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PUBLIC PREFERENCES FOR REHABILITATION VERSUS INCARCERATION OF JUVENILE OFFENDERS: EVIDENCE FROM A CONTINGENT VALUATION SURVEY*

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Criminology & Public Policy 2006年第4期5卷

作者： DANIEL S. NAGIN ALEX R. PIQUERO ELIZABETH S. SCOTT LAURENCE STEINBERG Professor of Public Policy and Statistics Heinz School of Public Policy and Management Carnegie Mellon University. His research focuses on the evolution of criminal and antisocial behaviors over the life course the deterrent effect of criminal and non-criminal penalties on illegal behaviors and the development of statistical methods for analyzing longitudinal data. He is the author of Group-based Modeling of Development (Harvard University Press 2005). Professor of Law at Columbia Law School. Between 1988 and 2006 she was on the faculty of the University of Virginia School of Law. Distinguished University Professor and Laura H. Carnell Professor of Psychology at Temple University and Director of the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Adolescent Development and Juvenile Justice. Dr. Steinberg's research has focused on a range of topics in the study of contemporary adolescence including parent-adolescent relationships adolescent employment high-school reform and juvenile crime and justice. Dr. Steinberg is a member of the National Academies' Board on Children Youth and Families and its Committee on the Science of Adolescent Health and Behavior and he has been a frequent consultant to state and federal agencies and lawmakers on child labor secondary education and juvenile justice policy.

research Summary: Accurately gauging the public's support for alternative responses to juvenile offending is important, because policy makers often justify expenditures for punitive juvenile justice reforms on the basis of popular demand for tougher policies. In this study, we assess public support for both punitively and nonpunitively oriented juvenile justice policies by measuring respondents' willingness to pay for various policy proposals. We employ a methodology known as “contingent valuation” (CV) that permits the comparison of respondents' willingness to pay (WTP) for competing policy alternatives. Specifically, we compare CV-based estimates for the public's WTP for two distinctively different responses to serious juvenile crime: incarceration and rehabilitation. An additional focus of our analysis is an examination of the public's WTP for an early childhood prevention program. The analysis indicates that the public is at least as willing to pay for rehabilitation as punishment for juvenile offenders and that WTP for early childhood prevention is also substantial. Implications and future research directions are outlined. Policy Implications: The findings suggest that lawmakers should more actively consider policies grounded in rehabilitation, and, perhaps, be slower to advocate for punitive reforms in response to public concern over high-profile juvenile crimes. Additionally, our willingness to pay findings offer encouragement to lawmakers who are uncomfortable with the recent trend toward punitive juvenile justice policies and would like to initiate more moderate reforms. Such lawmakers may be reassured that the public response to such initiatives will not be hostile. Just as importantly, reforms that emphasize leniency and rehabilitation can be justified economically as welfare-enhancing expenditures of public funds. The evidence that the public values rehabilitation more than increased incarceration should be important information to cost-conscious legisla

关键词： Public Opinion Punishment Rehabilitation Juvenile Justice Prevention Crime Policy

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Enhanced stereoscopic imaging

Enhanced stereoscopic imaging

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Proceedings of the Fourth IASTED International Conference on Visualization, Imaging, and Image Processing

作者： Le, Nhu Pochec, P.R. Ware, C. Communications Research Centre 3701 Carling Ave. Ottawa Canada Faculty of Computer Science University of New Brunswick Fredericton Canada Data Visualization Research Lab. University of New Hampshire Durham NH United States

ISBN: (纸本)0889864152

In this paper we introduce a new technique designed to optimize stereoscopic depth perception of small targets embedded in 3D scenes. Central to the technique is a modified version of an image processing algorithm originally designed for gray scale image enhancement. This has been adapted and modified to adjust the stereoscopic depth in a 3D scene while mostly preserving other depth cues such as perspective, texture gradients, size gradients and occlusion. An experimental study to evaluate the algorithm showed that enhanced stereoscopic depth can enable the detection of targets that would otherwise be missed.

关键词： Imaging techniques

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Raman scattering investigation of a Ge/SiO2/Si nanocrystal system under hydrostatic pressure

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Physical Review B 2004年第12期69卷 125333-125333页

作者： Lei Liu K. L. Teo Z. X. Shen J. S. Sun E. H. Ong A. V. Kolobov Y. Maeda Physics Department Blk. S12 Faculty of Science National University of Singapore 2 Science Drive 3 117542 Singapore Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering National University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive 3 117576 Singapore Mechatronics & Micro System Group Data Storage Institute 117608 Singapore Center for Applied Near-Field Optics Research (CANFOR) National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Tsukuba Central 4 1-1-1 Higashi Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8562 Japan Department of Energy Science and Technology Kyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan

We have studied the hydrostatic pressure dependence of Ge nanocrystals embedded in a SiO2 matrix on a Si substrate by Raman scattering at room temperature. During the first cycle of increasing pressure, we observed a step change in the Ge Raman mode from 310.4 to 313.8cm−1 at ∼23kbar. The linear pressure coefficients α obtained before and after the step change at ∼23kbar are 0.42 and 0.64cm−1kbar−1, respectively. Upon decreasing pressure, the Ge mode follows a single slope of pressure coefficient α=0.64cm−1kbar−1. A finite-element analysis was carried out to investigate the elastic-field distribution in the Ge/SiO2/Si nanocrystal system, where the discontinuity of the specific geometric configuration with different elastic constants causes local areas of stress concentration around the interface. The step change of the Raman shifts with pressure at ∼23kbar was attributed to complete delamination between the SiO2 film and the Si substrate.

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Enhanced Path Prediction for network Resource Management in Wireless LANs

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IEEE Wireless Communications 2003年第6期10卷 62-69页

作者： Kyriakakos, Miltiadis Frangiadakis, Nikolaos Merakos, Lazaros Hadjiefthymiades, Stathes University of Athens Department of Informatics Communication Networks Laboratory Greek Consulting Firm Advanced Services Group Ltd. Communication Networks Laboratory University of Athens University of Aegean Dept. of Information Engineering Fac. of the Hellenic Open University Patras Greece Department of Telecommunication University of Maryland College Park Communication Networks Laboratory Department of Informatics University of Athens Fac. of Elec. Eng./Computer Science University of Connecticut Storrs Faculty of Electrical Computer Engineering Department Northeastern University Boston MA Commun./Digit. Proc. Research Center Northeastern University IBM T. J. Watson Research Center Yorktown Heights NY Faculty of the University of Athens Greece Department of of Informatics Communication Network Laboratory Netwk. Oper. and Management Center

Path prediction is currently being considered for use in the context of mobile and wireless computing toward more efficient network resource management schemes. Path prediction allows the network and services to further enhance the quality of service levels the user enjoys. Such mechanisms are mostly meaningful in infrastructures like wireless LANs. In this article we present a path prediction algorithm that exploits the machine learning algorithm of learning automata. The decision of the learning automaton is driven by the movement patterns of a single user but is also affected by the aggregated patterns demonstrated by all users. Simulations of the algorithm, performed using the Realistic Mobility Pattern Generator, show increased prediction accuracy.

关键词： Wireless telecommunication systems

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Web-based distance education learning environments in graduate software engineering

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International Journal of Continuing Engineering Education and Life-Long Learning 2001年第1-2期11卷 53-68页

作者： Michele Jacobsen, D. Kremer, Rob Shaw, Mildred L.G. Faculty of Education 1102 Education Tower University of Calgary 2500 University Drive NW Calgary Alta T2N 1N4 Canada Department of Computer Science University of Calgary Calgary Alta. T2N 1N4 Canada Software Eng. Research Network Department of Computer Science University of Calgary Calgary Alta. T2N 1N4 Canada

The Software Engineering research network (SERN) has experimented with methods for delivering graduate software engineering courses at a distance. This paper describes our experiences with course redesign and delivery using the web, distance instruction, evaluating student learning environments, and technology tools and requirements. The methods used to prepare courses for distance delivery are described. Several technological tools to facilitate computer-mediated communication, WebCT, electronic mail, a list server, and NetMeeting, were used. Observations about workload requirements for teaching, support, instructional design, and maintenance are described for the benefit of faculty members who are interested in moving towards distance delivery methods. The evaluation methods used to understand the distance learning environments experienced by graduate students are outlined and explained. An analysis and report on the data and information collected from students and instructors is presented and discussed. Finally, recommendations are made for future research and practice with distance learning environments in graduate education.

关键词： Engineering education

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Diagrams Based on Structural Object Perception 00

Diagrams Based on Structural Object Perception

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Proceedings of the Working Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces

作者： Pourang Irani Colin Ware Faculty of Computer Science University of New Brunswick Box 4400 Fredericton NB Canada E3B 2A3 Data Visualization Research Lab Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping University of New Hampshire Durham NH

ISBN: (纸本)9781581132526

Most diagrams, particularly those used in software engineering, are line drawings consisting of nodes drawn as rectangles or circles, and edges drawn as lines linking them. In the present paper we review some of the literature on human perception to develop guidelines for effective diagram drawing. Particular attention is paid to structural object recognition theory. According to this theory as objects are perceived they are decomposed into 3D set of primitives called geons, together with the skeleton structure connecting them. We present a set of guidelines for drawing variations on node-link diagrams using geon-like primitives, and provide some examples. Results from three experiments are reported that evaluate 3D geon diagrams in comparison with 2D UML (Unified Modeling Language) diagrams. The first experiment measures the time and accuracy for a subject to recognize a sub-structure of a diagram represented either using geon primitives or UML primitives. The second and third experiments compare the accuracy of recalling geon vs. UML diagrams. The results of these experiments show that geon diagrams can be visually analyzed more rapidly, with fewer errors, and can be remembered better in comparison with equivalent UML diagrams.

关键词： perception diagramming geon theory 3D diagrams visual display information visualization

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Measure-driven

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Journal of Software Maintenance and Evolution 2000年第1期12卷 47-78页

作者： Cantone, Giovanni Dept. Info. Syst. Prod. Mgmt. Eng. University of Rome at Tor Vergata Roma Italy Dept. Info. Syst. Prod. Mgmt. Eng. University of Rome at Tor Vergata S.N.C. Roma Italy Department of Computer Science Dept. Info. Syst. and Prod. Mgmt. Faculty of Engineering Italy Scientific-Technical Committee Admin. and Docum. Computing Center University of Rome at Tor Vergata Roma Italy University of Naples University of Maryland Italy Intl. Software Eng. Research Network Italy UMD Exp. Software Engineering Group Italy Ital. Assoc. Info. Automat. Comp. Italy Faculty of Engineering University of Naples Italy

This paper reports on an on-going project undertaken within the University of Rome at Tor Vergata to automate the business processes of a class of administrative organizations. The experience gained and the lessons learned, while performing in the role of Innovation-driver, are abstracted and presented. In the context of this experience with process re-engineering, the paper compares the utility of empirically investigating software technology transfer with the reuse of technology measurement models possibly available. The paper also discusses the roles played by various environmental factors - technology, experimentation and measurements, an organization's business objectives, and other organizational issues, including the expected benefits and costs - in the empirical investigation of software technology transfer. The paper concludes by presenting a short case study and three lessons learned. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.

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A parallel analog intelligent vision sensor with a variable receptive field

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Systems and computers in Japan 1999年第1期30卷 60-69页

作者： Yagi, Tetsuya Kameda, Seiji Iizuka, Kunihiko Faculty of Computer Science and System Engineering Kyushu Institute of Technology Iizuka 820-8502 Japan Advanced Technology Research Laboratories Sharp Tenri 632-0004 Japan Institute of Physiological Science Okazaki Japan Nagoya Institute of Technology Japan Institute of Electronics Information and Communication Engineers Japan Society of Instrument and Control Engineers Japan Japanese Neural Network Society Japan Association for Research in Vision and Opthalmology Japan Kyushu Institute of Technology Japan Advanced Technology Research Laboratories Tenri Japan

The retina is an intelligent vision sensor indispensable in real-time image information processing of animals. The parallel image processing function of the retina was realized in an analog CMOS integrated circuit (vision chip). The chip was implemented with a one-dimensional Laplacian-Gaussian receptive field the size of which can be controlled by external signals. Active pixel sensors were used in the sensor part of the chip where the light sensitivity can be controlled by varying the accumulation time. Circuits compensating for noise due to the mismatch of transistor characteristics were incorporated, and the experimental results verified that sufficiently accurate outputs can be obtained under natural illumination. The chip can effectively extract the spatial frequency bandwidth of the signal in the presence of noise. © 1999 Scripta Technica.

关键词： Analog VLSI Laplacian-Gaussian Offset compensation Parallel processing Variable receptive field Vision chip

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Using document relationships for better answers 4th

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4th International Workshop on Principles of Digital Document Processing, PODDP 1998

作者： Wu, Mingfang Wilkinson, Ross Department of Computer Science Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology 723 Swanston St. Carlton Melbourne3053 Australia Mathematical and Information Sciences CSIRO and Research Data Network Cooperative Research Centre 723 Swanston St. Carlton Melbourne3053 Australia

ISBN: (纸本)9783540650867

In most retrieval systems the answer to a query is a ranked list of documents. There is little information about the ranking and no support for exploring the relationships that may exist between the documents. In this paper we consider the use of clustering answers to better support users satisfying their information needs. We show how clustering reflects the nature of some information needs, and how the clustering can be used to find more relevant documents than would be the case using simple lists. This work contributes to our approach of building answers to information needs, rather than simply providing lists. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1998.

关键词： Query processing

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Applying fuzzy functions and sequential coordination to optimization of machinery arrangement and pipe routing

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1998年第6期110卷 43-54页

作者： Wu, BC Young, GS Schmidt, W Choppella, K Dr. Bi-Chu Wu:received a PhD in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Maryland College Park in 1991. She has worked on projects involving naval architecture design optimization solid mechanics and database development. Presently a senwr engineer with Angle Incorporated Dr Wu's research interests are in design optimization and fuzzy logic applications. Dr. Gin-Shu Young: a senior engineer with Angle Incorporated holds a PhD in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Maryland College Park. As a guest researcher with National Institute of Standards and Technologies from 1990 to 1993 he worked on vision-based navigation for autonomous vehicles. His experience also includes applications of optimization fuzzy logic neural network and genetic algorithm methods to engineering system design Mr. William Schmidt:co-founded Angle Incorporated in 1990 and has served as Vice PresidentlChiefScientist during this tame. He holds a B.Sc. in Applied Science from the Naval Acadt?my and an M.Sc. in Physics from the Naval Post Graduate School. He has cner 20 years experience in technical leadership material and personnel management. He has led the application of computer aided design (CAD) and Product Model Information Exchange to the shipbuilding industry. His experience also includes leading the amlication of model based operational analysis to support the Live Fire Test Program for DDG 51 Class Destroyers. Mr. Krishna M. Choppella:is a Sofware Engineer at Eidea Laboratories Incotporated where he works on componentbased distributed enterpvise frameworks. He has been involved in creating data analysis tools for the US Nay by integrating CAD modeis databases and graphical front ends. His work in the Masters degree program in Mechanical Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin was in di0ddase.r spectroscopy of combustion products in porous-matri burners. He received his Bachelors degree in Electrical Engineering in India. He was a Research Associate at the Centre for Laser Technology and Project Engi

Ship design is often multidisciplinary involving several design elements with various types of objectives and constraints (O/C) some easily described as mathematical formulas, others better modeled as descriptive assertions. This paper describes a method based on fuzzy functions and an integrated performance index to model O/C using descriptive assertions to be used with mathematical formulas in optimization. Another issue addressed in this paper concerns the coordination of design elements when sequentially coupled, that is, when one leads the other and the performance of the follower depends greatly on the design of the leader. Based on neuro-fuzzy techniques, the method described here coordinates and optimizes sequentially coupled elements. The two methods are applied to machinery arrangement (MA) and pipe routing (PR). Preliminary models for optimization of MA and PR are described considering convenience, producibility: engine room size, interference and location as factors in the O/C set. Some test results from MA/PR applications are presented and discussed. The methods are generic and can be extended to other elements in ship design. They are mutually independent and may be used separately Two advantages of their use are an improvement in overall performance and a reduction in the need for redesign of elements.

关键词： Optimization

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