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The potency of hydrothermally prepared sulfated silica (SO4/SiO2) as a heterogeneous acid catalyst for ethanol dehydration into diethyl ether

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Chemosphere 2023年第1期341卷

作者： Pratika, Remi Ayu Wijaya, Karna Utami, Maisari Mulijani, Sri Patah, Aep Alarifi, Saud Ram Mani, Ravishankar Kumar Yadav, Krishna Ravindran, Balasubramani Chung, Woo Jin Chang, Soon Woong Munusamy-Ramanujam, Ganesh Study Program of Chemistry Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Universitas Palangka Raya Palangka Raya Indonesia Department of Chemistry Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta55281 Indonesia Department of Chemistry Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Universitas Islam Indonesia Yogyakarta55584 Indonesia Department of Chemistry Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Institut Pertanian Bogor Bogor Indonesia Department of Chemistry Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Institut Teknologi Bandung Bandung Indonesia Department of Zoology College of Science King Saud University P.O. Box 2455 Riyadh11451 Saudi Arabia Department of Pharmaceutical Biology Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences UCSI University Cheras Taman Connaught Kuala Lumpur56000 Malaysia Faculty of Science and Technology Madhyanchal Professional University Ratibad Bhopal462044 India Environmental and Atmospheric Sciences Research Group Scientific Research Center Al-Ayen University Thi-Qar Nasiriyah 64001 Iraq Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering Kyonggi University Yeongtong-Gu Gyeonggi-Do Suwon16227 Korea Republic of Department of Medical Biotechnology and Integrative Physiology Institute of Biotechnology Saveetha School of Engineering Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences Thandalam Tamil Nadu Chennai602105 India Molecular Biology and Immunobiology Division Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine SRM-IST Tamil Nadu Kattankulathur603203 India

The dehydration of ethanol into diethyl ether over a SO4/SiO2 catalyst was investigated. The SO4/SiO2 catalysts were prepared by the sulfation method using 1, 2, and 3 M of sulfuric acid (SS1, SS2, and SS3) via hydrothermal treatment. This study is focused on the synthesis of a SO4/SiO2 catalyst with high total acidity that can be subsequently utilized to convert ethanol into diethyl ether. The total acidity test revealed that the sulfation process increased the total acidity of SiO2. The SS2 catalyst (with 2 M sulfuric acid) displayed the highest total acidity of 7.77 mmol/g, whereas the SiO2 total acidity was only 0.11 mmol/g. Meanwhile, the SS3 catalyst (with 3 M sulfuric acid) has a lower total acidity of 7.09 mmol/g due to the distribution of sulfate groups on the surface having reached its optimum condition. The crystallinity and structure of the SS2 catalyst were not affected by the hydrothermal treatment or the sulfate process on silica. Furthermore, The SS2 catalyst characteristics in the presence of sulfate lead to a flaky surface in the morphology and non-uniform particle size. In addition, the surface area and pore volume of the SS2 catalyst decreased (482.56–172.26 m2/g) and (0.297–0.253 cc/g), respectively, because of the presence of sulfate on the silica surface. The SS2 catalyst's pore shape information explains the formation of non-uniform pore sizes and shapes. Finally, the activity and selectivity of SO4/SiO2 catalysts in the conversion of ethanol to diethyl ether yielded the highest ethanol conversion of 70.01% and diethyl ether product of 9.05% from the SS2 catalyst (the catalyst with the highest total acidity). Variations in temperature reaction conditions (175–225 °C) show an optimum reaction temperature to produce diethyl ether at 200 °C (11.36%). © 2023 Elsevier Ltd

关键词： Silica

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Towards seamless environmental prediction-development of Pan-Eurasian EXperiment(PEEX)modelling platform

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Big Earth Data 2024年第2期8卷 189-230页

作者： Alexander Mahura Alexander Baklanov Risto Makkonen Michael Boy Tuukka Petäjä Hanna KLappalainen Roman Nuterman Veli-Matti Kerminen Stephen R.Arnold Markus Jochum Anatoly Shvidenko Igor Esau Mikhail Sofiev Andreas Stohl Tuula Aalto Jianhui Bai Chuchu Chen Yafang Cheng Oxana Drofa Mei Huang Leena Järvi Harri Kokkola Rostislav Kouznetsov Tingting Li Piero Malguzzi Sarah Monks Mads Bruun Poulsen Steffen M.Noe Yuliia Palamarchuk Benjamin Foreback Petri Clusiu Till Andreas Soya Rasmussen Jun She Jens Havskov Sørensen Dominick Spracklen Hang Su Juha Tonttila Siwen Wang Jiandong Wang Tobias Wolf-Grosse Yongqiang Yu Qing Zhang Wei Zhang Wen Zhang Xunhua Zheng Siqi Li Yong Li Putian Zhou Markku Kulmala Faculty of Science Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research(INAR)/PhysicsUniversity of Helsinki(UHEL)HelsinkiFinland Science and Innovation Department World Meteorological Organization(WMO)GenevaSwitzerland Niels Bohr Institute University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark Climate System Research Finnish Meteorological Institute(CSR-FMI)HelsinkiFinland School of Engineering Sciences Lappeenranta University of TechnologyLappeenrantaFinland Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK Biodiversity and Natural Resources Program International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis(IIASA)LaxenburgAustria Department of Physics and Technology UiT-The Arctic University of NorwayTromsoNorway Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center(NERSC) BergenNorway Atmospheric Composition Finnish Meteorological Institute(AC-FMI)HelsinkiFinland Norwegian Institute for Air Research(NILU) KjellerNorway LAGEO Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences(IAP-CAS)BeijingChina Max Planck Institute for Chemistry(MPI-Chem) MainzGermany Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate National Research Council of Italy(CNR-15SAC)BolognaItaly Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research(IGSNRR) Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)BeijingChina Faculty of Science Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science(HELSUS)University of Helsinki(UHEL)HelsinkiFinland Atmospheric Research Centre of Eastern Finland Finnish Meteorological Institute(ARCEF-FMI)KuopioFinland Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences(IAP-CAS)BeijingChina Department of Plant Physiology Estonian University of Life Sciences(EULS)Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences(IAES)TartuEstonia Danish Meteorological Institute(DMI) CopenhagenDenmark State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry(LAPC) Institute of Atmospheric Physics(IAP)Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)BeijingChina Uni

The Pan-Eurasian Experiment Modelling Platform(PEEX-MP)is one of the key blocks of the PEEX Research *** PEEX MP has more than 30 models and is directed towards seamless envir-onmental *** main focus area is the Arctic-boreal regions and *** models used in PEEX-MP cover several main components of the Earth’s system,such as the atmosphere,hydrosphere,pedosphere and biosphere,and resolve the physicalchemicalbiological processes at different spatial and temporal scales and *** paper introduces and discusses PEEX MP multi-scale modelling concept for the Earth system,online integrated,forward/inverse,and socioeconomical modelling,and other approaches with a particular focus on applications in the PEEX geographical *** employed high-performance com-puting facilities,capabilities,and PEEX dataflow for modelling results are *** virtual research platforms(PEEXView,Virtual Research Environment,Web-based Atlas)for handling PEEX modelling and observational results are *** over-all approach allows us to understand better physical-chemicalbiological processes,Earth’s system interactions and feedbacks and to provide valuable information for assessment studies on evaluating risks,impact,consequences,*** population,envir-onment and climate in the PEEX *** work was also one of the last projects of *** Zilitinkevich,who passed away on 15 February *** the finalization took time,the paper was actually submitted in 2023 and we could not argue that the final paper text was agreed with him.

关键词： Multi-scale and-processes modelling concept seamless coupling high-performance computing data infrastructure virtual research platforms

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natural rubber-based pressure sensitive adhesive as a drug carrier

Natural rubber-based pressure sensitive adhesive as a drug c...

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International Conference on Advanced Materials in Environment, Energy and Health Applications, AMEEHA 2022

作者： Puyathorn, Napaphol Limsirilak, Sasiprapa Pichayakorn, Wiwat Kalkornsurapranee, Ekwipoo Phaechamud, Thawatchai Program of Pharmaceutical Engineering Faculty of Pharmacy Silpakorn University Nakhon Pathom73000 Thailand Faculty of Pharmacy Siam University Bangkok10160 Thailand Department of Pharmaceutical Technology Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Prince of Songkla University Songkhla90110 Thailand Division of Physical Science Faculty of Science Prince of Songkla University Songkhla90110 Thailand Department of Pharmaceutical Technology Faculty of Pharmacy Silpakorn University Nakhon Pathom73000 Thailand Natural Bioactive and Material for Health Promotion and Drug Delivery System Group Faculty of Pharmacy Silpakorn University Nakhon Pathom73000 Thailand

natural rubber (NR) has been utilized in several products from its interesting unique properties. This study aimed to develop the pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSA) as the transdermal patches from NR by two-roll mill kneading technique. Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) was blended as a tackifier agent. The propranolol HCl and ibuprofen at different parts per hundred of rubber (phr) were loaded into this developed PSA. The appearance, thickness, crystallinity, contact angle, water sorption and erosion, adhesion, and in vitro drug permeation of these patches were evaluated. The thickness of all patches was in the range of 0.46-1.07 mm. The drug-loaded patches showed diverse unique topographies depended on both type and amount of drug incorporation. From powder X-ray diffraction analysis, the plain NR-PSA showed the amorphous structure, while the halo pattern inserted with sharp drug peaks were observed on drug-loaded PSA. The contact angle of all samples was in the range of 80-90° indicating their hydrophobic surface. However, they displayed an increased % water sorption with the time of soaking. The 2-4 N adhesion force was evident for all fabricated drug-loaded PSAs. The propranolol HCl permeated from PSA notably lower than ibuprofen. The residual of the drugs in patches was about 85-90 %. These results provided the basic physicochemical properties for the further development of PSA as the transdermal patch. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Rubber

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Designing blend polymersomes co-loaded with HRH peptide and sphingosine for the treatment of ocular neovascularization

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Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 2025年 111卷

作者： Abuzer Alp Yetisgin Ozlem Kutlu Sibel Cetinel Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM) Sabanci University Istanbul 34956 Turkey Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences Materials Science and Nano-Engineering Program Sabanci University Istanbul 34956 Turkey Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences Molecular Biology Genetics and Bioengineering Program Sabanci University Istanbul 34956 Turkey

Ocular neovascularization threatens millions around the world, and current anti-VEGF drugs could not satisfy the clinical needs. Polymersomes, which could penetrate ocular barriers, have recently gained attention as ocular drug delivery systems. In our previous study, high therapeutic efficiency of HA-Sph polymersomes for ocular neovascularization was demonstrated with sphingosine-associated toxicity towards corneal cells. In this study, we developed a novel blend polymersome system composed of two hyaluronan-based amphiphilic polymers that decreases the final sphingosine concentration. The blend polymersomes were incorporated with a second anti-angiogenic compound (HRH peptide) along with sphingosine and exhibited size, zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency of 141.3 ± 12.2 nm, −25.8 ± 6.2 mV, and 79.8 ± 6.8 %, respectively. The final blend polymersomes system released 35.2 % HRH peptide over a week and this amount is doubled (70.5 %) via enzymatic degradation. Notably, we found that HRH-loaded blend polymersomes significantly reduced the proliferation of HUVECs while not impacting the viability of retinal pigment epithelial and corneal cells. Moreover, in vitro tube formation was significantly reduced by using HRH-loaded polymersomes, compared to HRH alone and ranibizumab groups. The overall tube length was reduced by 29.6 % and 38.1 % compared to normal and excess VEGF controls, respectively. We further observed the self-targeting capability of polymersomes through uptake via CD44 receptors on endothelial cells. Overall, this dual-drug-loaded, blend polymersomes system introduces a safer and more effective alternative to previous HA-Sph platforms and presents a promising, non-invasive approach for treating ocular neovascularization.

关键词： Anti-angiogenic HRH peptide Hyaluronan Ocular neovascularization Polymersomes Sphingosine

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A Conceptual Exploration of Generative AI-Induced Cognitive Dissonance and its Emergence in University-Level Academic Writing

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Seran, Carl Errol Tan, Myles Joshua Toledo Karim, Hezerul Abdul AlDahoul, Nouar Biology Program College of Arts and Sciences University of St. La Salle Bacolod Philippines Department of Natural Sciences College of Arts and Sciences University of St. La Salle Bacolod Philippines Faculty of Education University of the Philippines Open University Los Baños Philippines Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering University of Florida GainesvilleFL United States Department of Epidemiology College of Public Health and Health Professions College of Medicine University of Florida GainesvilleFL United States Department of Chemical Engineering College of Engineering and Technology University of St. La Salle Bacolod Philippines Department of Electronics Engineering College of Engineering and Technology University of St. La Salle Bacolod Philippines Yo-Vivo Corporation Bacolod Philippines Faculty of Engineering Multimedia University Persiaran Multimedia Cyberjaya Malaysia Department of Computer Science Division of Science New York University Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates

The integration of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) intouniversity-level academic writing presents both opportunities and challenges,particularly in relation to cognitive dissonance (CD). This work explores howGenAI serves as both a trigger and amplifier of CD, as students navigateethical concerns, academic integrity, and self-efficacy in their writingpractices. By synthesizing empirical evidence and theoretical insights, weintroduce a hypothetical construct of GenAI-induced CD, illustrating thepsychological tension between AI-driven efficiency and the principles oforiginality, effort, and intellectual ownership. We further discuss strategiesto mitigate this dissonance, including reflective pedagogy, AI literacyprograms, transparency in GenAI use, and discipline-specific task *** approaches reinforce critical engagement with AI, fostering a balancedperspective that integrates technological advancements while safeguarding humancreativity and learning. Our findings contribute to ongoing discussions on AIin education, self-regulated learning, and ethical AI use, offering aconceptual framework for institutions to develop guidelines that align AIadoption with academic values. © 2025, CC BY.

关键词： Generative adversarial networks

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Hypocenter dimension of 7.5 mw Palu earthquake using fractal approach 2

Hypocenter dimension of 7.5 mw Palu earthquake using fractal...

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2nd International Conference of Interdisciplinary Research on Green Environmental Approach for Sustainable Development, ICROEST 2020

作者： Rasimeng, Syamsurijal Alimuddin Rustadi Sinambela, Rudy Z. Mandang, Idris Bakri, Samsul Zaenudin, Ahmad Department of Geophysical Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Lampung Indonesia Disaster and Mitigation Center Faculty of Engineering University of Lampung Indonesia Study Program of Geophysics Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science Mulawarman University Indonesia Department of Forestry Graduate Program of Environmental Sciences University of Lampung Indonesia

Research on the Palu earthquake in the period of August to October 2018 has been carried out in the Palu Koro Fault (PKF) zone with a hypocenter of 5-20 km. This study aims to determine the fractal dimensions of these earthquakes based on the relationship between logarithmic frequency and earthquake magnitude correlation introduced by Gutenberg-Richter. Statistical correlation between logarithmic frequency and earthquake magnitude was calculated using the inversion approach. Based on the calculation results obtained fractal dimension value of 1.0378, which describes the seismicity pattern at a depth of 5-20 km. It indicates that the earthquakes triggered by the movement in rupture segments which seen as points along the PKF zone. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

关键词： Earthquakes

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Genomic Alterations of KRAS and NRAS in B&H Colorectal and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Patients

Genomic Alterations of KRAS and NRAS in B&H Colorectal and N...

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International Conference on Medical and Biological engineering in Bosnia and Herzegovina, CMBEBIH 2021

作者： Smajović, Lejla-Nur Pećar, Dino Salihefendić, Lana Hromić-Jahjefendić, Altijana Konjhodžić, Rijad Alea Genetic Center Olovska br. 67 Sarajevo71000 Bosnia and Herzegovina Genetics and Bioengineering Program Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences International University of Sarajevo Hrasnička cesta br. 15 Sarajevo71210 Bosnia and Herzegovina

ISBN: (纸本)9783030739089

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and colorectal cancer (CRC) are two leading neoplasms in population of Bosnian cancer patients and a leading cause of death. RAS family of genes, in particular KRAS gene, is one of the most frequently mutated oncogene in these cancer types. This paper reports diagnostic samples from 36 CRC and 14 NSCLC Bosnian patients that were analyzed by next generation sequencing (NGS). Based on Ion AmpliSeq technology, NGS enabled molecular characterization of a panel of 22 hotspot regions of genes known to be involved in pathogenesis of NSCLC and CRC. We identified 33.3% of CRC patients harboring KRAS mutations and 11.1% patients harboring NRAS mutations. In NSCLC group, we identified 35.7% of KRAS-mutant patients. None of the NSCLC patients carried NRAS mutation. We found that CRC patients harbored 8 distinctive KRAS mutation subtypes, most of which were pathogenic. KRAS G13D was the most frequently occurring KRAS mutation subtype (33.3%) in CRC. 2 subtypes of NRAS mutations were detected, one of which was a well-documented pathogenic mutation. In NSCLC patients, we detected 3 KRAS mutant subgroups. KRAS G12C mutant was the most frequently detected KRAS mutation subtype in NSCLC patients (80%). Mean number of co-occurring aberrations per cancer type was 6.75 and 11 for CRC and NSCLC, respectively. Two most frequently co-occurring pathogenic aberrations were found in TP53 and PIK3CA genes. Thus, RAS-mutants in the population of B&H cancer patients are highly heterogeneous and distinctive molecular profiles have potentially different implications in cancer-associated pathways and therapeutic significance indicating the need for further investigation of KRAS subtype as a potent biomarker. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

关键词： Genes

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Application of factor analysis method to support the users acceptance model of ERP systems implementation 4

Application of factor analysis method to support the users a...

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4th International Conference on Combinatorics, Graph Theory, and Network Topology, ICCGANT 2020

作者： Sardjono, W. Sudirwan, J. Priatna, W. Putra, G.R. Information Systems Management Department BINUS Graduate Program Master of Information Systems Management Bina Nusantara University Jakarta11480 Indonesia School of Information Systems Department BINUS Undergraduate Program Bina Nusantara University Jakarta11480 Indonesia Informatics Engineering Engineering Bhayangkara University Jakarta Raya Indonesia Computer Science Study Program Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Pakuan University Bogor Indonesia

An e-Commerce company has been using an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system for several years, but is still constrained in its implementation, this is reflected in the number of issue/change request tickets submitted by users who have not been able to reach ideal conditions. To overcome this problem, we need an appropriate reference model, the ERP system user acceptance model in companies. The study conducted factors that influence the level of acceptance of SAP ERP users in the XYZ group to then determine a model that is able to explain practically the level of ERP system user acceptance, which in turn can produce concrete proposals to increase ERP system user acceptance. Research is quantitative descriptive using factor analysis and regression analysis methods. The research method uses a questionnaire with a total of 107 valid respondents coming from 8 company names under the XYZ group in 6 Southeast Asian countries. The conclusion of the study is that there are 24 indicators and 4 factors that influence user acceptance of the SAP ERP system. These four factors are the low contribution of the ERP system, the quality of ERP systems and data, the development of ERP systems, and also the low quality of ERP system supporters. It is hoped that by optimizing the value of the 4 factors, the XYZ group can increase user acceptance of the SAP ERP system so that the system can provide benefits expected by the company to be competitive advantage. © 2021 Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

关键词： Factor analysis

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Precision enzyme discovery through targeted mining of metagenomic data

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natural Products and Bioprospecting 2024年第1期14卷 103-119页

作者： Shohreh Ariaeenejad Javad Gharechahi Mehdi Foroozandeh Shahraki Fereshteh Fallah Atanaki Jian-Lin Han Xue-Zhi Ding Falk Hildebrand Mohammad Bahram Kaveh Kavousi Ghasem Hosseini Salekdeh Department of Systems and Synthetic Biology Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran(ABRII)Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization(AREEO)KarajIran Human Genetics Research Center Baqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesTehranIran Laboratory of Complex Biological Systems and Bioinformatics(CBB) Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics(IBB)University of TehranTehranIran Livestock Genetics Program International Livestock ResearchInstitute(ILRI)Nairobi00100Kenya CAAS-ILRI Joint Laboratory On Livestock and Forage Genetic Resources Institute of Animal ScienceChinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS)Beijing100193China Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS)Lanzhou730050China Gut Microbes and Health Quadram Institute BioscienceNorwichNorfolkUK Digital Biology Earlham InstituteNorwichNorfolkUK Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesUlls Väg 1675651UppsalaSweden Department of Botany Institute of Ecology and Earth SciencesUniversity of Tartu40 Lai StTartuEstonia Faculty of Natural Sciences Macquarie UniversitySydneyNSWAustralia

Metagenomics has opened new avenues for exploring the genetic potential of uncultured microorganisms,which may serve as promising sources of enzymes and natural products for industrial *** enzymes with improved catalytic properties from the vast amount of available metagenomic data poses a significant challenge that demands the development of novel computational and functional screening *** catalytic properties of all enzymes are primarily dictated by their structures,which are predominantly determined by their amino acid ***,this aspect has not been fully considered in the enzyme bioprospecting *** the accumulating number of available enzyme sequences and the increasing demand for discovering novel biocatalysts,structural and functional modeling can be employed to identify potential enzymes with novel catalytic *** efforts to discover new polysaccharide-degrading enzymes from rumen metagenome data using homology-based searches and machine learning-based models have shown significant ***,we will explore various computational approaches that can be employed to screen and shortlist metagenome-derived enzymes as potential biocatalyst candidates,in conjunction with the wet lab analytical methods traditionally used for enzyme characterization.

关键词： Metagenomics Enzyme bioprospecting Functional-based screening Sequence-based screening Protein structure prediction natural products

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Study on triphase of polymorphs TiO2 (anatase/rutile/brookite) for boosting photocatalytic activity of metformin degradation

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Chemosphere 2024年 351卷

作者： Eddy, Diana Rakhmawaty Nur Sheha, Geometry Amal Permana, Muhamad Diki Saito, Norio Takei, Takahiro Kumada, Nobuhiro Irkham Rahayu, Iman Abe, Ikki Sekine, Yuta Oyumi, Tomoki Izumi, Yasuo Department of Chemistry Faculty Mathematics and Natural Sciences Universitas Padjadjaran Sumedang45363 Indonesia Special Educational Program for Green Energy Conversion Science and Technology Integrated Graduate School of Medicine Engineering and Agricultural Sciences University of Yamanashi Kofu400-8511 Japan Center for Crystal Science and Technology University of Yamanashi Kofu400-8511 Japan Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Chiba University Chiba263-8522 Japan

The elution of pharmaceutical products such as metformin at higher concentrations than the safe level in aquatic systems is a serious threat to human health and the ecosystem. Photocatalytic technology using TiO2 semiconductors potentially fixes this problem. This study aims to synthesize triphasic anatase–rutile–brookite TiO2 using ultrasound assisted sol–gel technique in the presence of acid and its application to photodegradation of metformin under UV light irradiation. Based on X-ray diffraction analysis, a TiO2 sample consisted of anatase (76%), rutile (7%), and brookite (17%) polymorph (A76R7B17) that was fully crystallized. Scanning electron microscopy (EM)–energy dispersive X-ray spectra results showed agglomerated triphasic A76R7B17 with irregular spherical clusters. Transmission EM results revealed that the crystal size of A76R7B17 was 4–14 nm. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis showed the sample's specific surface area of 149 m2 g−1. The degradation test of metformin demonstrated that the A76R7B17 exhibited a 75.4% degradation efficiency after 120 min under UV light irradiation, significantly higher than using biphasic and single-phase TiO2 photocatalysts. This difference could be attributed to the heterojunction effect of triphasic materials that effectively reduced electron–hole recombination rate as well as the combination of effective electron transfer from conduction band of brookite and anatase and the utilization of wider range of UV–visible light using rutile. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd

关键词： Titanium dioxide

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