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Dilute Acid Pretreatment of Oil Palm Trunk Biomass at High Temperature for Enzymatic Hydrolysis

Energy Procedia 2015年 79卷 924-929页

作者： Pongsak Noparat Poonsuk Prasertsan Sompong O-Thong Xuejun Pan Program in Environmental Science Faculty of Science and Technology Suratthani Rajabhat University Surat Thani 84100 Thailand Department of Industrial Biotechnology Faculty of Agro-Industry Prince of Songkla University Songkhla 90112 Thailand Palm Oil Products and Technology Research Center (POPTEC) Faculty of Agro-Industry Prince of Songkla University Songkhla 90112 Thailand Department of Biology Faculty of Science Thaksin University Phatthalung 93110 Thailand Biological Systems Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison 460 Henry Mall Madison WI 53706 United States

Old oil palm trunk (OPT) is available in large quantity in Southeast Asia and a potential lignocellulosic biomass resource for bioethanol production. Dilute acid (DA) pretreatment was applied to the old oil palm trunk for enzymatic saccharification. The pretreatment conditions were investigated through a fractional factorial experiment design. The pretreated substrates were analyzed for chemical composition, and their enzymatic digestibility was investigated and compared. The results indicated that the DA pretreatment was able to improve enzymatic hydrolysis by removing hemicelluloses from OPT. Mild pretreatment preserved more hemicellulose and cellulose in pretreated OPT, but severe pretreatment was necessary to achieve satisfactory enzymatic hydrolysis of OPT. For example, the DA pretreatment with 3% H 2 SO 4 at 180 °C for 40 min could achieve an 80% enzymatic hydrolysis.

关键词： oil palm trunk enzymatic hydrolysis dilute acid pretreatment cellulosic ethanol

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CONTROL OF SHIPBOARD WASTES

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1971年第3期83卷 118-&页

作者： KINNEY, ET CONSTANT, A Edward T. Kinney a native of Grand Rapids Michigan earned his Bachelor of Science degree with honors in Civil Engineering from Michigan State University in 1952. He began his career with the Bureau of Ships as a Naval Architect in the Hull Design Training Program in September 1952. Kinney has served as a Project Coordinator in the Machinery Systems Division and is currently Head of the Environmental Pollution Control Branch at the Naval Ship Engineering Center. He is a member of several committees including the Department of Defense Environmental Pollution Control Committee and the Interagency Committee on Vessel Pollution Standards. Alexander Constant graduated from Pennsylvania Military College in June 1960 with a B.S. in Civil Engineering. After two years with the U.S. Forest Services working as a Civil Sanitary Engineer designing recreational facilities Constant joined the Vermont Water Resources Department as a Project Engineer. For the past five years he has been associated with the Naval Ship Engineering Center Piping System Branch responsible for design and development of systems and equipment to abate and control shipboard generated waste. He is presently Acting Head of the Sewage and Waste Water Section of the Environmental Pollution Control Branch NavSec.

The Navy, as well as other Federal Agencies and the private sector, has a clear mandate to stop polluting the environment, Various sources of environmental pollution caused by the operation of naval ships are discussed and characterized by the following general categories: Sewage; Oil; Industrial; Combustion Products; and Other Mission Related Wastes. Existing procedures for controlling these pollutants and advanced concepts for more complete control are discussed. Currently a very small percentage of ships are equipped to control environmental pollution. Complete control of ship wastes will be very costly and technically challenging. The first steps to effect control have been taken but greater strides are required.

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The effect of fuel aromatic content on combustion in a UAV diesel engine 53rd

The effect of fuel aromatic content on combustion in a UAV d...

引用

53rd AIAA/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference, 2017

作者： Szedlmayer, Michael T. Kim, Kenneth S. Kweon, Chol-Bum M. Kruger, Kurt M. Gibson, Joseph A. Lindsey, Christopher A. Meininger, Rik D. Musser, Marshall R. Giddings, Andrew V. U.S. Army Research Laboratory Propulsion Div. ARL VTD Bldg 4603 APG Aberdeen Proving GroundMD21005 United States Environmental Research Group Small and Certified Engines Team Propulsion Division RDECOM AMRDEC Aberdeen Proving Ground MD21005 United States U.S. Army Aviation and Missile Research Development and Engineering Center Redstone ArsenalAL35898 United States Science Applications International Corp. Unmanned Aircraft Systems Division RDECOM AMRDEC Redstone ArsenalAL35898 United States Sigmatech Inc. Program Management Redstone ArsenalAL35898 United States Westar Aerospace and Defense Group Inc. Redstone ArsenalAL35898 United States Small and Certified Engines Team Propulsion Division RDECOM AMRDEC United States Unmanned Aircraft Systems Division RDECOM AMRDEC United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781624105111

This study quantifies the impact of variations in the aromatic content of F-24 fuel on the combustion and performance of a turbocharged, direct-injection aviation diesel engine. The engine used in the study was a multi-cylinder, 4-stroke diesel engine, intended for use in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). Four fuel blends meeting the MIL-DTL-83133J standards for F-24 were specially prepared for the study. The cetane number, heating value, and other fuel properties were maintained within a very narrow range, while only the aromatic content was varied, from 4 to 24%, by volume. Using each fuel, the engine was operated at a series of standard sea level operating conditions from idle to full power takeoff. The engine was controlled using the manufacturer's original engine control unit, fuel map, and calibration. Combustion and performance properties of the engine were measured and analyzed using each fuel, at each engine operating condition. In switching between the four fuels, the impact on combustion properties was found to be small, but non-negligible. However, there was no apparent trend resulting from increasing the aromatic content. Engine performance properties such as power, torque, and fuel consumption were found to be largely unaffected by changing the aromatic content.

关键词： Diesel engines

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Bulk passivation of perovskite films utilizing halide anion ionic liquids

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International Journal of Thermofluids 2023年 20卷

作者： Alashkar, Adnan Ayoub, Mohamad Ibrahim, Taleb Khamis, Mustafa Nancarrow, Paul Alami, Abdul Hai Tabet, Nouar PhD Program in Materials Science and Engineering American University of Sharjah Sharjah 26666 United Arab Emirates Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering Department University of Sharjah Sharjah 27272 United Arab Emirates Sustainable Energy & Power Systems Research Centre RISE University of Sharjah Sharjah 27272 United Arab Emirates Department of Chemical Engineering American University of Sharjah Sharjah 26666 United Arab Emirates Department of Biology Chemistry and Environmental Sciences College of Arts and Sciences American University of Sharjah Sharjah 26666 United Arab Emirates Center for Advanced Materials Research Research Institute of Science and Engineering University of Sharjah Sharjah 27272 United Arab Emirates Department of Applied Physics and Astronomy University of Sharjah Sharjah 27272 United Arab Emirates

Chemical additives to perovskite precursors constitute a predominant route to passivate defects in perovskite films and improve carrier charge dynamics. In this work, ionic liquids (ILs) with chloride and iodide anions are used as additives for bulk passivation of perovskite films. The ionic liquids in the form of 1‑butyl‑4-methylpyradinium iodide (IL-I) and 1-ethylimidazolium chloride (IL-Cl) are mixed individually with a precursor of Cesium Formamidinium Lead Triiodide and Methylammonium Chloride (CsFAPbI3−MACl). The decay of charge carriers within the perovskite film before and after passivation with ILs was measured by Time Resolved Photoluminescence Spectroscopy (TRPL). The effect of added ILs on the recombination rate of the photocarriers was investigated by analyzing the decay of the TRPL signal in all samples. The average lifetimes obtained within one day of preparations were 79 ns, 73 ns and 275 ns for pristine perovskite, IL-I passivated perovskite and IL-Cl passivated perovskite films, respectively. These values show that the presence of the IL with chloride anion greatly improves the average lifetime of the charge carrier by around 250%, while IL with iodide anion decreased the lifetime by 32% as compared with the pristine perovskite sample. This finding renders the IL-Cl passivated perovskite films as a valuable resource in applications ranging from photoelectric to hydrogen generation devices. © 2023

关键词： Ionic liquids

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Leveraging remotely-sensed vegetation indices to evaluate crop coefficients and actual irrigation requirements in the water-stressed Maipo River Basin of Central Chile

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Sustainable Horizons 2022年 4卷

作者： Goffin, Benjamin D. Thakur, Rishudh Da Conceição Carlos, Sarah Srsic, Duncan Williams, Caroline Ross, Kenton Neira-Román, Fernando Cortés-Monroy, Carlos Calvo Lakshmi, Venkataraman NASA DEVELOP National Program HamptonVA23666 United States Department of Engineering Systems and Environment University of Virginia CharlottesvilleVA22904 United States Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Stanford University StanfordCA94305 United States Division of Mathematics Science and Health Luther College DecorahIA52101 United States Department of Geography The Ohio State University ColumbusOH43210 United States NASA Langley Research Center HamptonVA23666 United States Centro de Información de Recursos Naturales Región Metropolitana Providencia Chile

Assessment of irrigation needs for agricultural production has commonly relied on reference crop coefficients derived using limited climatic conditions. This work focused on evaluating actual crop coefficients (Kc) by leveraging available satellite data from Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). This method built on the linear relationship and variability between reference Kc from the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) and specific site response in Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). A regional model was developed for the water-stressed Maipo River Basin of Central Chile during the growing seasons of maize from 2018 to 2022. Throughout model validation, NDVI-based Kc predictions of high quality were found with R-squared scores ranging from 0.77 to 0.97. Relying on Earth observations, this approach provided site-specific Kc values and estimates of actual evapotranspiration without requiring site instruments and/or particular knowledge of farming schedules. Overall, this study has the potential to assist individuals and organizations around the world in improving irrigation management approaches, and advance precision agriculture in the context of water scarcity. © 2022 The Authors

关键词： Landsat

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Wildfire Risk Mitigation through systems Analysis of the Planetary Emergency

ASCE Open: Multidisciplinary Journal of Civil Engineering

引用

ASCE Open: Multidisciplinary Journal of Civil engineering 2024年第1期2卷

作者： Lambert, James H. Dorn, R. Ranger Ayyub, Bilal M. Barletta, William A. Organek, John F. Piras, Marco Gunn, Megan E. Zichichi, S. Fabrizio Center for Risk Management of Engineering Systems Dept. of Systems and Information Engineering Univ. of Virginia CharlottesvilleVA22904 United States Electric Infrastructure Security Council Oak ViewCA93022 United States Center for Technology and Systems Management Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering Univ. of Maryland College ParkMD20742 United States Dept. of Commerce Applied Economics Office National Institute of Standards and Technology GaithersburgMD20899 United States International Joint Research Center for Resilient Infrastructure Tongji Univ. Shanghai China Dept. of Physics Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA02139 United States Program Planning & Operational Architecture Electric Infrastructure Security Council WashingtonDC20002 United States Dept. of Environment Land and Infrastructure Engineering Politecnico di Torino Turin10129 Italy Dept. of Systems and Information Engineering Univ. of Virginia CharlottesvilleVA22904 United States Ettore Majorana Foundation Centre for Scientific Culture Sicily91016 Italy

Recognizing wildfires as a multiscale planetary emergency, this paper describes a systems analysis of technology countermeasures, with special attention to Sicily, California, and several other regions. The paper describes a framework for systems integration of firefighting, satellites, fixed imaging, and aerial vehicles, with mathematical simulation and machine learning, to support both policy mitigations and responses to incidents. The approach includes (1) the characterization of the planetary emergency of wildfires, (2) early identification of dangerous wildfires and means for their control, and (3) reduction of risks to population centers in both rural and urban areas. Societal metrics of success include human health and safety, environment and ecology, critical food and industrial supply chains, geopolitical security, and others. Several technology and policy countermeasures of particular interest are regional fuel management, distributed sensors, computational intelligence, advanced firefighting materials, protocols, and automatic and semiautonomous responses, benefiting from the latest advancements in information technologies including artificial intelligence, machine learning, and others. © 2024 This work is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.

关键词： Risk assessment

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Development of Ag/Ti3+/Tio2-Coated Ceramic Water Filter for Removing Bacteria and Organic Pollutants

SSRN

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SSRN 2024年

作者： Huang, Jing Huang, Guohe Yin, Jianan Yao, Yao Zhang, Peng Li, Mengna Feng, Renfei Chen, Ning Environmental Systems Engineering Program University of Regina ReginaSKS4S 0A2 Canada Sustainable Functional Biomaterials Laboratory Department of Wood Science The University of British Columbia VancouverV6T 1Z4 Canada Canadian Light Source Inc. 44 Innovation Blvd SaskatoonSKS7N 2V3 Canada

In this study, we developed an Ag/Ti3+/TiO2-coated ceramic water filter (ATTCF) designed for emergency drinking water treatment. The filter was fabricated using Ag/Ti3+/TiO2 nanocomposites (ATTs) synthesized by reducing Ti4+ and Ag+ with NaBH4 and L-ascorbic acid, respectively. The ATTs exhibited high efficiency, removing over 90% of carbamazepine (CBZ) within 10 minutes under both dark and light conditions, mainly through the reactive oxygen species •OH and •O2−. ATTs were embedded in sodium alginate and cross-linked with Ca2+ to strengthen their adhesion to the ceramic water filter (CWF). Polypyrrole was grown in situ on the surface of the CWF to facilitate the successful loading of ATTs. Due to the interaction between calcium alginate and polypyrrole, ATTs were firmly attached to the CWF, forming ATTCF. The developed ATTCF can remove more than 80% of CBZ during filtration and maintain satisfactory removal efficiency after regeneration. The effects of environmental conditions on CBZ removal performance were also investigated. While environmental pH and certain co-existing ions had minimal impact on the catalytic activity of ATTs, some co-existing ions significantly affected the CBZ removal performance of ATTCF. It was inferred that both ATTs and polypyrrole played important roles in CBZ removal by ATTCF. Additionally, the antibacterial activity of the ceramic filter was enhanced after coating with ATTs. Overall, the developed ATTCF shows potential for various emergency applications, addressing pollution concerns and providing safe drinking water. © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Ascorbic acid

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Development of a Bioactive, Piezoelectric PVDF-TrFE Scaffold to Modulate Wound Response in the Peripheral Nervous System

SSRN

引用

SSRN 2024年

作者： Bryan, Andrew E. Krutko, Maksym Rebholz, Sandra Marquez, Lindsey E. Busch, Emma Dong, Kevin Pixley, Sarah K. Cushion, Melanie T. Esfandiari, Leyla Harris, Greg M. Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering University of Cincinnati CincinnatiOH45221 United States Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Cincinnati CincinnatiOH45221 United States Department of Internal Medicine University of Cincinnati College of Medicine CincinnatiOH45267 United States Medical Research Service Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center CincinnatiOH45220 United States Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology University of Cincinnati College of Medicine CincinnatiOH45267 United States Department of Electrical Engineering University of Cincinnati CincinnatiOH45221 United States Department of Environmental & Public Health Sciences University of Cincinnati College of Medicine CincinnatiOH45267 United States Neuroscience Graduate Program University of Cincinnati College of Medicine CincinnatiOH45267 United States

To address current limitations in biomaterials for peripheral nerve repair regarding a lack of physiologically relevant signaling and immune response following implantation, this study evaluated the development and feasibility of a multi-cue biomaterial with physiologically relevant chemical, electrical, and physical signaling. To accomplish this, a bulk-functionalized poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) (PVDF-TrFE) scaffold was fabricated using blend electrospinning to incorporate decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) to mediate the foreign body response in vivo and promote enhanced wound healing. Decellularized ECM was secreted and assembled by fibroblast cells and incorporated into the electrospinning solution with concentration values ranging from 0% to 0.4% (m/v). Physical, chemical, and electrical properties of the scaffold were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), mechanical tensile testing, and voltage readings for piezoelectricity. Blended scaffolds were evaluated in vitro for analysis of cell-material interactions in the context of peripheral nerve injury (PNI) repair and in vivo for immune response. In vitro work demonstrated increased cell metabolism and elongated, repair-like morphologies in Schwann cells on scaffolds with higher dECM concentrations. Subcutaneous implantation of blended scaffolds in rats at 7 days revealed limited multi-nucleated giant cell formation. Following 28 days in vivo, regenerative characteristics of the proliferative phase of wound healing were present with enhanced nerve growth and vasculature to scaffold. Overall, blend-electrospun scaffolds with native dECM showed promise in mitigating pro-inflammatory responses and promote advanced regenerative behaviors, thereby providing an implantable biomaterial with the necessary physical, chemical, and electrical characteristics desired for c

关键词： Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

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Development of an Antimicrobial and Antifouling Pes Membrane with Zno/Poly(Hexamethylene Biguanide) Nanocomposites Incorporation

SSRN

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Li, Mengna Huang, Gordon Chen, Xiujuan Xiao, Huining An, Chunjiang Bi, Huifang Feng, Renfei Xin, Xiaying Huang, Jing Environmental Systems Engineering Program University of Regina ReginaSKS4S 0A2 Canada Department of Civil Engineering University of Texas at Arlington ArlingtonTX76019 United States Department of Chemical Engineering & Limerick Pulp & Paper Centre University of New Brunswick FrederictonNBE3B 5A3 Canada Department of Building Civil and Environmental Engineering Concordia University MontrealQCH3G 1M8 Canada Canadian Light Source Inc. 44 Innovation Blvd SaskatoonSKS7N 2V3 Canada Beaty Water Research Center Department of Civil Engineering Queen's University KingstonONK7L 3Z6 Canada

Although polyethersulfone (PES) membranes are extensively utilized in water and wastewater treatment, they typically encounter serious bio/organic fouling problems. In this work, an antimicrobial and antifouling PES membrane was developed through incorporating novel ZnO/PHMB nanocomposites on a commercial PES membrane surface with PDA (polydopamine) as an intermediate connection layer. Various characterization methods, including XPS, SEM, AFM, zeta potential, and synchrotron-based XRF and ATR-FTIR, were employed to confirm the successful membrane modification with the ZnO/PHMB nanocomposites and investigate the membrane surface characteristics. Compared to the pristine PES membrane, the obtained ZnO/PHMB membrane showed increased hydrophilicity, water flux and RB rejection rate. Additionally, the ZnO/PHMB membrane possessed a 95.23% increased bactericidal rate and 89.24% flux recovery rate after three cycles of SA filtration, attributing to the enhanced antimicrobial ability and hydrophilicity on membrane surface. The ZnO/PHMB membrane was also proven to have excellent stability and durability during the long-term treatment of secondary effluent from municipal wastewater treatment plant. Attribute to the increased hydrophilicity, outstanding antimicrobial activity, as well as excellent stability and durability, the as-prepared ZnO/PHMB membrane shows great potential for wastewater treatment. © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Zinc oxide

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Author Correction: Emission budgets and pathways consistent with limiting warming to 1.5 °C

引用

Nature Geoscience 2018年第6期11卷 454-455页

作者： Richard J. Millar Jan S. Fuglestvedt Pierre Friedlingstein Joeri Rogelj Michael J. Grubb H. Damon Matthews Ragnhild B. Skeie Piers M. Forster David J. Frame Myles R. Allen College of Engineering Mathematical and Physical Sciences University of Exeter Exeter UK Environmental Change Institute University of Oxford Oxford UK Center for International Climate and Environmental Research—Oslo (CICERO) Blindern Norway Energy Program International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) Laxenburg Austria Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland Institute for Sustainable Resources University College London London UK Concordia University Montreal Canada School of Earth and Environment University of Leeds Leeds UK New Zealand Climate Change Research Institute Victoria University of Wellington Wellington New Zealand Department of Physics University of Oxford Oxford UK

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