Pei, Qibing Peng, Huisheng Qi, Dianpeng Ren, Huaying Rogers, John A. Rowe, Aaron Schmidt, Oliver G. Sekitani, Tsuyoshi Seo, Dae-Gyo Shen, Guozhen Sheng, Xing Shi, Qiongfeng Someya, Takao Song, Yanlin Stavrinidou, Eleni Su, Meng Sun, Xuemei Takei, Kuniharu Tao, Xiao-Ming Tee, Benjamin C. K. Thean, Aaron Voon-Yew Trung, Tran Quang Wan, Changjin Wang, Huiliang Wang, Joseph Wang, Ming Wang, Sihong Wang, Ting Wang, Zhong Lin Weiss, Paul S. Wen, Hanqi Xu, Sheng Xu, Tailin Yan, Hongping Yan, Xuzhou Yang, Hui Yang, Le Yang, Shuaijian Yin, Lan Yu, Cunjiang Yu, Guihua Yu, Jing Yu, Shu-Hong Yu, Xinge Zamburg, Evgeny Zhang, Haixia Zhang, Xiangyu Zhang, Xiaosheng Zhang, Xueji Zhang, Yihui Zhang, Yu Zhao, Siyuan Zhao, Xuanhe Zheng, Yuanjin Zheng, Yu-Qing Zheng, Zijian Zhou, Tao Zhu, Bowen Zhu, Ming Zhu, Rong Zhu, Yangzhi Zhu, Yong Zou, Guijin Chen, Xiaodong Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE) Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR) 2 Fusionopolis Way #08-03 Innovis Singapore 138634 Republic of Singapore；Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX) School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore 639798 Singapore Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Houston Houston Texas 77024 United States School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas 78712 United States；Microelectronics Research Center The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas 78758 United States Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior and Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles California 90095 United States Colloid Chemistry Department Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces 14476 Potsdam Germany Department of Chemical Engineering Stanford University Stanford California 94305 United States Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology Campus Norrköping Linköping University 83 Linköping Sweden；Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability (WISE) and Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC) SE-100 44 Stockholm Sweden Department of Materials Science and Engineering Stanford University Stanford California 94301 United States Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213 United States Department of Bioengineering University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles California 90095 United States School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637457

Humans rely increasingly on sensors to address grand challenges and to improve quality of life in the era of digitalization and big data. For ubiquitous sensing, flexible sensors are developed to overcome the limitations of conventional rigid counterparts. Despite rapid advancement in bench-side research over the last decade, the market adoption of flexible sensors remains limited. To ease and to expedite their deployment, here, we identify bottlenecks hindering the maturation of flexible sensors and propose promising solutions. We first analyze continued...challenges in achieving satisfactory sensing performance for real-world applications and then summarize issues in compatible sensor-biology interfaces, followed by brief discussions on powering and connecting sensor networks. Issues en route to commercialization and for sustainable growth of the sector are also analyzed, highlighting environmental concerns and emphasizing nontechnical issues such as business, regulatory, and ethical considerations. Additionally, we look at future intelligent flexible sensors. In proposing a comprehensive roadmap, we hope to steer research efforts towards common goals and to guide coordinated development strategies from disparate communities. Through such collaborative

关键词： soft materials mechanics engineering flexible electronics conformable sensors bioelectronics human-machine interfaces body area sensor networks technology translation sustainable electronics

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Versatile Test Reactor Open Digital engineering Ecosystem

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Insight 2022年第1期25卷 56-60页

作者： Ritter, Christopher Browning, Jeren Suyderhoud, Peter Hays, Ross Marshall, AnnMarie Han, Kevin Ashbocker, Taylor Darrington, John Nelson, Lee Idaho National Laboratory Department of Digital Systems & Engineering Versatile Test Reactor Program Idaho FallsID83401 United States Pivotal Solutions 3 Grace Avenue Suite 162 Great NeckNY11021 United States North Carolina State University Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Department of Computer Science University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 205 N. Mathews Ave. UrbanaIL61801 United States

Modern design of nuclear facilities represents unique challenges: enabling the design of complex advanced concepts, supporting geographically dispersed teams, and supporting first-of-a-kind system development. Errors made early in design can introduce silent errors. These errors can cascade causing unknown risk of complex engineering programs. The Versatile Test Reactor (VTR) program uses digital-engineering principles for design, procurement, construction, and operation to reduce risk and improve efficiencies. Digital engineering is an integrated, model-based approach which connects proven digital tools such as building information management (BIM), project controls, and systems-engineering software tools into a cohesive environment. The VTR team hypothesizes using these principals can lead to similar risk and cost reductions and schedule efficiencies observed in other engineering industries. This research investigates the use of a digital engineering ecosystem in the design of a 300-MWt sodium-cooled fast reactor. This ecosystem was deployed to over 200 engineers and used to deliver the conceptual design of the VTR. We conclude that initial results show significant reductions in user latency (1000x at peak use), the possibility of direct finite-element-analysis (FEA) integrations to computer-aided design (CAD) tools, and nuclear reactor system design descriptions (SDDs) that we can fully link throughout design in data-driven requirements-management software. These early results led to the VTR maintaining milestone performance during the COVID-19 pandemic. © 2022 by Idaho National Laboratory. Published by INCOSE with permission.

关键词： Software testing

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Water Footprint Symposium: where next for water footprint and water assessment methodology?

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The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 2014年第8期19卷 1561-1565页

作者： Martin R. Tillotson Junguo Liu Dabo Guan Pute Wu Xu Zhao Guoping Zhang Stephan Pfister Markus Pahlow ater@leeds School of Civil Engineering University of Leeds Leeds UK School of Nature Conservation Beijing Forestry University Beijing China Ecosystems Services & Management Program International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Laxenburg Austria ater@leeds Cheney Senior Fellow University of Leeds Leeds UK ater@leeds School of Earth and Environment University of Leeds Leeds UK Northwest A&F University Yangling China Water Footprint Network Enschede The Netherlands ETH Zurich Institute of Environmental Engineering Zurich Switzerland Department of Water Engineering and Management University of Twente Enschede The Netherlands

Recognizing the need for a comprehensive review of the tools and metrics for the quantification and assessment of water footprints, and allowing for the opportunity for open discussion on the challenges and future of water footprinting methodology, an international symposium on water footprint was organized. The Water Footprint Symposium was held in December 2013 at the University of Leeds, UK. In particular, four areas were highlighted for discussion: water footprint and agriculture, quantification of water footprint, industrial water footprint, and from theory to practice. Discussion was organized to focus on the “prioritization of water footprint research & applications to practical sectors”. The concept of water footprinting has helped to better communicate water management and assessment among different research and user communities. Significant research progress has been made in the relations between water footprint and agriculture, quantification of water footprint, industrial water footprint, and the transition from theory to practice. Future water footprint research needs to further enhance assessment accuracy, improve sustainability assessment methodology, develop databases, address uncertainties, and prioritize application by government and in practical sectors. More information on the symposium can be found on the water@leeds website: http://***/conferences/2013/water-footprint-symposium .

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The importance of tropical tree-ring chronologies for global change research

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Quaternary Science Reviews 2025年 355卷

作者： Groenendijk, Peter Babst, Flurin Trouet, Valerie Fan, Ze-Xin Granato-Souza, Daniela Locosselli, Giuliano Maselli Mokria, Mulugeta Panthi, Shankar Pumijumnong, Nathsuda Abiyu, Abrham Acuña-Soto, Rodolfo Adenesky-Filho, Eduardo Alfaro-Sánchez, Raquel Anholetto Junior, Claudio Roberto Aragão, José Roberto Vieira Assis-Pereira, Gabriel Astudillo-Sánchez, Claudia C. Carolina Barbosa, Ana Barreto, Nathan de Oliveira Battipaglia, Giovanna Beeckman, Hans Botosso, Paulo Cesar Bourland, Nils Bräuning, Achim Brienen, Roel Brookhouse, Matthew Buajan, Supaporn Buckley, Brendan M. Camarero, J. Julio Carrillo-Parra, Artemio Ceccantini, Gregório Centeno-Erguera, Librado R. Cerano-Paredes, Julián Cervantes-Martínez, Rosalinda Chanthorn, Wirong Chen, Ya-Jun Cintra, Bruno Barçante Ladvocat Cornejo-Oviedo, Eladio Heriberto Cortés-Cortés, Otoniel Costa, Clayane Matos Couralet, Camille Crispin-DelaCruz, Doris Bianca D'Arrigo, Rosanne David, Diego A. De Ridder, Maaike Del Valle, Jorge Ignacio Díaz-Carrillo, Oscar A. Dobner Jr, Mário Doucet, Jean-Louis Dünisch, Oliver Enquist, Brian J. Esemann-Quadros, Karin Esquivel-Arriaga, Gerardo Fayolle, Adeline Fenilli, Tatiele Anete Bergamo Ferrero, M. Eugenia Fichtler, Esther Finnegan, Patrick M. Fontana, Claudia Francisco, Kainana S. Fu, Pei-Li Galvão, Franklin Gebrekirstos, Aster Giraldo, Jorge A. Gloor, Emanuel Godoy-Veiga, Milena Guerra, Anthony Haneca, Kristof Harley, Grant Logan Heinrich, Ingo Helle, Gerhard Hernández-Díaz, José Ciro Hornink, Bruna Hubau, Wannes Inga, Janet G. Islam, Mahmuda Jiang, Yu-mei Kaib, Mark Hassan Khamisi, Zakia Koprowski, Marcin Layme, Eva Leffler, A. Joshua Ligot, Gauthier Lisi, Claudio Sergio Loader, Neil J. Lobo, Francisco de Almeida Longhi-Santos, Tomaz Lopez, Lidio López-Hernández, María I. Lousada, José Luís Penetra Cerveira Manzanedo, Rubén D. Marcon, Amanda K. Maxwell, Justin T. Mendivelso, Hooz A. Mendoza-Villa, Omar N. Menezes, Ítallo Romany Nunes Montóia, Valdinez Ribeiro Moors, Eddy Moreno, Miyer Muñiz-Castro, Miguel Angel Nabais, Cristina Nathalang, SP Campinas13083-970 Brazil School of Natural Resources and the Environment University of Arizona TucsonAZ United States Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research University of Arizona TucsonAZ United States Belgian Climate Centre Ringlaan 3 Uccle1090 Belgium CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Yunnan Mengla666303 China Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences Department Forestry Ecology and Wildlife Program Alabama A&M University AL United States Department of Botany Institute of Biosciences University of São Paulo R. do Matão 277 São Paulo05508-090 Brazil Center of Nuclear Energy in Agriculture University of São Paulo Av. Centenário 303 13416-000 Brazil Institute of Geography Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg Wetterkreuz 15 Erlangen91058 Germany United Nations Avenue P.O. Box 30677-00100 Nairobi Kenya Faculty of Environment and Resource studies Mahidol University 999 Phutthamonthon Rd4 Salaya Phutthamonthon Nakhon Pathom73170 Thailand C/O ILRI Campus Gurd Shola P.O. Box 5689 Addis Ababa Ethiopia Department of Microbiology and Parasitology Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico Mexico City Mexico Colegio de Geografía Facultad de Filosofia y Letras Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico Mexico City Mexico Department of Forest Engineering Universidade Regional de Blumenau R. São Paulo 3366 Itoupava Seca Santa Catarina 89030-000 Brazil Northern Forestry Centre Canadian Forest Service Natural Resources Canada 5320 122 Street NW EdmontonABT6H 3S5 Canada Department of Biology Wilfrid Laurier University 75 University Avenue W WaterlooONN2L 3C5 Canada Forest Management Program Mamiraua Institute for Sustainable Development Tefé Brazil Av. Mister Hull S/N - PICI Campus CE Fortaleza60440-900 Brazil Department of Forest Sciences Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture University of Sao Paulo Av. Pádua Dias 11 SP Piracicaba13418-900

Tropical forests and woodlands are key components of the global carbon and water cycles. Yet, how climate change affects these biogeochemical cycles is poorly understood because of scarce long-term observations of tropical tree growth. The recent rise in tropical tree-ring studies may help to fill this gap, but a large-scale quantitative analysis of their potential in global change research is missing. We compiled a list of all tropical tree species known to form annual tree rings and built a network encompassing 492 tropical ring-width chronologies to evaluate the potential to generate insights on climate sensitivity of woody productivity and to build centuries-long reconstructions of climate variability. We assess chronology quality, length, and climatic representativeness and explore how these change along climatic gradients. Finally, we applied species-distribution modeling to identify regions with potential for tree-ring studies in ecological and climatic studies. The number of tropical chronologies has rapidly increased, with ∼400 added over the past two decades. Yet, tree-ring studies are biased towards high-elevation locations, with gaps in warmer and wetter climates, on the African continent, and for angiosperm species. The longest chronologies with strongest climate signals (i.e., synchronous growth variations among trees) are from cool regions. In wet regions, climate signals and precipitation sensitivity decrease. Most tropical regions harbor 5–15 (and up to 80) species with proven potential to generate chronologies. The potential for long climate reconstructions is particularly high in drier high elevation sites. Our findings support strategies to effectively expand tree-ring research in the tropics, by targeting specific species and regions. Tropical dendrochronology can importantly contribute to global change research by generating historical context of climate extremes, quantifying climate sensitivity of woody productivity and benchmarking vegetation

关键词： Tropical cyclone

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Asset management at work practical perspectives on an evolving strategy

TR News

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TR News 2010年第270期 3-4页

作者： Blake, David L. McNeil, S.U.E. Zimmerman, Kathryn A. PBSandJ Florida's Turnpike Enterprise Ocoee United States Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Delaware Newark United States National Cooperative Highway Research Program Project Panel on Consequences of Delayed Maintenance United States National Research Council Committee on Performance Measurement for Transportation Systems United States Applied Pavement Technology Inc. Urbana IL United States Department of TRB Transportation Asset Management Committee United States

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Linkages of the 2022 Unprecedented Global Heatwave Events to Triple-Dip La Niña

Linkages of the 2022 Unprecedented Global Heatwave Events to...

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IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS)

作者： Sachi Perera Joshua B. Fisher Mohamed Allali Hesham El-Askary Computational and Data Sciences Graduate Program Schmid College of Science and Technology Chapman University Orange CA USA Earth Systems Science and Data Solution Lab Chapman University Orange CA USA Schmid College of Science and Technology Chapman University Orange CA USA Fowler School of Engineering Chapman University Orange CA USA Department of Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt

ISBN: (数字)9798350360325

ISBN: (纸本)9798350360332

Heatwaves are influenced significantly by El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which alters temperature and precipitation patterns throughout the world. Since 2020, we have witnessed a "triple dip" La Niña conditions persisting for three consecutive years resulting in severe weather and climate driven events globally. In this study, we identified the dominant frequency of Niño 3.4 Sea Surface Temperature (SST) signals and correlated them with regions experiencing unprecedented heat waves in 2022, namely, the Indian Ocean, the North Atlantic around England and Spain, and the Mediterranean Sea. The signal's power spectrum and its three highest power components are determined based on the signal's Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA) for each region. Furthermore, the power spectrum coherence (PSC) of Niño 3.4 and other study regions is obtained to determine whether ENSO and heatwaves are linked. We find that Niño 3.4 and the Indian Ocean have the same dominant frequency for the highest power received, indicating ENSO's influence on the Indian heat wave. Additionally, we discovered that in March 2022, the Jet stream is essential in bringing warm Arctic waves southward, passing through Niño 3.4 and India. Furthermore, we found that no other region shared the dominant frequency of the Niño 3.4 region.

关键词： Heating systems Couplings Sea surface Precipitation Surface waves Indian Ocean Geoscience and remote sensing

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Corrigendum to “Effects of sodium acetate as a pH control amendment on the composting of food waste” [Bioresource Technology 100 (6) (2009) 2005–2011]

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Bioresource Technology 2009年第10期100卷 2745-2745页

作者： Hui Yu Guo H. Huang Environmental Systems Engineering Program Faculty of Engineering University of Regina Regina Saskatchewan S4S 0A2 Canada Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science Beijing Normal University Beijing 100012-100875 China

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THE IN-TANK OIL-WATER SEPARATOR

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1986年第3期98卷 209-215页

作者： WILLNER, NB DAIGNEAULT, KD Norman B. Willnerhas been employed by the Naval Sea System Command (NA VSEA) for the past five years as a program manager in the Oil Pollution Abatement Branch. His responsibilities include the design development and installation of shipboard systems to control oily waste. He is also the task leader for environmental pollution control systems for the AOE-6 and YFRT ship designs. After attending the University of Maryland Mr. Willner worked as an engineer for the National Bureau of Standards General Services Administration and the U. S. Forest Service. Mr. Willner is a member of ASNE and ASME. Kevin D. Daigneaultis currently working in the Fluid Systems Division of M. Rosenblatt & Son Inc. A graduate of Maine Maritime Academy he received a bachelor of science degree in marine engineering with a minor degree in engineering science. A U.S.C.G. licensed 3rd assistant engineer Mr. Daigneault has experience working with shipboard oil/water separator and sewage systems as well as municipal and residential pollution abatement systems. He is an ASNE member.

Recently enacted public law and international treaties prohibit the discharge of oily wastes from oceangoing ships. To comply with these laws, the U.S. Navy and the Department of Defense (DOD) have issued a directive implementing standards for the prevention of oil pollution from U.S. Navy ships. Because of unique equipment and system design requirements for combatant and auxiliary ships in the U.S. Navy, research and development (R&D) was initiated to develop oil/water separator (OWS) systems. Over the past ten years, three systems were developed that met the Navy's requirements and are currently installed aboard Navy ships. Recently, a new generation of oil/water separator was conceived. Using existing oil coalescing theory and equipment already in the fleet, an in-tank oil/water separator (ITOWS) was developed. This new separator, installed aboard a naval combatant for testing, has met or exceeded all system requirements. Following a satisfactory operational evaluation by an independent U.S. Navy test command, the ITOWS will be specified for installation aboard new U.S. Navy ships. This article reviews current U.S. Navy OWS designs and introduces the ITOWS system currently undergoing final evaluation.

关键词： NAVAL VESSELS

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