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Enhancing biofuel pellet quality using torrefaction and co-pelletization of palm kernel shell and empty fruit bunch

Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2025年 1-12页

作者： Sang, Chang Siaw Samad, Noor Asma Fazli Abdul Saleh, Suriyati Binti Faculty of Chemical & Process Engineering Technology Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah Lebuh Persiaran Tun Khalil Yaakob Pahang Kuantan26300 Malaysia

Palm kernel shell (PKS) and empty fruit bunch (EFB) are potential biomass resources for producing solid biofuel for energy applications. However, raw EFB and PKS are not uniform in size and pose rotting behavior. Torrefaction and co-pelletization are both effective methods to improve their combustion and mechanical characteristics. This study aims to investigate the effect of torrefaction temperature and the blending ratio of PKS and EFB on the mechanical and combustion characteristics of co-pellets. Initially, PKS and EFB underwent torrefaction process for 30 min at three different temperatures (210 °C, 240 °C, and 270 °C). Then, both torrefied PKS and EFB were blended at five different ratios (0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, 100:0) with carboxymethyl cellulose as a binder (10% by weight). The results showed that pellet produced at higher torrefaction temperature at 270 °C resulted in an increment of the higher heating value (HHV) but weaker mechanical strength. Pellet with a blending ratio of PKS to EFB (75:25) torrefied at 240 °C showed the comparatively best pellet quality in terms of HHV (17.94 MJ/kg), high tensile strength (3.5 MPa), low ash content (3.97 wt%), and the lowest density changes (0.66%), which satisfy the standard requirements for commercial pellets, indicating that a high-quality biofuel pellet can be produced using torrefaction and co-pelletization. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025.

关键词： Fruits

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Design and optimization for industrial reactor and crude separation process via coupling mechanistic kinetics with heat/momentum transfers: Acetic acid hydrogenation to ethanol

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International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2025年 130卷 462-479页

作者： Zhou, Can You, Chen-Xi Liu, Yang Shi, Hui Cui, Chengtian Tang, Jihai Cui, Mifen Qiao, Xu Xia, Ming State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing211816 China School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing211816 China Nanjing211800 China Department of Chemical Engineering Delft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 Delft2629 HZ Netherlands Process and Systems Engineering Laboratory Faculty of Science and Engineering Åbo Akademi University Henrikinkatu 2 TurkuFI-20500 Finland

Ethanol is used to produce various value-added chemicals and as automobile fuel. Acetic acid hydrogenation to ethanol is of practical significance to meet the increasing market. However, limited engineering research for reactor and crude separation process for the acetic acid hydrogenation to ethanol despite the increasingly mature catalyst system. Moreover, the traditional approach of industrial reactor design mainly relies on point data and inadequately quantifies the strong coupling between reaction rate and transfers within the reactor, which is prone to local and loose design and optimization. In this work, a coupled design approach that combines kinetics with transfers is proposed for designing and optimizing the multi-tubular fixed-bed reactor for the acetic acid hydrogenation to ethanol. To efficiently achieve the products crude separation, staged cooling/flash/absorption/desorption units featuring with N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone as an absorbent is proposed, numerically designed and optimized. Further heuristic heat integration is also investigated to conserve extra energy of the preliminary process, which features that a by-product steam generated from ethanol synthesis reactor is utilized to drive the reboiler of the desorption. It is demonstrated that the heat-integrated process presents significant economic and emission advantages compared with the preliminary process, specifically with 36.5 % and 10.9 % reductions in operating cost and total annual cost respectively, as well as 58.1 % reductions in CO2 emissions. The cost of synthesizing ethanol with 100 ktpy production is as low as 14.25 $/t. This work could provide a feasible and promising reactor and crude separation process for acetic acid hydrogenation to ethanol, which features economic, high-efficient, energy-saving, and low-carbon. © 2025 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC

关键词： Reaction rates

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The Influences of the Fluid Initial Temperature and Fluid Flow Rate to the Boiling Heat Transfer: A Short Review 3

The Influences of the Fluid Initial Temperature and Fluid Fl...

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3rd International Postgraduate Conference on Mechanical engineering 2024, IPCME 2024

作者： Shaidan, Faiz Basrawi, Firdaus Yudin, Ahmmad Shukrie Md Azman, Nurul Aini Mohd Faculty of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering Technology Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah Pekan Pahang26600 Malaysia Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah Gambang Pahang26300 Malaysia

Recently, Low Temperature Vacuum Drying with induced Nucleation Boiling (LTVD-NB) has been studied for water reduction methods. However, low dewatering temperature led to longer drying process. Hence, to improve the LTVD-NB dewatering performance, the study on Boiling Heat Transfer (BHT) such as parameters, conditions and phenomena that may affect the heat transfer in boiling process should be understood further. Currently, some of parameters such as dewatering temperature, surface roughness, and initial water content effects in LTVD-NB have been discovered. However, the effect of the fluid initial temperature and hot water flow rate to the BHT in LTVD-NB is still unclarified. Hence, the objective of this paper is to review and examine the influences of fluid initial temperature and the effect of fluid flow rate to the BHT. In general, the result shows that the higher fluid initial temperature and flow rate significantly enhanced the BHT. As a result, the BHT in LTVD-NB system can be improved which will significantly improve the dewatering process of honey in the future. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

关键词： Low temperature drying

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Biodegradable and Green Degreaser for Industrial Application: An Overview 3

Biodegradable and Green Degreaser for Industrial Application...

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3rd International Postgraduate Conference on Mechanical engineering 2024, IPCME 2024

作者： Cholis, Nur Razali, Mohd Najib Ramli, Najmuddin Mohd Sahran, Mohd Syahmi Iskandar Faculty of Manufacturing and Mechatronic Engineering Technology Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah Pekan Pahang26300 Malaysia Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah Gambang Pahang26300 Malaysia Faculty of Engineering Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta Selatan Jakarta12450 Indonesia

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of biodegradable and green degreasers for industrial applications. Traditional degreasers, although effective in removing oils, grease, and residues, often pose significant environmental and health concerns due to the use of hazardous chemicals like volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs). In response to increasing regulatory pressures and sustainability goals, biodegradable alternatives are gaining attention. These green degreasers utilize renewable materials, aligning with key Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to environmental protection, climate action, and sustainable industrial practices. While these eco-friendly solutions offer promising performance and environmental benefits, challenges such as cost, awareness, and certification hinder widespread adoption. The review emphasizes the importance of continuous research, the need for standardization in biodegradability assessment, and innovations in biosurfactants and nanotechnology to improve the effectiveness of these products. Ultimately, biodegradable degreasers present a sustainable path forward for industries aiming to reduce their environmental impact and comply with evolving regulatory frameworks. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

关键词： Green development

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Biomordant assisted natural dyeing of cellulosic fibre: a greener approach

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Materials Research Innovations 2025年第1期29卷 27-34页

作者： Chowdhury, Tanvir Ahmed Khandaker, Jahirul Islam Gafur, Mohammad Abdul Repon, Md. Reazuddin Islam, Md. Kamrul Hossain, Alamgir Mollick, Swaraz Department of Physics Jahangirnagar University Dhaka Bangladesh Department of Textile Engineering Daffodil International University Dhaka Bangladesh Pilot Plant & Process Development Centre Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Dhaka Bangladesh Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems School of Chemical Engineering Aalto University Espoo Finland Department of Production Engineering Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Design Kaunas University of Technology Kaunas Lithuania Department of Textile Engineering Jashore University of Science and Technology Jashore Bangladesh

Natural dyes serve as a benign alternative to their synthetic counterparts, offering a sustainable option that directly mitigates the release of toxic chemicals. In this study, cotton fabrics were dyed with neem leaf extract in acidic, neutral and alkaline condition where samples were mordanted with lemon juice. The findings revealed a direct correlation between colour strength (K/S) and pH levels, and optimal fastness properties were achieved under alkaline pH conditions when a mordant was employed. The Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) ensured the elemental composition of lemon juice assisted dyed fabric which indicates the effective binding of cotton fabric with neem leaves extracted dye. The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy analysis also confirmed the interaction of cotton fabric with dye particles. The results indicate that cotton fabric can be successfully dyed with neem leaf extract and lemon juice as the biomordant, presenting an eco-friendly and sustainable approach to dyeing practices. © 2024 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

关键词： Cotton fabrics

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A review on computational fluid dynamics modeling of fixed-bed biomass gasifiers: Recent advances and design analysis

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International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2025年 130卷 654-671页

作者： Ngamsidhiphongsa, Nathada Limleamthong, Phantisa Prasertcharoensuk, Phuet Arpornwichanop, Amornchai Center of Excellence in Process and Energy Systems Engineering Department of Chemical Engineering Faculty of Engineering Chulalongkorn University Bangkok10330 Thailand Department of Chemical Engineering Faculty of Engineering Kasetsart University Bangkok10900 Thailand Bio-Circular-Green-economy Technology & Engineering Center Department of Chemical Engineering Faculty of Engineering Chulalongkorn University Bangkok10330 Thailand

Biomass gasifiers, especially fixed-bed type, have been perceived as a promising technology for small-scale power generation from renewable sources. Depending on production capacity and end-use applications, various modifications of fixed-bed gasifiers have emerged to generate clean synthesis gas (syngas) with less waste disposal and higher gasifier efficiency. Recently, H2-rich and CO2-free syngas production has been experimented with by modifying operating conditions and gasifier design. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling, incorporating hydrodynamics, chemical reaction mechanism, reactor development, and process intensification, has been brought to pursue a rigorous investigation of gasifier design and the gasification process. This review presents a recent advance in developing the CFD model of fixed-bed gasifiers. A detailed characterization of the biomass gasification process, including devolatilization, homogeneous gas oxidation and reduction, and heterogeneous char reactions, is highlighted. Design analysis of fixed-bed gasifiers is also discussed. Tar species in the devolatilization reaction and their cracking mechanism are interpreted. In addition, the effects of a gasifier configuration and an equivalence ratio of gasifying agents on the producer gas composition, tar content in the producer gas, and the cold gas efficiency are analyzed as a basis for further improvement of the CFD gasifier models. © 2025 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC

关键词： Hydrogen production

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Drying model of stingless bee pot-pollen using a swirling fluidised bed dryer 3

Drying model of stingless bee pot-pollen using a swirling fl...

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3rd International Postgraduate Conference on Mechanical engineering 2024, IPCME 2024

作者： Halim, Luqman Abdul Basrawi, Firdaus Yudin, Ahmmad Shukrie Md Azman, Nurul Aini Mohd Ramli, Ahmad Syazwan Faculty of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering Technology Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah Pekan Pahang26600 Malaysia Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah Pahang Gambang26300 Malaysia Malaysian Palm Oil Board Persiaran Institusi Bandar Baru Bangi 6 Selangor Kajang43000 Malaysia

Stingless Bees Pot-Pollen (SBPP), a mixture of pollen, nectar and bee enzyme made by stingless bees has high moisture content, making it susceptible to microbes and fungi growth. This can cause spoilage and become toxic to be. Thus, SBPP require suitable preservation method for storage. Current methods available such as sun drying, and oven drying can be unhygienic, inefficient, and hard to control the temperature which leads to nutrient loss. Hence, a swirling fluidized bed dryer (SFBD), a modified fluidised bed dryer with swirling airflow is proposed as it has rapid drying performance at relatively low temperature. Currently, drying models for various materials in a fluidised bed dryer has been previously studied. However, research on drying model of SBPP using a SFBD is still lacking. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to determine the most suitable drying model for drying of SBPP in a SFBD. A lab scale SFBD with a 67° swirling distributor is used to dry 25 g of SBPP at superficial air velocities of 4, 5, and 6 m/s. In this study, 7 drying models obtained from literatures are compared to determine the most suitable model for drying of SBPP in SFBD. It was found that, the Midilli-Kucuk model was the most suitable drying model compared to other drying models tested with highest average R2 (0.999307), lowest X2 (7.2 × 10-5), and lowest RMSE (2.16 × 10-2). The Midilli-Kucuk model closely predict the experimental values for all superficial air velocities tested. The experimental results also shown that increasing the superficial air velocities will lead to increase in drying rate. Thus, it can be concluded that Midilli-Kucuk model is suitable to describe the drying of stingless bee pot-pollen in SFBD. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

关键词： Spoilage

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Direct design of crystallization-induced deracemization through direct nucleation control (DNC)

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Journal of Industrial and engineering Chemistry 2025年

作者： Szilágyi, Botond Department of Chemical and Environmental Process Engineering Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology Budapest University of Technology and Economics Műegyetem rkp. 3. BudapestH-1111 Hungary

This paper investigates the feasibility of direct nucleation control (DNC) for the rapid design of conglomerates’ temperature cycling induced deracemization (TCID) to obtain enantiopure products in a particle size-controlled way in a single, well-operated crystallization step. The operation is supported by enantiopure seeding in amount and size distribution that translates to the desired product size according to the material balance and McCabe's ΔL law, assuming that there are no distomer crystals in the product. The DNC ensures that in the case of any nucleation (the target enantiomer or the distomer), the newly formed crystals are dissolved, and the solids’ enantiopurity and size distribution integrity are preserved. In this context, a routinely used in-line tool, e.g., imaging or laser back-scattering-based, can help to control the deracemization in an inferential way that would be difficult to monitor directly. The simulation studies performed based on population balance-based modeling indicated the feasibility of the approach, and the thorough parametric study revealed that there is a correlation between the DNC settings and kinetic properties of the crystallization and the racemization. A SHAP interpretation of an extreme gradient boosting-based classifier allowed us to draw practical conclusions about the desired DNC operation, including working in a high-temperature range, minimizing the stirring rate, and using broader DNC count ranges. The experimental validation of the concept has yet to be performed, and it can be guided by leveraging the knowledge generated in this paper. © 2025 The Author(s)

关键词： Nucleation

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Melting point depression of tetrabutylammonium halides in supercritical carbon dioxide

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Journal of Supercritical Fluids 2025年 223卷

作者： Arany, Dóra Kőrösi, Márton Department of Chemical and Environmental Process Engineering Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology Budapest University of Technology and Economics Műegyetem rkp. 3. BudapestH-1111 Hungary

Ionic liquids have already been studied as parts of biphasic reaction media or have been demonstrated as an option for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2). Their phase behaviour in the presence of supercritical CO2 is often of key importance in the design of high-pressure procedures. The melting behaviour of tetrabutylammonium halides was investigated from 0.1 to 40 MPa pressure. Measurements were taken in parallel using a variable-volume view-cell and an automated device developed by our research group. The new device detects the phase transition based on the combined effect of the dissolution of the medium into the sample and the change in its molar volume. The operation of the newly developed measurement method was compared to the well-established visual approach. Tetrabutylammonium iodide exhibited the greatest melting point depression (33.7 °C), at approximately 15 MPa. In comparison, melting point depressions (MPD) of the bromide and chloride salts were lower under the same conditions. © 2025

关键词： Melting point

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Dynamic anaerobic digestion-based biorefineries for on-demand renewable energy and bioproducts in a circular bioeconomy

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Trends in Biotechnology 2025年第5期43卷 1140-1165页

作者： Shinde, Rajas Hackula, Anga Marycz, Milena Bose, Archishman O'Shea, Richard Barth, Susanne Murphy, Jerry D. Wall, David M. SFI MaREI Centre for Energy Climate and Marine Environmental Research Institute University College Cork Cork Ireland Civil Structural and Environmental Engineering School of Engineering and Architecture University College Cork Cork Ireland Crops Environment and Land Use Programme Crop Science Department Teagasc Oak Park Ireland Faculty of Electronics Telecommunications and Informatics and Advanced Materials Centre Gdansk University of Technology Gdańsk Poland Process and Chemical Engineering School of Engineering and Architecture University College Cork Cork Ireland

Anaerobic digestion (AD) is an important biotechnology for treating biodegradable residues and producing bioenergy, yet its full potential remains untapped. We investigate a two-phase AD system for biorefinery applications, producing valuable bioproducts, such as volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and biogas, from grass feedstock. We introduce a demand-driven operational approach to match market conditions, while minimising water use by reusing the process effluent. The proposed biorefinery model yields ~23 kg of VFAs and 75 kWh of biogas, with a potential gross revenue of €84 per tonne of grass. However, a preliminary economic analysis indicates that this biorefinery model is currently unprofitable. A sensitivity analysis suggests that reducing operating costs through technology advancements and policy support are vital to ensure economic viability. Such biorefineries offer opportunities for the diversification of farmers' incomes and the transition away from fossil resources. Our work exemplifies the role of AD as a key biotechnology in the circular bioeconomy. © 2025 The Author(s)

关键词： Sensitivity analysis

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