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A novel methodology of determination of the mean translational velocity of groundwater flow and its application in the karst

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Science of the Total Environment 2025年 982卷 179586页

作者： Matić, Natalija Vučić, Filip Čupić, Daria Maldini, Krešimir Ulica grada Vukovara 220 Zagreb10000 Croatia University of Zagreb Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing Unska 3 Zagreb10000 Croatia Josip Juraj Strossmayer Water Institute Ulica grada Vukovara 220 Zagreb10000 Croatia

The paper deals with a novel methodology for determining the mean translational velocity of groundwater flow and application in the Dinaric karst of Croatia. Until now, it has only been possible to calculate the apparent velocity of groundwater flow in the karst system after obtaining experimental field investigation to verify e.g. the movement of pollution through the underground karst system, by applying the dye-tracing test technique using a dye tracer. The methodology for calculation of the apparent velocity of groundwater flow takes into account the measured "actual or real" travel time and shortest (air) distance (path) between sites of dye insertion and dye appearance which means that it does not include the "actual or real" distance with multidimensionality and extremely nonlinear behavior of karst system. In contrast with this methodology, the calculation of mean translational velocity is based on "actual or real" data of measured travel time and distance required that dye appears on springs from the moment when the dye was inserted in the sinkhole, and the minor and major semi-axes of the boundary ellipse. This mathematically presented novel methodology takes into account information such as measured travel time and environmental characteristics (aquifer boundaries) which makes novel methodology innovative and sustainable. Since it would be good to know the velocity as close as possible to the "actual or real" groundwater flow velocity, the paper discusses the possibility of obtaining the mean translational velocity based on theoretical calculations and improving the existing calculation of the apparent velocity of groundwater flow. Additionally, the value of this paper is a quantification of the relationships between the qualitative features of the karst system, i.e. makes them measurable contributing to SDG6. © 2025 Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Travel time

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Reducing communication overhead in the IoT–edge–cloud continuum: A survey on protocols and data reduction strategies

Internet of Things (The Netherlands)

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Internet of Things (The Netherlands) 2025年 31卷

作者： Kreković, Dora Krivić, Petar Podnar Žarko, Ivana Kušek, Mario Le-Phuoc, Danh University of Zagreb Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing Unska 3 Zagreb 10000 Croatia Technical University of Berlin Straße des 17. Juni 135 Berlin 10623 Germany

The adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) deployments has led to a sharp increase in network traffic as a vast number of IoT devices communicate with each other and with IoT services in the IoT–edge–cloud continuum. This increase in network traffic poses a major challenge to the global communications infrastructure since it hinders communication performance and also puts significant strain on the energy consumption of IoT devices. To address these issues, efficient and collaborative IoT solutions which enable information exchange while reducing the size of transmitted data and associated network traffic are crucial. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of the communication technologies and protocols as well as data reduction strategies that contribute to this goal. First, we present a comparative analysis of prevalent communication technologies in the IoT domain, highlighting their unique characteristics and exploring the potential for protocol composition and joint usage to enhance overall communication efficiency within the IoT–edge–cloud continuum. Next, we explore various data traffic reduction techniques tailored to the IoT–edge–cloud context and evaluate their applicability and effectiveness on resource-constrained end devices. Finally, we investigate the emerging concepts that have the potential to further reduce communication overhead in the IoT–edge–cloud continuum, including cross-layer optimization strategies and Edge AI techniques for IoT data reduction. The paper offers a comprehensive roadmap for developing efficient and scalable solutions across the layers of the IoT–edge–cloud continuum that are beneficial for real-time processing to alleviate network congestion in complex IoT environments. © 2025 Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Data compression Device communication Edge IoT Protocols

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A Dataset for Semantic Segmentation in the Presence of Unknowns

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Laskar, Zakaria Vojíř, Tomáš Grcic, Matej Melekhov, Iaroslav Gangisetty, Shankar Kannala, Juho Matas, Jiri Tolias, Giorgos Jawahar, C.V. VRG FEE Czech Technical University Prague Czech Republic University of Zagreb Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing Croatia Aalto University Finland IIIT Hyderabad India University of Oulu Finland

Before deployment in the real-world deep neural networks require thorough evaluation of how they handle both knowns, inputs represented in the training data, and unknowns (anomalies). This is especially important for scene understanding tasks with safety critical applications, such as in autonomous driving. Existing datasets allow evaluation of only knowns or unknowns - but not both, which is required to establish "in the wild" suitability of deep neural network models. To bridge this gap, we propose a novel anomaly segmentation dataset, ISSU, that features a diverse set of anomaly inputs from cluttered real-world environments. The dataset is twice larger than existing anomaly segmentation datasets, and provides a training, validation and test set for controlled in-domain evaluation. The test set consists of a static and temporal part, with the latter comprised of videos. The dataset provides annotations for both closed-set (knowns) and anomalies, enabling closed-set and open-set evaluation. The dataset covers diverse conditions, such as domain and cross-sensor shift, illumination variation and allows ablation of anomaly detection methods with respect to these variations. Evaluation results of current state-of-the-art methods confirm the need for improvements especially in domain-generalization, small and large object segmentation. The code and the dataset are available at https://***/vojirt/benchmark_issu. © 2025, CC BY-NC-SA.

关键词： Semantic Segmentation

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Channel-Based Key Generation for Secure Underwater Acoustic Communications

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IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 2025年

作者： Diamant, Roee Casari, Paolo Ardizzon, Francesco Tomasin, Stefano Sherlock, Benjamin Corner, Tom Neasham, Jeff University of Haifa Department of Marine Technologies Israel University of Zagreb Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing Croatia University of Trento CNIT DISI Italy University of Padova CNIT UNIPD Italy School of Engineering Newcastle University Newcastle-upon-Tyne United Kingdom

To protect underwater acoustic communications from interception, the exchange of encryption keys is necessary. Since underwater devices can be compromised, generating keys on site is a better option than predefined keys. In this paper, we present a solution that utilizes the characteristics of the underwater acoustic channel impulse response (CIR), which is highly variable in both space and time, while ensuring consistency between the communicating nodes (Alice and Bob). To compensate for temporal variations, the key is calculated from the CIR feature's distribution parameters, while the hard key is determined using a K-means strategy. To achieve key agreement, we exploit the long propagation delay in the underwater CIR and let Alice and Bob transmit simultaneously while their packets fly past each other. Due to the channel's reciprocity, this simultaneous transmission ensures that the same CIR is estimated at both ends of the communication link. Simulation and sea experiment results show that it is possible to extract at least three times as many secret bits as we would with a uniform quantizer. The results show a high matching rate between Alice and Bob and a high Hamming distance to Eve's key. For reproducibility, we share the CIRs from the sea trials. © 2002-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Underwater acoustics

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Time and Frequency Domain-based Anomaly Detection in Smart Meter Data for Distribution Network Studies

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Labura, Petar Antić, Tomislav Capuder, Tomislav University of Zagreb Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing Zagreb Croatia

The widespread integration of new technologies in low-voltage distribution networks on the consumer side creates the need for distribution system operators to perform advanced real-time calculations to estimate network conditions. In recent years, data-driven models based on machine learning and big data analysis have emerged for calculation purposes, leveraging the information available in large datasets obtained from smart meters and other advanced measurement infrastructure. However, existing data-driven algorithms do not take into account the quality of data collected from smart meters. They lack built-in anomaly detection mechanisms and fail to differentiate anomalies based on whether the value or context of anomalous data instances deviates from the norm. This paper focuses on methods for detecting and mitigating the impact of anomalies on the consumption of active and reactive power datasets. It proposes an anomaly detection framework based on the Isolation Forest machine learning algorithm and Fast Fourier Transform filtering that works in both the time and frequency domain and is unaffected by point anomalies or contextual anomalies of the power consumption data. The importance of integrating anomaly detection methods is demonstrated in the analysis important for distribution networks with a high share of smart meters. © 2025, CC BY-NC-ND.

关键词： Large datasets

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Market Power of Coordinated Hydro-wind Joint Bidding:Croatian Power System Case Study

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Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 2022年第2期10卷 531-541页

作者： Perica Ilak Igor Kuzle Lin Herencic Josip Dakovic Ivan Rajsl the University of Zagreb Faculty of Electrical Engineering and ComputingZagrebCroatia

The paper analyses the coordinated hydro-wind power generation considering joint bidding in the electricity *** impact of mutual bidding strategies on market prices,traded volumes,and revenues has been *** coordination assumes that hydro power generation is scheduled mainly to compensate the differences between actual and planned wind power *** potential of this coordination in achieving and utilizing of market power is *** market equilibrium of asymmetric generation companies is analyzed using a game theory *** assumed market situation is imperfect competition and non-cooperative game.A nu-merical approximation of the asymmetric supply function equilibrium is used to model this *** introduced novelty is the application of an asymmetric supply function equilibrium approximation for coordinated hydro-wind power *** model is tested using real input data from the Croatian power system.

关键词： Asymmetric firm bidding strategy coordination hydro power wind power imperfect competition market power non-cooperative game optimal bidding strategy supply function equilibrium

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A Systematic Evaluation of Evolving Highly Nonlinear Boolean Functions in Odd Sizes 28th

A Systematic Evaluation of Evolving Highly Nonlinear Boolea...

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28th European Conference on Genetic Programming, EuroGP 2025, Held as Part of EvoStar 2025

作者： Carlet, Claude Đurasević, Marko Jakobović, Domagoj Picek, Stjepan Mariot, Luca Department of Mathematics Université Paris 8 2 Rue de la Liberté Saint-Denis Cedex93526 France University of Bergen Bergen Norway Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing University of Zagreb Unska 3 Zagreb Croatia Digital Security Group Radboud University PO Box 9010 Nijmegen Netherlands Semantics Cybersecurity and Services Group University of Twente Drienerlolaan 5 Enschede7522 NB Netherlands

ISBN: (纸本)9783031899904

Boolean functions are mathematical objects used in diverse applications. Different applications also have different requirements, making the research on Boolean functions very active. In the last 30 years, evolutionary algorithms have been shown to be a strong option for evolving Boolean functions in different sizes and with different properties. Still, most of those works consider similar settings and provide results that are mostly interesting from the evolutionary algorithm’s perspective. This work considers the problem of evolving highly nonlinear Boolean functions in odd sizes. While the formulation sounds simple, the problem is remarkably difficult, and the related work is extremely scarce. We consider three solutions encodings and four Boolean function sizes and run a detailed experimental analysis. Our results show that GP outperforms other EA in evolving highly nonlinear functions. Nevertheless, the problem is challenging, and finding optimal solutions is impossible except for the smallest tested size. However, once we added local search to the evolutionary algorithm, we managed to find a Boolean function in nine inputs with nonlinearity 241, which, to our knowledge, had never been accomplished before with evolutionary algorithms. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.

关键词： Boolean functions

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The More the Merrier: On Evolving Five-Valued Spectra Boolean Functions 28th

The More the Merrier: On Evolving Five-Valued Spectra Boole...

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28th European Conference on Applications of Evolutionary Computation, EvoApplications 2025, held as part of EvoStar 2025

作者： Carlet, Claude Đurasević, Marko Jakobovic, Domagoj Mariot, Luca Picek, Stjepan Department of Mathematics Université Paris 8 2 Rue de la Liberté Saint-Denis Cedex93526 France University of Bergen Bergen Norway Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing University of Zagreb Unska 3 Zagreb Croatia Semantics Cybersecurity and Services Group University of Twente Drienerlolaan 5 NB Enschede7522 Netherlands Digital Security Group Radboud University PO Box 9010 Nijmegen Netherlands

ISBN: (纸本)9783031900617

Evolving Boolean functions with specific properties is an interesting optimization problem since, depending on the combination of properties and Boolean function size, the problem can range from very simple to (almost) impossible to solve. Some problems are more interesting as there may be only a few options for generating the required Boolean functions. This paper investigates one such problem: evolving five-valued spectra Boolean functions, the functions whose Walsh-Hadamard coefficients can only take five distinct values. We experimented with three solution encodings, two fitness functions, and 12 Boolean function sizes and showed that the tree encoding is superior to other choices, as we can obtain five-valued Boolean functions with high nonlinearity. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.

关键词： Boolean functions

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Degree is Important: On Evolving Homogeneous Boolean Functions

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Carlet, Claude Ðurasevic, Marko Jakobovic, Domagoj Mariot, Luca Picek, Stjepan University of Bergen Bergen Norway Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing University of Zagreb Unska 3 Zagreb Croatia Semantics Cybersecurity and Services Group University of Twente Enschede7522 NB Netherlands Digital Security Group Radboud University Postbus 9010 Nijmegen6500 GL Netherlands

Boolean functions with good cryptographic properties like high nonlinearity and algebraic degree play an important in the security of stream and block ciphers. Such functions may be designed, for instance, by algebraic constructions or metaheuristics. This paper investigates the use of Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs) to design homogeneous bent Boolean functions, i.e., functions that are maximally nonlinear and whose algebraic normal form contains only monomials of the same degree. In our work, we evaluate three genotype encodings and four fitness functions. Our results show that while EAs manage to find quadratic homogeneous bent functions (with the best method being a GA leveraging a restricted encoding), none of the approaches result in cubic homogeneous bent functions. Copyright © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Encoding (symbols)

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Leveraging 5G-NR for Finding Mobile Devices with UAVs: Latency vs Accuracy Trade-Off

Leveraging 5G-NR for Finding Mobile Devices with UAVs: Laten...

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IEEE Conference on Wireless Communications and Networking

作者： Andra Blaga Federico Campolo Filip Lemic Oriol Sallent Xavier Costa-Pérez. i2CAT Foundation Barcelona Spain Universidad Politècnica de Catalunya Barcelona Spain Universidad Pompeu Fabra Barcelona Spain Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing University of Zagreb Zagreb Croatia NEC Laboratories Europe Heidelberg Germany and ICREA Barcelona Spain

ISBN: (数字)9798350368369

ISBN: (纸本)9798350368376

Rapid and accurate localization of individuals during search-and-rescue (SAR) missions is essential for reducing casualties in emergencies. Traditional methods often struggle in disaster scenarios, where obstacles like debris or dense foliage hinder performance, and reliance on user-side actions proves impractical for mission-critical operations. This paper presents a novel approach that leverages a 5G-new radio (NR)-based unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) localization framework, integrating hybrid techniques with adaptive clustering strategies to localize user equipments (UEs). Unlike traditional methods, our system dynamically adjusts its trajectory to balance latency and accuracy, achieving UEs positioning accuracy within tens of centimeters during simulation tests. By integrating 5G-NR technology into UAV-based localization, our approach provides a robust and scalable solution for mission-critical SAR operations, significantly enhancing the latency and reliability of locating individuals in emergency situations.

关键词： Location awareness Accuracy Disasters Mission critical systems Autonomous aerial vehicles Mobile handsets Trajectory Reliability

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