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Optimization of Carbon Dot Deposition on Polycarbonate Substrates Via Non-Thermal Plasma: Exploring its Superhydrophobic Properties and Ph Sensing Capabilities

SSRN

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SSRN 2024年

作者： Selvaraj, Yuvaraj Venkatraman, M.R. Govindaraj, Rajesh Carrasco, Marcos Flores Natarajan, Muthukumarasamy Velauthapillai, Dhayalan Devaraj, Kamalraj Yoganand, Cp. Jaffer, Syed S. Department of Physics Coimbatore Institute of Technology Coimbatore641014 India Department of Physics Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and Technology Coimbatore641062 India Centre for Computational Modelling Chennai Institute of Technology Chennai600069 India Centre for Research in Pure and Applied Sciences JAIN [Deemed-to-be-University Bengaluru560069 India Department of Physics Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences University of Chile Santiago265 Chile Department of Computer Science Electrical Engineering and Mathematical Sciences Western Norway University of Applied Science Bergen5063 Norway Department of Chemistry Coimbatore Institute of Technology Coimbatore641014 India

Carbon dots (CDs) are a class of highly photoluminescent nanomaterials that are less toxic, exhibit good compatibility in biological studies, and they are of sizes typically below 10 nm. In the present work, CDs were implanted on the surface of polycarbonate (PC) using the DC glow discharge non-thermal plasma technique. Plasma processing is a versatile technique to produce nanomaterials that can be used for biomedical and sensor applications. Monitoring the input voltage, processing time, and gas flow-rate are the crucial parameters that play a major role in optimal processing to impregnate CDs on PC. Acetylene plasma processed PC was subjected to an acid isolation process for accumulation of CDs and to test its usage in pH sensing and optical applications. Structural and graphitic layer formation of CDs on PC was studied through Raman spectroscopy, amorphous nature of the samples were observed from the XRD results. The uniform distribution of carbons over the PC was witnessed from the FESEM images and the isolated CDs were identified through and TEM microscopic images. The pH-sensitive photoemission property of acid isolated CDs was analyzed using fluorescence spectrophotometer and the observed results from 3D-contour fluorescent spectra revealed that the KMnO4 treated CDs showed interesting behaviour that can be used in biological pH sensors. The superhydrophobic nature of the prepared samples were observed through the contact angles measurements for water and blood respectively. Contact angle results suggest that the plasma processed CDs can be used in applications involving blood contact devices. © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： pH sensors

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Technology Roadmap for Flexible Sensors

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ACS NANO 2023年第6期17卷 5211-5295页

作者： Luo, Yifei Abidian, Mohammad Reza Ahn, Jong-Hyun Akinwande, Deji Andrews, Anne M. Antonietti, Markus Bao, Zhenan Berggren, Magnus Berkey, Christopher A. Bettinger, Christopher John Chen, Jun Chen, Peng Cheng, Wenlong Cheng, Xu Choi, Seon-Jin Chortos, Alex Dagdeviren, Canan Dauskardt, Reinhold H. Di, Chong-an Dickey, Michael D. Duan, Xiangfeng Facchetti, Antonio Fan, Zhiyong Fang, Yin Feng, Jianyou Feng, Xue Gao, Huajian Gao, Wei Gong, Xiwen Guo, Chuan Fei Guo, Xiaojun Hartel, Martin C. He, Zihan Ho, John S. Hu, Youfan Huang, Qiyao Huang, Yu Huo, Fengwei Hussain, Muhammad M. Javey, Ali Jeong, Unyong Jiang, Chen Jiang, Xingyu Kang, Jiheong Karnaushenko, Daniil Khademhosseini, Ali Kim, Dae-Hyeong Kim, Il-Doo Kireev, Dmitry Kong, Lingxuan Lee, Chengkuo Lee, Nae-Eung Lee, Pooi See Lee, Tae-Woo Li, Fengyu Li, Jinxing Liang, Cuiyuan Lim, Chwee Teck Lin, Yuanjing Lipomi, Darren J. Liu, Jia Liu, Kai Liu, Nan Liu, Ren Liu, Yuxin Liu, Yuxuan Liu, Zhiyuan Liu, Zhuangjian Loh, Xian Jun Lu, Nanshu Lv, Zhisheng Magdassi, Shlomo Malliaras, George G. Matsuhisa, Naoji Nathan, Arokia Niu, Simiao Pan, Jieming Pang, Changhyun Pei, Qibing Peng, Huisheng Qi, Dianpeng Ren, Huaying Rogers, John A. Rowe, Aaron Schmidt, Oliver G. Sekitani, Tsuyoshi Seo, Dae-Gyo Shen, Guozhen Sheng, Xing Shi, Qiongfeng Someya, Takao Song, Yanlin Stavrinidou, Eleni Su, Meng Sun, Xuemei Takei, Kuniharu Tao, Xiao-Ming Tee, Benjamin C. K. Thean, Aaron Voon-Yew Trung, Tran Quang Wan, Changjin Wang, Huiliang Wang, Joseph Wang, Ming Wang, Sihong Wang, Ting Wang, Zhong Lin Weiss, Paul S. Wen, Hanqi Xu, Sheng Xu, Tailin Yan, Hongping Yan, Xuzhou Yang, Hui Yang, Le Yang, Shuaijian Yin, Lan Yu, Cunjiang Yu, Guihua Yu, Jing Yu, Shu-Hong Yu, Xinge Zamburg, Evgeny Zhang, Haixia Zhang, Xiangyu Zhang, Xiaosheng Zhang, Xueji Zhang, Yihui Zhang, Yu Zhao, Siyuan Zhao, Xuanhe Zheng, Yuanjin Zheng, Yu-Qing Zheng, Zijian Zhou, Tao Zhu, Bowen Zhu, Ming Zhu, Rong Zhu, Yangzhi Zhu, Yong Zou, Guijin Chen, Xiaodong 08-03 Innovis Singapore 138634 Republic of Singapore Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX) School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore 639798 Singapore Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Houston Houston Texas 77024 United States School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas 78712 United States Microelectronics Research Center The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas 78758 United States Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior and Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles California 90095 United States Colloid Chemistry Department Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces 14476 Potsdam Germany Department of Chemical Engineering Stanford University Stanford California 94305 United States Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology Campus Norrköping Linköping University 83 Linköping Sweden Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability (WISE) and Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC) SE-100 44 Stockholm Sweden Department of Materials Science and Engineering Stanford University Stanford California 94301 United States Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213 United States Department of Bioengineering University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles California 90095 United States School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637457 Singapore Nanobionics Group Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Monash University Clayton Australia 3800 Monash

Humans rely increasingly on sensors to address grand challenges and to improve quality of life in the era of digitalization and big data. For ubiquitous sensing, flexible sensors are developed to overcome the limitations of conventional rigid counterparts. Despite rapid advancement in bench-side research over the last decade, the market adoption of flexible sensors remains limited. To ease and to expedite their deployment, here, we identify bottlenecks hindering the maturation of flexible sensors and propose promising solutions. We first analyze continued...challenges in achieving satisfactory sensing performance for real-world applications and then summarize issues in compatible sensor-biology interfaces, followed by brief discussions on powering and connecting sensor networks. Issues en route to commercialization and for sustainable growth of the sector are also analyzed, highlighting environmental concerns and emphasizing nontechnical issues such as business, regulatory, and ethical considerations. Additionally, we look at future intelligent flexible sensors. In proposing a comprehensive roadmap, we hope to steer research efforts towards common goals and to guide coordinated development strategies from disparate communities. Through such collaborative

关键词： soft materials mechanics engineering flexible electronics conformable sensors bioelectronics human-machine interfaces body area sensor networks technology translation sustainable electronics

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Preparation and physico-chemical characterization of AISI 304 stainless steel film deposited by DC magnetron sputtering

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Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 2025年 628卷

作者： Tomko, Samuel Pechoušek, Jiří Tuček, Jiří Kuzmann, Ernő Heger, Vítězslav Dubiel, Stanislaw M. Machala, Libor Department of Experimental Physics Faculty of Science Palacký University 17. Listopadu 1192/12 Olomouc779 00 Czech Republic Hella Autotechnik Nova s.r.o. Družstevní 16 Mohelnice789 85 Czech Republic Research Centre Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics University of Pardubice Studentská 95 Pardubice530 02 Czech Republic Institute of Chemistry Eötvös Loránd University 1117 Budapest Pázmány Péter Sétány 1 /A Hungary Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science AGH University of Krakow Al. A. Mickiewicza 30 Kraków30-059 Poland

The present study reports on the preparation and physico-chemical investigation of a 2 µm thick film produced from AISI 304 stainless steel by DC magnetron sputtering. A phase transformation from the conventionally non-magnetic Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) phase of austenite (γ-Fe) nature to a predominantly Body-Centered Cubic (BCC) ferromagnetic single phase (α-Fe) during the deposition is observed upon the deposition process. The deposited films are characterized by various experimental techniques including Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-Ray powder Diffraction (XRD), Grazing-Incidence X-Ray powder Diffraction (GIXRD), and Mössbauer Spectroscopy (MS) in both transmission and back-scattered geometry. For interpretation of the Mössbauer spectra of the film, a physico-chemical model based on distinct micromagnetic environments evolved due to alloying elements is suggested. The results, presented within this study, may stimulate further and detailed research in identifying the causes for the phase transition from both theoretical and experimental perspectives and understanding the underlying mechanisms. © 2025 Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Sputtering

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Numerical simulation of heat pipes in different applications

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International Journal of Thermofluids 2022年 16卷

作者： Maghrabie, Hussein M. Olabi, A.G. Alami, Abdul Hai Radi, Muaz Al Zwayyed, Firas salamah, Tareq Wilberforce, Tabbi Abdelkareem, Mohammad Ali Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Engineering South Valley University Qena83521 Egypt Sustainable Energy & Power Systems Research Centre RISE University of Sharjah P.O. Box 27272 Sharjah United Arab Emirates Mechanical Engineering and Design Aston University School of Engineering and Applied Science Aston Triangle BirminghamB4 7ET United Kingdom Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Khalifa University Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates Faculty of Engineering Minia University Elminia Egypt

Nowadays heat pipes are considered to be popular passive heat transfer technologies due to their high thermal performance. The heat pipe is a superior heat transfer apparatus in which latent heat of vaporization is employed to transfer heat for an extended distance under a limited operating temperature difference. Numerical simulation of heat transfer devices is a principal step before implementing in real-life applications as many parameters can be tested in cost-and time-effective behaviors. The present study provides a review of the numerical simulations of various heat pipes in different applications such as cooling of electronic components, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC), nuclear reactors, solar energy systems, electric vehicles, waste heat recovery systems, cryogenic, etc. Firstly, this work introduces a background about the main components of heat pipes such as an evacuated tube, wick, and working fluid. The fluid flow and thermal performance characteristics of heat pips are discussed, considering the optimum parameters. Finally, the critical challenges and recommendations for future work encountering the broad application of heat pipes are thoroughly studied. © 2022

关键词： Heat pipes

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Optimal energy generation of hybrid energy systems considering economic and environmental multi-objective functions

Science and Technology for Energy Transition (STET)

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science and Technology for Energy Transition (STET) 2025年 80卷

作者： Raman, Arasu Sayed, Biju Theruvil Alkhayyat, Ahmad Ved, Amit Chetan, M. Singh, Ashish Kumar, Raj Prasad, K.D.V. Sapaev, I.B. Mohammedi, M. Department of Faculty of Business and Communications Inti International University Putra Nilai 71800 Malaysia Department of Computer Science Dhofar University PO Box 2509 Salalah211 Oman Department of Computers Techniques Engineering College of Technical Engineering The Islamic University Najaf Iraq Department of Computers Techniques Engineering College of Technical Engineering The Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah Al Diwaniyah Iraq Department of Computers Techniques Engineering College of Technical Engineering The Islamic University of Babylon Babylon Iraq Marwadi University Research Centre Department of Electrical Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Technology Marwadi University Gujarat Rajkot360003 India Karnataka Bangalore India Nims School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Nims University Rajasthan Jaipur India Chandigarh College of Engineering Chandigarh Group of Colleges Jhanjeri Punjab Mohali140307 India Pune India Department Physics and Chemistry Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers National Research University Tashkent Uzbekistan University of Tashkent for Applied Sciences Str. Gavhar 1 Tashkent100149 Uzbekistan Western Caspian University Baku Azerbaijan Department of Electrical Engineering Islamic Azad University Branch of Central Tehran Tehran Iran

This research is dedicated to exploring and identifying the most effective design for an energy source tailored specifically to meet the electricity demands of a residential community. In an era where energy efficiency and sustainability are paramount, this study emphasizes the importance of technical and economic considerations in energy sourcing. It posits that any viable solution must not only be efficient in its energy production and consumption but also reliable in its delivery and financially feasible for the residents who will depend on it. To address this multifaceted challenge, the study proposes the innovative use of a rotation-invariant coordinate convolutional neural network in conjunction with binary battle royale optimization techniques. These advanced methodologies are selected for their potential to enhance the modelling and optimization processes involved in energy source design. The primary goal of employing these methods is to minimize two critical factors: the net present cost of the energy system and the overall energy cost incurred by the residents. By focusing on these objectives, the research aims to ensure that the proposed energy solutions are not only cost-effective but also sustainable over the long term. To rigorously test the proposed model and evaluate its performance, the research is conducted using the MATLAB platform. The study employs established methodologies and performance metrics to assess the outcomes of the model, ensuring that the findings are both credible and applicable to real-world scenarios. Through comprehensive testing and detailed analysis, this research aims to provide significant insights and actionable recommendations for the optimal design of energy sources in residential areas. By contributing to the ongoing discourse on sustainable energy solutions, the study seeks to inform policymakers, energy planners, and community stakeholders about effective strategies for meeting residential energy demands while promotin

关键词： Clean energy

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SOLAS: Superpositioning an Optical Lens in Automotive Simulation

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2025年

作者： Jakab, Daniel Barthel, Julian Braun, Alexander Mohandas, Reenu Deegan, Brian Michael Kumbham, Mahendar Molloy, Dara Collins, Fiachra Scanlan, Anthony Eising, Ciarán Dept. of Electronic and Computer Engineering University of Limerick Castletroy Co. Limerick V94 T9PX Ireland Faculty of Electrical Engineering & Information Technology University of Applied Sciences Düsseldorf40476 Germany Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering University of Galway GalwayH91 TK33 Ireland Valeo Vision Systems Tuam GalwayDY1 22DJ Ireland Lero the Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Software University of Limerick LimerickV94 T9PX Ireland

Automotive Simulation is a potentially cost-effective strategy to identify and test corner case scenarios in automotive perception. Recent work has shown a significant shift in creating realistic synthetic data for road traffic scenarios using a video graphics engine. However, a gap exists in modeling realistic optical aberrations associated with cameras in automotive simulation. This paper builds on the concept from existing literature to model optical degradations in simulated environments using the Python-based ray-tracing library KrakenOS. As a novel pipeline, we degrade automotive fisheye simulation using an optical doublet with +/-2◦ Field of View(FOV), introducing realistic optical artifacts into two simulation images from SynWoodscape and Parallel Domain Woodscape. We evaluate KrakenOS by calculating the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), which averaged around 0.023 across the RGB light spectrum compared to Ansys Zemax OpticStudio, an industrial benchmark for optical design and simulation. Lastly, we measure the image sharpness of the degraded simulation using the ISO12233:2023 Slanted Edge Method and show how both qualitative and measured results indicate the extent of the spatial variation in image sharpness from the periphery to the center of the degradations. © 2025, CC BY.

关键词： Ray tracing

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SS-SFR: Synthetic Scenes Spatial Frequency Response on Virtual KITTI and Degraded Automotive Simulations for Object Detection

arXiv

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Jakab, Daniel Braun, Alexander Agnew, Cathaoir Mohandas, Reenu Deegan, Brian Michael Molloy, Dara Ward, Enda Scanlan, Anthony Eising, Ciarán Dept. of Electronic and Computer Engineering University of Limerick Co. Limerick CastletroyV94 T9PX Ireland Faculty of Electrical Engineering & Information Technology University of Applied Sciences Düsseldorf40476 Germany Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering University of Galway GalwayH91 TK33 Ireland Valeo Vision Systems Tuam GalwayDY1 22DJ Ireland Lero the Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Software University of Limerick LimerickV94 T9PX Ireland

Automotive simulation can potentially compensate for a lack of training data in computer vision applications. However, there has been little to no image quality evaluation of automotive simulation and the impact of optical degradations on simulation is little explored. In this work, we investigate Virtual KITTI and the impact of applying variations of Gaussian blur on image sharpness. Furthermore, we consider object detection, a common computer vision application on three different state-of-the-art models, thus allowing us to characterize the relationship between object detection and sharpness. It was found that while image sharpness (MTF50) degrades from an average of 0.245cy/px to approximately 0.119cy/px;object detection performance stays largely robust within 0.58%(Faster RCNN), 1.45%(YOLOF) and 1.93%(DETR) across all respective held-out test sets. © 2024, CC BY.

关键词： Automobile simulators

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Versatile tape-drive target for high-repetition-rate laser-driven proton acceleration

引用

High Power Laser science and engineering 2023年第4期11卷 59-69页

作者： N.Xu M.J.V.Streeter O.C.Ettlinger H.Ahmed S.Astbury M.Borghesi N.Bourgeois C.B.Curry S.J.D.Dann N.P.Dover T.Dzelzainis V.Istokskaia M.Gauthier L.Giuffrida G.D.Glenn S.H.Glenzer R.J.Gray J.S.Green G.S.Hicks C.Hyland M.King B.Loughran D.Margarone O.McCusker P.McKenna C.Parisuaña P.Parsons C.Spindloe D.R.Symes F.Treffert C.A.J.Palmer Z.Najmudin John Adams Institute for Accelerator Science Blackett LaboratoryImperial College LondonLondonUK School of Maths and Physics Queen’s University BelfastBelfastUK Central Laser Facility STFC Rutherford Appleton LaboratoryDidcotUK SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo ParkUSA ELI Beamlines Centre Institute of PhysicsCASDolni BrezanyCzech Republic Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering Czech Technical University in PraguePragueCzech Republic Department of Physics SUPAUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowUK Department of Mechanical Engineering Stanford UniversityStanfordUSA Department of Applied Physics Stanford UniversityStanfordUSA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of AlbertaEdmontonCanada Institut für Kernphysik Technische Universität DarmstadtDarmstadtGermany

We present the development and characterization of a high-stability,multi-material,multi-thickness tape-drive target for laser-driven acceleration at repetition rates of up to 100 *** tape surface position was measured to be stable on the sub-micrometre scale,compatible with the high-numerical aperture focusing geometries required to achieve relativistic intensity interactions with the pulse energy available in current multi-Hz and near-future higher repetition-rate lasers(>kHz).Long-term drift was characterized at 100 Hz demonstrating suitability for operation over extended *** target was continuously operated at up to 5 Hz in a recent experiment for 70,000 shots without intervention by the experimental team,with the exception of tape replacement,producing the largest data-set of relativistically intense laser–solid foil measurements to *** tape drive provides robust targetry for the generation and study of high-repetitionrate ion beams using next-generation high-power laser systems,also enabling wider applications of laser-driven proton sources.

关键词： high-repetition-rate laser target laser-plasma acceleration proton generation tape-drive target

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Work fluctuations due to partial thermalizations in two-level systems

arXiv

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Quadeer, Maria Korzekwa, Kamil Tomamichel, Marco Centre for Quantum Software and Information School of Computer Science University of Technology Sydney NSW2007 Australia Faculty of Physics Astronomy and Applied Computer Science Jagiellonian University Kraków30-348 Poland Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Centre for Quantum Technologies National University of Singapore Singapore119077 Singapore

We study work extraction processes mediated by finite-time interactions with an ambient bath—partial thermalizations—as continuous time Markov processes for two-level systems. Such a stochastic process results in fluctuations in the amount of work that can be extracted and is characterized by the rate at which the system parameters are driven in addition to the rate of thermalization with the bath. We analyze the distribution of work for the case where the energy gap of a two-level system is driven at a constant rate. We derive analytic expressions for average work and lower bound for the variance of work showing that such processes cannot be fluctuation-free in general. We also observe that an upper bound for the Monte Carlo estimate of the variance of work can be obtained using Jarzynski’s fluctuation-dissipation relation for systems initially in equilibrium. Finally, we analyse work extraction cycles by modifying the Carnot cycle, incorporating processes involving partial thermalizations and obtain efficiency at maximum power for such finite-time work extraction cycles under different sets of constraints. Copyright © 2021, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Carnot cycle

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Extension of Maxwell's equations for non-stationary magnetic fluids using gauss's divergence theorem

Results in Engineering

引用

Results in engineering 2025年 26卷

作者： Bouzidi, Mohammed NASRI, Abdelfatah Rahmoune, Mohamed Ben Hafsi, Oussama Aeggegn, Dessalegn Bitew Ghoneim, Sherif S. M. Ali, Enas Ghaly, Ramy N. R. Department of Sciences and Technology University of Tamanghasset Sersouf P.O. Box 10034 Tamanghasset11001 Algeria Energy and Materials Laboratory University of Tamanghasset Sersouf P.O. Box 10034 Tamanghasset11001 Algeria Laboratory Smart Grid and Renewable Energy SGRE University Tahri Mohamed Bechar Algeria Algeria Applied Automation and Industrial Diagnostics Laboratory Faculty of Science and Technology University of Djelfa DZ 17000 Algeria DDI Laboratory Ahmed Draia University Adrar01000 Algeria Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Debre Markos University Debre Markos269 Ethiopia Department of Electrical Engineering College of Engineering Taif University Taif21944 Saudi Arabia University Centre for Research and Development Chandigarh University Punjab Mohali140413 India Faculty of Engineering and Technology Future University in Egypt New Cairo11835 Egypt Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research Industrial Technical Institute-Mataria Technical College Cairo11718 Egypt Centre for Research Impact & Outcome Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology Chitkara University Punjab Rajpura140401 India

The work presented in this paper focuses on formulating the development of time-dependent electromagnetic field laws through the application of Gauss's divergence theorem. The first part of the discussion looks at the basic ideas of electromagnetism. It focuses on how classical formulations of the laws of electromagnetism can be adapted to account for non-stationary conditions, especially regarding magnetic fluids that don't conduct electricity. It is suggested that employing Gauss's divergence theorem could help improve the computational analysis of these generalized equations, which would make them more useful in magnetic fluid dynamics. The paper examines the intricate interactions between non-conductive particles and conductive fluids under magnetic fields. By putting these interactions into a single theoretical framework, this work aims to help us understand non-stationary electromagnetic phenomena and how they affect many different scientific and engineering fields. The concluding section of the study examines the prospective practical applications of these extended equations. They could enable the development of more advanced electromagnetic devices and systems. Creating a strong set of analytical tools that can find new scientific paths and useful applications is the main goal of the study, particularly in the areas of electromagnetic induction and fluid dynamics. This research offers potential for substantial progress in both theoretical comprehension and technological advancement, The proposed method is applicable to real-world systems such as ferrofluid-based cooling, magnetic dampers, plasma generators, and smart electromagnetic devices. These applications demonstrate the practical benefits of coupling field behavior with boundary dynamics using Gauss's theorem. © 2025

关键词： Electromagnetic induction

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