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Evaluating Conditional Handover for 5g Networks with Dynamic Obstacles

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SSRN 2024年

作者： Deb, Souvik Rathod, Megh Balamurugan, Rishi Singh, Rajeev Kumar Sanyal, Samriddha Ghosh, Shankar K. Advanced Computing & Microelectronics Unit Indian Statistical Institute West Bengal Kolkata700108 India Department of Computer Science and Engineering Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence Delhi201314 India School of Computing and Data Science FLAME University Maharashtra Pune412115 India Shiv Nadar University India

To enhance seamless connectivity in millimetre wave New radio networks, Conditional handover has evolved as a promising solution. Unlike A3 handover where handover execution is certain after receiving handover command from the serving access network, in conditional handover, handover execution is conditional on the Reference signal received power measurements from both current and target access networks, as well as on mobility parameters such as preparation and execution offsets. Presence of dynamic obstacles may block the signal from serving and (or) target access networks, which results in violation of the conditions for the handover preparation/execution. Moreover, signal blockage by dynamic obstacles may cause radio link failure, which may cause handover failure as well. Analytic evaluations of conditional handover performance in the presence of dynamic obstacles are quite limited in the preceding literature. In this work, handover performance of conditional handover has been carried out in terms of handover latency, handover packet loss and handover failure probability. A Markov model accounting the effect of dynamic obstacles, different mobility parameters (e.g., execution offset, preparation offset, time-to-preparation and time-to-execution), user velocity and channel fading characteristics has been proposed to characterize handover failure. Results obtained from the analytic model has been validated against extensive simulation results. Our study reveal that optimal configuration of the mobility parameters is actually conditional on the presence of dynamic obstacles, user velocity and fading characteristics. This study will be helpful for the mobile operators to configure the mobility parameters for New radio systems where dynamic obstacles are present. © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： 5G mobile communication systems

IP SafeGuard-An AI-Driven Malicious IP Detection Framework

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IEEE Access 2025年 13卷 90249-90261页

作者： Siam, Abdullah Al Alazab, Moutaz Awajan, Albara Hasan, Md Rakibul Obeidat, Areej Faruqui, Nuruzzaman Daffodil International University Department of Software Engineering Dhaka Daffodil Smart City1216 Bangladesh Liverpool John Moores University School of Computing and Data Sciences Oryx Universal College Cybersecurity Department Doha Qatar Al-Balqa Applied University Faculty of Artificial Intelligence Department of Intelligent Systems As-Salt19385 Jordan Department of Computer Science and Engineering Dhaka1216 Bangladesh Independent Researcher As-Salt19385 Jordan

The rising frequency and sophistication of cyberattacks have made real-time malicious IP detection a critical challenge for modern Security Operations Center (SOC). Traditional solutions, such as static blacklists and manual IP reputation checks, are no longer sufficient in today's dynamic threat scenario. To overcome these constraints, we present IP SafeGuard, an AI-driven platform that incorporates multi-source threat intelligence, sophisticated feature engineering, and machine learning (ML)for real-time IP categorization. The framework collects data from AbuseIPDB, VirusTotal, and other sources to compute a Dynamic Threat Score (DTS) for each IP address. It leverages an XGBoost-based classification model to achieve high accuracy and low false-positive rates, even in skewed datasets. Experimental findings indicate the improved performance of IP SafeGuard, with an accuracy of 98.2%, a precision of 97.8%, and a recall of 98.5%. The average detection duration of 45 milliseconds makes it appropriate for real-time SOC integration, enabling automated incident response through Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) alerting and firewall blocking. The framework's modular design assures scalability and adaptability, making it a vital tool for high-volume situations. By overcoming the limits of old approaches and using the power of ML, IP SafeGuard considerably boosts the efficiency and efficacy of current cybersecurity systems. Future work involves expanding the system to enable new threat intelligence sources and studying federated learning for secure and privacy-preserving threat information exchange. © 2013 IEEE.

关键词： Federated learning

Message Verification Protocol Based on Bilinear Pairings and Elliptic Curves for Enhanced Security in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2024年第10期81卷 1029-1057页

作者： Vincent Omollo Nyangaresi Arkan A.Ghaib Hend Muslim Jasim Zaid Ameen Abduljabbar Junchao Ma Mustafa A.Al Sibahee Abdulla J.Y.Aldarwish Ali Hasan Ali Husam A.Neamah Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and TechnologyBondo40601Kenya Department of Applied Electronics Saveetha School of EngineeringSIMATSChennaiTamilnadu602105India Information Technology Department Management Technical CollegeSouthern Technical UniversityBasrah61004Iraq Department of Computer Science College of Education for Pure SciencesUniversity of BasrahBasrah61004Iraq College of Big Data and Internet Shenzhen Technology UniversityShenzhen518118China Huazhong University of Science and Technology Shenzhen InstituteShenzhen518000China National Engineering Laboratory for Big Data System Computing Technology Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China Computer Technology Engineering Department Iraq University CollegeBasrah61004Iraq Department of Mathematics College of Education for Pure SciencesUniversity of BasrahBasrah61004Iraq Institute of Mathematics University of DebrecenDebrecenH-4002Hungary Department of Electrical Engineering and Mechatronics Faculty of EngineeringUniversity of DebrecenDebrecen4028Hungary

Vehicular ad hoc networks(VANETs)provide intelligent navigation and efficient route management,resulting in time savings and cost reductions in the transportation ***,the exchange of beacons and messages over public channels among vehicles and roadside units renders these networks vulnerable to numerous attacks and privacy *** address these challenges,several privacy and security preservation protocols based on blockchain and public key cryptography have been proposed ***,most of these schemes are limited by a long execution time and massive communication costs,which make them inefficient for on-board units(OBUs).Additionally,some of them are still susceptible to many *** such,this study presents a novel protocol based on the fusion of elliptic curve cryptography(ECC)and bilinear pairing(BP)*** formal security analysis is accomplished using the Burrows–Abadi–Needham(BAN)logic,demonstrating that our scheme is verifiably *** proposed scheme’s informal security assessment also shows that it provides salient security features,such as non-repudiation,anonymity,and ***,the scheme is shown to be resilient against attacks,such as packet replays,forgeries,message falsifications,and *** the performance perspective,this protocol yields a 37.88%reduction in communication overheads and a 44.44%improvement in the supported security ***,the proposed scheme can be deployed in VANETs to provide robust security at low overheads.

关键词： Attacks bilinear elliptic curve cryptography(ECC) privacy security vehicular ad hoc network(VANET)

FlexiFed: Personalized Federated Learning for Edge Clients with Heterogeneous Model Architectures 23

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FlexiFed: Personalized Federated Learning for Edge Clients w...

2023 World Wide Web Conference, WWW 2023

作者： Wang, Kaibin He, Qiang Chen, Feifei Chen, Chunyang Huang, Faliang Jin, Hai Yang, Yun School of Computer Science and Technology Huazhong University of Science and Technology China Department of Computing Technologies Swinburne University of Technology Australia School of Information Technology Deakin University Australia Faculty of Information Technology Monash University Australia Guangxi Key Lab of Human-machine Interaction and Intelligent Decision Nanning Normal University China National Engineering Research Center for Big Data Technology and System Services Computing Technology and System Lab Cluster and Grid Computing Lab Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan430074 China

ISBN: (纸本)9781450394161

Mobile and Web-of-Things (WoT) devices at the network edge account for more than half of the world's web traffic, making a great data source for various machine learning (ML) applications, particularly federated learning (FL) which offers a promising solution to privacy-preserving ML feeding on these data. FL allows edge mobile and WoT devices to train a shared global ML model under the orchestration of a central parameter server. In the real world, due to resource heterogeneity, these edge devices often train different versions of models (e.g., VGG-16 and VGG-19) or different ML models (e.g., VGG and ResNet) for the same ML task (e.g., computer vision and speech recognition). Existing FL schemes have assumed that participating edge devices share a common model architecture, and thus cannot facilitate FL across edge devices with heterogeneous ML model architectures. We explored this architecture heterogeneity challenge and found that FL can and should accommodate these edge devices to improve model accuracy and accelerate model training. This paper presents our findings and FlexiFed, a novel scheme for FL across edge devices with heterogeneous model architectures, and three model aggregation strategies for accommodating architecture heterogeneity under FlexiFed. Experiments with four widely-used ML models on four public datasets demonstrate 1) the usefulness of FlexiFed;and 2) that compared with the state-of-the-art FL scheme, FlexiFed improves model accuracy by 2.6%-9.7% and accelerates model convergence by 1.24 × -4.04 ×. © 2023 ACM.

关键词： Speech recognition

Not All Videos Become Outdated: Short-Video Recommendation by Learning to Deconfound Release Interval Bias

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Dong, Lulu He, Guoxiu Sun, Aixin Faculty of Economics and Management East China Normal University Shanghai China College of Computing and Data Science Nanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore

Short-video recommender systems often exhibit a biased preference to recently released videos. However, not all videos become outdated;certain classic videos can still attract user’s attention. Such bias along temporal dimension can be further aggravated by the matching model between users and videos, because the model learns from preexisting interactions. From real data, we observe that different videos have varying sensitivities to recency in attracting users’ attention. Our analysis, based on a causal graph modeling short-video recommendation, suggests that the release interval serves as a confounder, establishing a backdoor path between users and videos. To address this confounding effect, we propose a model-agnostic causal architecture called Learning to Deconfound the Release Interval Bias (LDRI). LDRI enables jointly learning of the matching model and the video recency sensitivity perceptron. In the inference stage, we apply a backdoor adjustment, effectively blocking the backdoor path by intervening on each video. Extensive experiments on two benchmarks demonstrate that LDRI consistently outperforms backbone models and exhibits superior performance against state-of-the-art models. Additional comprehensive analyses confirm the deconfounding capability of LDRI. Copyright © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Contrastive Learning

SAC-ViT: Semantic-Aware Clustering Vision Transformer with Early Exit

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Hu, Youbing Cheng, Yun Lu, Anqi Wei, Dawei Li, Zhijun Faculty of Computing Harbin Institute of Technology China Swiss Data Science Center Zurich Switzerland School of Cyber Engineering Xidian University China

The Vision Transformer (ViT) excels in global modeling but faces deployment challenges on resource-constrained devices due to the quadratic computational complexity of its attention mechanism. To address this, we propose the Semantic-Aware Clustering Vision Transformer (SAC-ViT), a non-iterative approach to enhance ViT’s computational efficiency. SAC-ViT operates in two stages: Early Exit (EE) and Semantic-Aware Clustering (SAC). In the EE stage, downsampled input images are processed to extract global semantic information and generate initial inference results. If these results do not meet the EE termination criteria, the information is clustered into target and non-target tokens. In the SAC stage, target tokens are mapped back to the original image, cropped, and embedded. These target tokens are then combined with reused non-target tokens from the EE stage, and the attention mechanism is applied within each cluster. This two-stage design, with end-to-end optimization, reduces spatial redundancy and enhances computational efficiency, significantly boosting overall ViT performance. Extensive experiments demonstrate the efficacy of SAC-ViT, reducing 62% of the FLOPs of DeiT and achieving 1.98× throughput without compromising performance. Copyright © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Latent semantic analysis

FoCTTA: Low-Memory Continual Test-Time Adaptation with Focus

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Hu, Youbing Cheng, Yun Zhou, Zimu Lu, Anqi Cao, Zhiqiang Li, Zhijun Faculty of Computing Harbin Institute of Technology China Swiss Data Science Center Zurich Switzerland City University of Hong Kong Hong Kong

Continual adaptation to domain shifts at test time (CTTA) is crucial for enhancing the intelligence of deep learning enabled IoT applications. However, prevailing TTA methods, which typically update all batch normalization (BN) layers, exhibit two memory inefficiencies. First, the reliance on BN layers for adaptation necessitates large batch sizes, leading to high memory usage. Second, updating all BN layers requires storing the activations of all BN layers for backpropagation, exacerbating the memory demand. Both factors lead to substantial memory costs, making existing solutions impractical for IoT devices. In this paper, we present FoCTTA, a low-memory CTTA strategy. The key is to automatically identify and adapt a few drift-sensitive representation layers, rather than blindly update all BN layers. The shift from BN to representation layers eliminates the need for large batch sizes. Also, by updating adaptation-critical layers only, FoCTTA avoids storing excessive activations. This focused adaptation approach ensures that FoCTTA is not only memory-efficient but also maintains effective adaptation. Evaluations show that FoCTTA improves the adaptation accuracy over the state-of-the-arts by 4.5%, 4.9%, and 14.8% on CIFAR10-C, CIFAR100-C, and ImageNet-C under the same memory constraints. Across various batch sizes, FoCTTA reduces the memory usage by 3-fold on average, while improving the accuracy by 8.1%, 3.6%, and 0.2%, respectively, on the three datasets. Copyright © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

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A framework for improving the reliability of black-box variational inference

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The Journal of Machine Learning Research

The Journal of Machine Learning Research 2024年第1期25卷 10599-10669页

作者： Manushi Welandawe Michael Riis Andersen Aki Vehtari Jonathan H. Huggins Department of Mathematics & Statistics Boston University DTU Compute Technical University of Denmark Denmark Department of Computer Science Aalto University Finland Department of Mathematics & Statistics Faculty of Computing & Data Sciences Boston University

Black-box variational inference (BBVI) now sees widespread use in machine learning and statistics as a fast yet exible alternative to Markov chain Monte Carlo methods for approximate Bayesian inference. However, stochastic optimization methods for BBVI remain unreliable and require substantial expertise and hand-tuning to apply effectively. In this paper, we propose robust and automated black-box VI (RABVI), a framework for improving the reliability of BBVI optimization. RABVI is based on rigorously justiffed automation techniques, includes just a small number of intuitive tuning parameters, and detects inaccurate estimates of the optimal variational approximation. RABVI adaptively decreases the learning rate by detecting convergence of the fixed-learning-rate iterates, then estimates the symmetrized Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence between the current variational approximation and the optimal one. It also employs a novel optimization termination criterion that enables the user to balance desired accuracy against computational cost by comparing (i) the predicted relative decrease in the symmetrized KL divergence if a smaller learning were used and (ii) the predicted computation required to converge with the smaller learning rate. We validate the robustness and accuracy of RABVI through carefully designed simulation studies and on a diverse set of real-world model and data examples.

关键词： black-box variational inference symmetrized KL divergence stochastic optimization fixed-learning rate

FocusDD: Real-World Scene Infusion for Robust dataset Distillation

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Hu, Youbing Cheng, Yun Saukh, Olga Ozdemir, Firat Lu, Anqi Cao, Zhiqiang Li, Zhijun Faculty of Computing Harbin Institute of Technology China Swiss Data Science Center Zurich Switzerland Graz University of Technology Austria Complexity Science Hub Vienna Austria

dataset distillation has emerged as a strategy to compress real-world datasets for efficient training. However, it struggles with large-scale and high-resolution datasets, limiting its practicality. This paper introduces a novel resolution-independent dataset distillation method Focused dataset Distillation (FocusDD), which achieves diversity and realism in distilled data by identifying key information patches, thereby ensuring the generalization capability of the distilled dataset across different network architectures. Specifically, FocusDD leverages a pre-trained Vision Transformer (ViT) to extract key image patches, which are then synthesized into a single distilled image. These distilled images, which capture multiple targets, are suitable not only for classification tasks but also for dense tasks such as object detection. To further improve the generalization of the distilled dataset, each synthesized image is augmented with a downsampled view of the original image. Experimental results on the ImageNet-1K dataset demonstrate that, with 100 images per class (IPC), ResNet50 and MobileNet-v2 achieve validation accuracies of 71.0% and 62.6%, respectively, outperforming state-of-the-art methods by 2.8% and 4.7%. Notably, FocusDD is the first method to use distilled datasets for object detection tasks. On the COCO2017 dataset, with an IPC of 50, YOLOv11n and YOLOv11s achieve 24.4% and 32.1% mAP, respectively, further validating the effectiveness of our approach. Copyright © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

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