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Interpretability and accuracy of machine learning algorithms for biomedical time series analysis – a scoping review

Biomedical Signal Processing and Control 2025年 110卷

作者： Alan Jovic Nikolina Frid Karla Brkic Mario Cifrek University of Zagreb Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing Unska 3 10000 Zagreb Croatia

Current research in biomedical time series (BTS) (e.g., ECG, EEG) analysis focuses on applications of various deep learning approaches to improve classification, prediction, or assessment of states and disorders. When trained on sufficiently large datasets, such approaches mostly lead to highly accurate, yet uninterpretable models, sometimes with a possibility for post-hoc explainability. Since high-stake areas such as healthcare warrant model explanations and, where possible, high interpretability in addition to model efficiency, there is nowadays a surprising scarcity of interpretable machine learning models proposed in this field. Although the machine learning community is aware of the need for interpretable machine learning in BTS analysis, the proposed models do not reflect this need. In this scoping review, we considered over 30,000 studies from the Web of Science database, screened nearly 500 studies, and selected over 50 high-quality studies for detailed analysis. These studies focus on interpretable methods, accurate methods, and approaches bridging the two. Most studies analyzed ECG and EEG signals and concentrated on a limited range of applications, including emotion recognition, heart diseases, epilepsy, and motor imagery, reflecting the scarcity of quality public datasets. K-nearest neighbors and decision trees were the most used interpretable methods, while convolutional neural networks with recurrent or attention layers, achieved the highest accuracy. The methods that balance interpretability and accuracy in BTS analysis include advanced generalized additive models and optimization-based approaches for decision trees, rule learning, and linear models. These approaches warrant further studies, as only a few of them were applied in BTS analysis.

关键词： Interpretable machine learning Biomedical time series Time series analysis Biomedical signal processing Artificial intelligence Deep learning

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A Simple Generative Model for the Prediction of T-Cell Receptor - Peptide Binding in T-Cell Therapy for Cancer

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SSRN 2025年

作者： Papanikolaou, Athanasios Sivtsov, Vladimir Zereik, Enrica Ruggiero, Eliana Bonini, Chiara Bonsignorio, Fabio University of Zagreb Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing Zagreb Croatia Genoa Italy IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Experimental Hematology lab Division of Immunology Transplantation and Infectious Diseases Milan Italy Experimental Hematology lab Division of Immunology Transplantation and Infectious Diseases Milan Italy San Raffaele Hospital Italy

Objective: To develop a deep learning model capable of predicting epitope peptides recognized by specific CDR3 (Complementarity-Determining Region 3) sequences of T-cell receptors (TCRs) in the context of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules, addressing the challenges of incomplete datasets and the need for novel sequence generation in adoptive T-cell therapy for cancer. Methods: We implemented a sequence-to-sequence generative model named "GRIP" (Generative Reconstruction of antIgen Peptides) using a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network with attention mechanisms. The model was trained and validated on publicly available datasets, employing data balancing, label smoothing, and dynamic learning rate scheduling to enhance performance and generalization. Accuracy was assessed at the amino acid level. Results: The model achieved a training accuracy of 97% and a test accuracy of 85% for predicting epitope sequences at the amino acid level. Probabilistic sequence generation allowed GRIP to produce biologically plausible epitope sequences, even for unseen CDR3 inputs. Attention-based interpretability provided insights into the model's focus on critical sequence elements. The model outperformed existing approaches in handling data imbalance and generalization to novel epitopes. Conclusion: GRIP offers a novel solution to the TCR-epitope binding problem by generating potential epitope sequences instead of matching to known data, addressing a fundamental gap in existing models. This approach has significant implications for personalized immunotherapy, facilitating the design of targeted T-cell therapies for cancer. © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Epitopes

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BREXIT THREATENS BRITISH TECH JOBS

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IEEE SPECTRUM 2019年第10期56卷 18-19页

作者： Johnson, Dexter Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing University of Zagreb Zagreb Croatia

The European Union and the United Kingdom have been embroiled in Brexit for the last few years, with no clear end in sight. The U.K.'s withdrawal from the EU is currently set for 31 October. However, disarray within the British government means that no one is sure if the U.K. will leave on that date or, if it does, under what terms. The fear of a no-deal Brexit — in which the U.K. crashes out of the EU with no agreed transition — looms over all. The result has been confusion for businesses and workers, especially those in industries with a relatively mobile workforce, like tech.

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On finite 2-groups all of whose subgroups are mutually isomorphic

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Science China Mathematics 2009年第2期52卷 254-260页

作者： EPULIC Vladimir Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing University of Zagreb

In this paper we investigate the title groups which we call isomaximal. We give the list of all isomaximal 2-groups with abelian maximal subgroups. Further, we prove some properties of isomaximal 2-groups with nonabelian maximal subgroups. After that, we investigate the structure of isomaximal groups of order less than 64. Finally, in Theorem 14. we show that the minimal nonmetacyclic group of order 32 possesses a unique isomaximal extension of order 64.

关键词： p-groups maximal subgroups minimal nonabelian minimal nonmetacyclic 20D15

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Diver Tracking Using Path Stabilization - the Virtual Diver Experimental Results

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IFAC-PapersOnLine 2016年第23期49卷 214-219页

作者： Na, ula Mandi, Filip Miskovi, Nikola Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing University of Zagreb Zagreb10000 Croatia

The paper presents experimental results for a diver tracking and monitoring controller. The controller utilizes an existing non-linear path following design to ensure safe manoeuvring around the diver. Controller kinematics is derived in the paper and path following is extended with path positioning to allow improved diver observation. Hardware in-the-loop experiments, presented in this paper, analyse the controller behaviour on a fully-actuated underwater vehicle developed at the Laboratory for Underwater Systems and Technologies (LABUST). During experiments the human diver is replaced with a simulated entity referred to as the virtual diver. Experiments isolate and analyse three main parts of the controller: the approach, path following and diver tracking. © 2016

关键词： Controllers Mobile robots Target tracking Virtual reality Diver tracking Hard ware in the loop Marine systems Non linear control Path control Path following Underwater systems Underwater vehicles

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Hand gesture recognition from multibeam sonar imagery

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IFAC-PapersOnLine 2016年第23期49卷 470-475页

作者： Gustin, Franka Rendulic, Ivor Miskovic, Nikola Vukic, Zoran University of Zagreb Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing Croatia

Divers perform demanding tasks in a complex and hazardous underwater environment, which prevents them from carrying special devices that may allow them to communicate with their robotic diving buddies. In this world of natural human-robot interaction in the underwater environment, envisioned by the FP7 Cognitive Robotics project CADDY, hand detection and gesture interpretation is a prerequisite. While hand gesture recognition is most often performed with cameras (mono and stereo), their use in the underwater environment is compromised due to water turbidity and lack of sunlight at greater depths. This paper deals with this lack of performance by introducing the concept of using high resolution multibeam sonars (often referred to as acoustic cameras) for diver hand gesture recognition. In order to ensure reliable communication between the diver and the robot, it is of great importance that the classification precision is as high as possible. This paper presents results of hand gesture recognition which is performed by using two approaches: convex hull method and the support vector machine (SVM). A novel approach that fuses the two methods is introduced as a way of increasing the precision of classification. The results obtained on more than 1000 real sonar samples show that the precision using the convex hull method is around 92%, and using the SVM around 94%, while fusing the two approaches provides around 99% classification precision. © 2016

关键词： Gesture recognition Cameras Computational geometry Human robot interaction Palmprint recognition Robotics Sonar Stereo image processing Support vector machines Underwater acoustics Acoustic camera Classification precision Cognitive robotics Convex hull method Hand gesture recognition Multibeam sonar Reliable communication Underwater environments

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Preface

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IFMBE Proceedings 2025年 118 IFMBE卷 v-vi页

作者： Lin, Kang-Ping Magjarević, Ratko de Carvalho, Paulo Department of Electrical Engineering Chung Yuan Christian University Taoyuan Taiwan Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing University of Zagreb Zagreb Croatia Faculty of Science and Technology University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal

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Towards active dispersionless ENZ metamaterial for cloaking applications

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Metamaterials 2010年第2-3期4卷 89-97页

作者： Hrabar, Silvio Krois, Igor Kiricenko, Aleksandar Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing University of Zagreb Unska 3 Zagreb Croatia

The majority of the designs of electromagnetic cloaks presented in the current literature require a metamaterial, the relative permittivity and/or permeability of which are smaller than one. Due to basic dispersion constraints, such permittivity (or permeability) can exist only within some restricted frequency band. This fact causes a passive electromagnetic cloak to be an inherently narrowband device. Here, it is shown both numerically and experimentally that the basic dispersion constraints of any passive medium might be overcome by using an active transmission line-based metamaterial. This type of metamaterial appears promising for the design of broadband cloaking devices. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Permittivity

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Cooperative Surface/Underwater Navigation for AUV Path following missions

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IFAC-PapersOnLine 2016年第23期49卷 355-360页

作者： Nad, Dula Ribeiro, Miguel Silva, Henrique Ribeiro, Jorge Abreu, Pedro Miskovic, Nikola Pascoal, Antonio Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing University of Zagreb Zagreb10000 Croatia Portugal

The paper presents acoustic navigation aiding and path following results from demonstration experiments in Lisbon, Portugal. The demonstration was carried out as part of the second year CADDY Review Meeting. The paper presents the concept of the underwater leader, which entails an underwater vehicle, performing a desired task, and a surface vehicle maintaining relative position to improve navigation aiding through acoustics. The surface controller, utilizing the artificial potential field method, is proposed as an alternative to classical tracking and positioning controllers. Even in presence of multiple agents, the controller offers a more “relaxed” tracking and positioning algorithm for autonomous vehicles. The acoustic data-exchange scheme, required to achieve situation awareness of all agents, is described to specify cycle times and delays that have to be taken into account during state estimation. Finally, results from public demonstrations are presented and analyzed both from the surface and underwater perspectives. © 2016

关键词： Underwater acoustics Autonomous agents Controllers Demonstrations Electronic data interchange Mobile robots Multi agent systems Navigation Robots Target tracking Vehicles Acoustic navigation Artificial potential field method Autonomous Vehicles Marine systems Path following Positioning algorithms Surface controllers Underwater vehicles

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Minimizing IoT Energy Consumption Using BLE and Metaprotocol Architecture

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International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 2025年第1期2025卷

作者： L. Milić L. Jelenković I. Magdalenić Faculty of Organization and Informatics University of Zagreb Varaždin Croatia unizg.hr Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing University of Zagreb Zagreb Croatia unizg.hr

The Internet of Things is a very fast-growing industry thanks to the increasing availability of cheap microcontrollers, which are its main component. However, the commonly used cloud technologies are not best suited for resource-constrained devices, so energy optimization is needed to extend their battery life. This paper builds on previous work that presented a novel IoT architecture and its “metaprotocol” that enables the integration of even the simplest IoT devices into an IoT network. For this research, they were implemented on several microcontrollers, and then energy consumption was minimized by trying out several key functions for resource-constrained devices. The tests were carried out in different scenarios using BLE, ranging from a very simple to a very complex scenario, and the resource consumption is measured along the way. Later, the results are compared with the use of the “metaprotocol” with common IoT technologies, including MQTT, CoAP, ZigBee, and Thread. The comparison shows that the presented IoT architecture used with BLE outperforms mainstream protocols in terms of RAM usage, flash usage, time consumption, and energy consumption for these scenarios, regardless of the architecture built on top of them. The difference was even an order of magnitude in some cases, which also highlights the inadequacy of some current solutions.

关键词： battery saving energy measurement Internet of Things resource-constrained devices

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