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Hybrid In-Vivo Treatment Verification for Particle Therapy: Multivariate Modelling of Fast Neutron and Prompt Gamma-Ray Detection

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Hybrid In-Vivo Treatment Verification for Particle Therapy: ...

IEEE Symposium on Nuclear science (NSS/MIC)

作者： Helge E. S. Pettersen Sonja M. Schellhammer Steffen Löck Toni Kögler Ilker Meric Department of Oncology and Medical Physics Haukeland University Hospital Bergen Norway OncoRay – National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology Faculty of Medicine University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Technische Universität Dresden Germany Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf Dresden Germany National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Technische Universität Dresden Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf Germany German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Dresden German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Faculty of Medicine University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany Department of Computer Science Electrical Engineering and Mathematical Sciences Western Norway University of Applied Sciences Bergen Norway

Given its sensitivity to anatomical variations, particle therapy is expected to benefit strongly from reliable on-line treatment verification. Making use of a large fraction of the secondary particles available, hybrid prompt gamma-ray and fast neutron imaging is a promising approach for this purpose. We present a simulation study introducing a novel method for range reconstruction by means of these particles. To this end, the passage of a proton beam through a patient and the detection of secondary particles in a dedicated detector array were simulated by Monte Carlo particle transport calculations. Anatomical variations were mimicked by adding or removing tissue to the patient. The secondary particle production vertices were reconstructed from the events registered by the detector based on scatter kinematics and maximum likelihood expectation maximisation. The vertices were projected onto the beam axis and the most predictive features of the resulting distributions were identified from a standardised feature set by forward feature selection and the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO). A range-shift sensitivity of 1 mm or less was reached at intensities of 1.2×10 7 protons per spot with fast neutrons, and at 2.6×10 7 protons per spot with prompt gamma-rays. These results demonstrate the potential of particle treatment verification by fast neutrons and prompt gamma-rays and strengthen the potential of this hybrid system for clinical application.

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SQUID pattern disruption in transition metal dichalcogenide Josephson junctions due to nonparabolic dispersion of the edge states

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Physical Review B 2020年第16期102卷 165407-165407页

作者： D. Sticlet P. Wójcik M. P. Nowak National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies 67-103 Donat 400293 Cluj-Napoca Romania AGH University of Science and Technology Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science al. A. Mickiewicza 30 30-059 Krakow Poland AGH University of Science and Technology Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology al. A. Mickiewicza 30 30-059 Krakow Poland

We theoretically study Josephson junctions with a transition metal dichalcogenide zigzag ribbon as a weak link. We demonstrate that the spatial profile of the supercurrent carried by the edge modes determines the critical current dependence on the perpendicular magnetic field. We explore this finding and analyze the impact of Zeeman interaction and the orbital effects of the magnetic field on the Andreev bound states energies. We show that the unequal Fermi velocities of the spin-opposite edge modes lead to an anomalous shift of the Andreev bound states in the presence of the magnetic field. This is manifested in a pronounced modification of the SQUID critical current oscillations when two opposite edges of the ribbon are conducting and can be exploited in order to reveal the anomalous phase shift of the Andreev bound states in a single Josephson junction device.

关键词： Josephson junctions Nanoribbon SQUID Transition metal dichalcogenides

Unravelling the non-classicality role in Gaussian heat engines

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arXiv 2020年

作者： de Oliveira, Alexssandre de Oliveira, Marcos César Faculty of Physics Astronomy and Applied Computer Science Jagiellonian University Kraków30-348 Poland Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin Universidade Estadual de Campinas SP Campinas13083-859 Brazil

At the heart of quantum thermodynamics lies a fundamental question about what is genuine "quantum" in quantum heat engines and how to seek this quantumness, so that thermodynamical tasks could be performed more efficiently compared with classical protocols. Here, using the concept of P-representability, we define a function called classicality, which quantifies the degree of non-classicality of bosonic modes. This function allows us to explore the role of non-classicality in quantum heat engines and design optimal protocols for work extraction. For two specific cycles, a quantum Otto and a generalised one, we show that non-classicality is a fundamental resource for performing thermodynamic tasks more efficiently. © 2020, CC BY.

关键词： Heat engines

Quantum Computing-Enhanced Algorithm Unveils Novel Inhibitors for KRAS

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Vakili, Mohammad Ghazi Gorgulla, Christoph Nigam, AkshatKumar Bezrukov, Dmitry Varoli, Daniel Aliper, Alex Polykovsky, Daniil Padmanabha Das, Krishna M. Snider, Jamie Lyakisheva, Anna Mansob, Ardalan Hosseini Yao, Zhong Bitar, Lela Radchenko, Eugene Ding, Xiao Liu, Jinxin Meng, Fanye Ren, Feng Cao, Yudong Stagljar, Igor Aspuru-Guzik, Alán Zhavoronkov, Alex Department of Computer Science University of Toronto Canada Department of Chemistry University of Toronto Canada Department of Structural Biology St. Jude Children's Research Hospital United States Department of Physics Harvard University United States Department of Computer Science Stanford University United States Insilico Medicine AI Limited Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates Zapata AI 100 Federal St. BostonMA02110 United States Department of Cancer Biology Dana-Farber Cancer Institute BostonMA United States Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Harvard Medical School Harvard University BostonMA United States Donnelly Centre Faculty of Medicine University of Toronto ON Canada Department of Molecular Genetics University of Toronto ON Canada Department for Lung Diseases Jordanovac Clinical Hospital Centre Zagreb University of Zagreb Croatia Zapata AI 100 Federal St. BostonMA United States Department of Biochemistry University of Toronto ON Canada Mediterranean Institute for Life Sciences Split Croatia Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry University of Toronto Canada Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Toronto Canada Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence Toronto Canada TorontoON Canada

The discovery of small molecules with therapeutic potential is a long-standing challenge in chemistry and biology. Researchers have increasingly leveraged novel computational techniques to streamline the drug development process to increase hit rates and reduce the costs associated with bringing a drug to market. To this end, we introduce a quantum-classical generative model that seamlessly integrates the computational power of quantum algorithms trained on a 16-qubit IBM quantum computer with the established reliability of classical methods for designing small molecules. Our hybrid generative model was applied to designing new KRAS inhibitors, a crucial target in cancer therapy. We synthesized 15 promising molecules during our investigation and subjected them to experimental testing to assess their ability to engage with the target. Notably, among these candidates, two molecules, ISM061-018-2 and ISM061-22, each featuring unique scaffolds, stood out by demonstrating effective engagement with KRAS. ISM061-018-2 was identified as a broad-spectrum KRAS inhibitor, exhibiting a binding affinity to KRAS-G12D at 1.4µM. Concurrently, ISM061-22 exhibited specific mutant selectivity, displaying heightened activity against KRAS G12R and Q61H mutants. To our knowledge, this work shows for the first time the use of a quantum-generative model to yield experimentally confirmed biological hits, showcasing the practical potential of quantum-assisted drug discovery to produce viable therapeutics. Importantly, comparative analysis with existing classical generative models indicates that integrating quantum computing enhances distribution learning from established datasets, suggesting a potential advantage for quantum generative models over their classical counterparts. Moreover, our findings reveal that the efficacy of distribution learning correlates with the number of qubits utilized, underlining the scalability potential of quantum computing resources. Overall, we anticipate our r

关键词： Molecules

J/ψ photoproduction in Pb-Pb peripheral collisions at sNN=5 TeV

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Physical Review C 2022年第3期105卷 L032201-L032201页

作者： R. Aaij C. Abellán Beteta T. Ackernley B. Adeva M. Adinolfi H. Afsharnia C. A. Aidala S. Aiola Z. Ajaltouni S. Akar J. Albrecht F. Alessio M. Alexander A. Alfonso Albero Z. Aliouche G. Alkhazov P. Alvarez Cartelle S. Amato Y. Amhis L. An L. Anderlini A. Andreianov M. Andreotti F. Archilli A. Artamonov M. Artuso K. Arzymatov E. Aslanides M. Atzeni B. Audurier S. Bachmann M. Bachmayer J. J. Back P. Baladron Rodriguez V. Balagura W. Baldini J. Baptista Leite R. J. Barlow S. Barsuk W. Barter M. Bartolini F. Baryshnikov J. M. Basels G. Bassi B. Batsukh A. Battig A. Bay M. Becker F. Bedeschi I. Bediaga A. Beiter V. Belavin S. Belin V. Bellee K. Belous I. Belov I. Belyaev G. Bencivenni E. Ben-Haim A. Berezhnoy R. Bernet D. Berninghoff H. C. Bernstein C. Bertella A. Bertolin C. Betancourt F. Betti Ia. Bezshyiko S. Bhasin J. Bhom L. Bian M. S. Bieker S. Bifani P. Billoir M. Birch F. C. R. Bishop A. Bitadze A. Bizzeti M. Bjørn M. P. Blago T. Blake F. Blanc S. Blusk D. Bobulska J. A. Boelhauve O. Boente Garcia T. Boettcher A. Boldyrev A. Bondar N. Bondar S. Borghi M. Borisyak M. Borsato J. T. Borsuk S. A. Bouchiba T. J. V. Bowcock A. Boyer C. Bozzi M. J. Bradley S. Braun A. Brea Rodriguez M. Brodski J. Brodzicka A. Brossa Gonzalo D. Brundu A. Buonaura C. Burr A. Bursche A. Butkevich J. S. Butter J. Buytaert W. Byczynski S. Cadeddu H. Cai R. Calabrese L. Calefice L. Calero Diaz S. Cali R. Calladine M. Calvi M. Calvo Gomez P. Camargo Magalhaes A. Camboni P. Campana A. F. Campoverde Quezada S. Capelli L. Capriotti A. Carbone G. Carboni R. Cardinale A. Cardini I. Carli P. Carniti L. Carus K. Carvalho Akiba A. Casais Vidal G. Casse M. Cattaneo G. Cavallero S. Celani J. Cerasoli A. J. Chadwick M. G. Chapman M. Charles Ph. Charpentier G. Chatzikonstantinidis C. A. Chavez Barajas M. Chefdeville C. Chen S. Chen A. Chernov V. Chobanova S. Cholak M. Chrzaszcz A. Chubykin V. Chulikov P. Ciambrone M. F. Cicala X. Cid Vidal G. Ciezarek P. E. L. Clarke M. Clemencic H. V. Cliff J. Closier J. L. Cobbledick V. Coco J. A. B. Coelho J. Cogan E Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics Amsterdam Netherlands Physik-Institut Universität Zürich Zürich Switzerland Oliver Lodge Laboratory University of Liverpool Liverpool United Kingdom Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE) Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Spain H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory University of Bristol Bristol United Kingdom Université Clermont Auvergne CNRS/IN2P3 LPC Clermont-Ferrand France University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA associated to68 INFN Sezione di Milano Milano Italy University of Cincinnati Cincinnati Ohio USA Fakultät Physik Technische Universität Dortmund Dortmund Germany European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) Geneva Switzerland School of Physics and Astronomy University of Glasgow Glasgow United Kingdom ICCUB Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Manchester Manchester United Kingdom Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute NRC Kurchatov Institute (PNPI NRC KI) Gatchina Russia Cavendish Laboratory University of Cambridge Cambridge United Kingdom Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) Rio de Janeiro Brazil Université Paris-Saclay CNRS/IN2P3 IJCLab Orsay France INFN Sezione di Firenze Firenze Italy INFN Sezione di Ferrara Ferrara Italy Physikalisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany Institute for High Energy Physics NRC Kurchatov Institute (IHEP NRC KI) Protvino Russia Protvino Russia Syracuse University Syracuse New York USA Yandex School of Data Analysis Moscow Russia Aix Marseille Université CNRS/IN2P3 CPPM Marseille France Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet CNRS/IN2P3 Ecole Polytechnique Institut Polytechnique de Paris Palaiseau France Institute of Physics Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne Switzerland Department of Physics University of Warwick Coventry United Kingdom Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (CBPF) Rio de Jane

The photoproduction of J/ψ mesons at low transverse momentum is studied in peripheral lead-lead collisions collected by the LHCb Collaboration at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of 5TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 210 μb−1. The J/ψ candidates are reconstructed through the prompt decay into two muons of opposite charge in the rapidity region of 2.0

关键词： Photonuclear reactions Quarkonia

Ultra-thin corrugated metamaterial film as large-area transmission dynode

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arXiv 2020年

作者： Chan, H.W. Prodanović, V. Theulings, A.M.M.G. Bruggencate, T. ten Hagen, C.W. Sarro, P.M. van der Graaf, H. Science Park 105 Amsterdam1098 XG Netherlands Faculty of Electrical Engineering Mathematics and Computer science Department of microelectronics ECTM Feldmannweg 17 Delft2628 CT Netherlands Faculty of applied sciences Department of Imaging Physics Delft University of Technology Lorentzweg 1. Delft2628 CJ Netherlands

Large-area transmission dynodes were fabricated by depositing an ultra-thin continuous film on a silicon wafer with a 3-dimensional pattern. After removing the silicon, a corrugated membrane with enhanced mechanical properties was formed. Mechanical metamaterials, such as this corrugated membrane, are engineered to improve its strength and robustness, which allows it to span a larger surface in comparison to flat membranes while the film thickness remains constant. The ultra-thin film consists of three layers (Al2O3/TiN/Al2O3) and is deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD). The encapsulated TiN layer provides in-plane conductivity, which is needed to sustain secondary electron emission. Two types of corrugated membranes were fabricated: a hexagonal honeycomb and an octagonal pattern. The latter was designed to match the square pitch of a CMOS pixel chip. The transmission secondary electron yield was determined with a collector-based method using a scanning electron microscope. The highest transmission electron yield was measured on a membrane with an octagonal pattern. A yield of 2.15 was achieved for 3.15 keV incident electrons for an Al2O3/TiN/Al2O3 tri-layer film with layer thicknesses of 10/5/15 nm. The variation in yield across the surface of the corrugated membrane was determined by constructing a yield map. The active surface for transmission secondary electron emission is near 100%, i.e. a primary electron generates transmission secondary electrons regardless of the point of impact on the corrugated membrane. Copyright © 2020, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Silicon wafers

Feasibility of the J-PET to monitor range of therapeutic proton beams

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Baran, Jakub Borys, Damian Brzeziński, Karol Gajewski, Jan Silarski, Michal Chug, Neha Coussat, Aurélien Czerwiński, Eryk Dadgar, Meysam Dulski, Kamil Eliyan, Kavya V. Gajos, Aleksander Kacprzak, Krzysztof Kaplon, Lukasz Klimaszewski, Konrad Konieczka, Pawel Kopeć, Renata Korcyl, Grzegorz Kozik, Tomasz Krzemień, Wojciech Kumar, Deepak Lomax, Antony J. McNamara, Keegan Niedźwiecki, Szymon Olko, Pawel Panek, Dominik Parzych, Szymon del Rio, Elena Perez Raczyński, Lech Simbarashe, Moyo Sharma, Sushil Shivani Shopa, Roman Y. Skóra, Tomasz Skurzok, Magdalena Stasica, Paulina Stępień, Ewa L. Tayefi, Keyvan Tayefi, Faranak Weber, Damien C. Winterhalter, Carla Wiślicki, Wojciech Moskal, Pawel Rucinski, Antoni Faculty of Physics Astronomy and Applied Computer Science Jagiellonian University Kraków30-348 Poland Total-Body Jagiellonian-PET Laboratory Jagiellonian University Kraków30-348 Poland Center for Theranostics Jagiellonian University Kraków Poland Silesian University of Technology Department of Systems Biology and Engineering Gliwice Poland Biotechnology Centre Silesian University of Technology Gliwice Poland Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences Kraków31-342 Poland CSIC-UV Valencia Spain Department of Complex Systems National Centre for Nuclear Research Otwock-Świerk Poland High Energy Physics Division National Centre for Nuclear Research Otwock-Świerk Poland Department of Radiation Oncology Inselspital Bern University Hospital University of Bern Bern Switzerland Department of Radiation Oncology University Hospital of Zürich Zürich Switzerland Centre for Proton Therapy Paul Scherrer Institute Villigen Switzerland Physics Department ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland National Oncology Institute National Research Institute Krakow Branch Krakow Poland

Objective: The aim of this work is to investigate the feasibility of the Jagiellonian Positron Emission Tomography (J-PET) scanner for intra-treatment proton beam range monitoring. Approach: The Monte Carlo simulation studies with GATE and PET image reconstruction with CASToR were performed in order to compare six J-PET scanner geometries (three dual-heads and three cylindrical). We simulated proton irradiation of a PMMA phantom with a Single Pencil Beam (SPB) and Spread-Out Bragg Peak (SOBP) of various ranges. The sensitivity and precision of each scanner were calculated, and considering the setup's cost-effectiveness, we indicated potentially optimal geometries for the J-PET scanner prototype dedicated to the proton beam range assessment. Main results: The investigations indicate that the double-layer cylindrical and triple-layer double-head configurations are the most promising for clinical application. We found that the scanner sensitivity is of the order of 10-5 coincidences per primary proton, while the precision of the range assessment for both SPB and SOBP irradiation plans was found below 1 mm. Among the scanners with the same number of detector modules, the best results are found for the triple-layer dual-head geometry. Significance: We performed simulation studies demonstrating that the feasibility of the J-PET detector for PET-based proton beam therapy range monitoring is possible with reasonable sensitivity and precision enabling its pre-clinical tests in the clinical proton therapy environment. Considering the sensitivity, precision and cost-effectiveness, the double-layer cylindrical and triple-layer dual-head J-PET geometry configurations seem promising for the future clinical application. Experimental tests are needed to confirm these findings. © 2023, CC BY.

关键词： Proton beams

Multiscale characteristics of the emerging global cryptocurrency market

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arXiv 2020年

作者： Wątorek, Marcin Drożdż, Stanislaw Kwapień, Jaroslaw Minati, Ludovico Oświęcimka, Pawel Stanuszek, Marek Complex Systems Theory Department Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences ul. Radzikowskiego 152 Kraków31-342 Poland Faculty of Computer Science and Telecommunications Cracow University of Technology ul. Warszawska 24 Kraków31-155 Poland Faculty of Physics Astronomy and Applied Computer Science Jagiellonian University ul. Lojasiewicza 11 Kraków30-348 Poland

Modern financial markets are characterized by a rapid flow of information, a vast number of participants having diversified investment horizons, and multiple feedback mechanisms, which collectively lead to the emergence of complex phenomena, for example speculative bubbles or crashes. As such, they are considered as one of the most complex systems known. Numerous studies have illuminated stylized facts, also called complexity characteristics, which are observed across the vast majority of financial markets. These include the so-called "fat tails" of the returns distribution, volatility clustering, the "long memory", strong stochasticity alongside non-linear correlations, persistence, and the effects resembling fractality and even multifractality. The striking development of the cryptocurrency market over the last few years - from being entirely peripheral to capitalizing at the level of an intermediate-size stock exchange - provides a unique opportunity to observe its evolution in a short period. The availability of high-frequency data allows conducting advanced statistical analysis of fluctuations on cryptocurrency exchanges right from their birth up to the present day. This opens a window that allows quantifying the evolutionary changes in the complexity characteristics which accompany market emergence and maturation. The purpose of the present review, then, is to examine the properties of the cryptocurrency market and the associated phenomena. The aim is to clarify to what extent, after such an impetuous development, the characteristics of the complexity of exchange rates on the cryptocurrency market have become similar to traditional and mature markets, such as stocks, bonds, commodities or currencies. The review introduces the history of cryptocurrencies, offering a description of the blockchain technology behind them. Differences between cryptocurrencies and the exchanges on which they are traded have been consistently shown. The central part of the review sur

关键词： Fractals

Hybridized hyperbolic surface phonon polaritons at α-MoO3 and polar dielectric interfaces

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Zhang, Qing Ou, Qingdong Hu, Guangwei Liu, Jingying Dai, Zhigao Fuhrer, Michael S. Bao, Qiaoliang Qiu, Cheng-Wei Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore117583 Singapore Monash University ClaytonVIC3800 Australia Department of Materials Science and Engineering Monash University ClaytonVIC3800 Australia Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry China University of Geosciences 388 Lumo Road Wuhan430074 China School of Physics and Astronomy Monash University ClaytonVIC3800 Australia Department of Applied Physics The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Kowloon Hong Kong

Surface phonon polaritons (SPhPs) in polar dielectrics offer new opportunities for infrared nanophotonics due to sub-diffraction confinement with low optical losses. Though the polaritonic field confinement can be significantly improved by modifying the dielectric environment, it is challenging to break the fundamental limits in photon confinement and propagation behavior of SPhP modes. In particular, as SPhPs inherently propagate isotropically in these bulk polar dielectrics, how to collectively realize ultra-large field confinement, in-plane hyperbolicity and unidirectional propagation remains elusive. Here, we report an approach to solve the aforementioned issues of bulk polar dielectric's SPhPs at one go by constructing a heterostructural interface between biaxial van der Waals material (e.g., α-MoO3) and bulk polar dielectric (e.g., SiC, AlN, and GaN). Due to anisotropy-oriented mode couplings at the interface, the hybridized SPhPs with a large confinement factor (>100) show in-plane hyperbolicity that has been switched to the orthogonal direction as compared to that in natural α-MoO3. More interestingly, this proof of concept allows steerable, angle-dependent and unidirectional polariton excitation by suspending α-MoO3 on patterned SiC air cavities. Our finding exemplifies a generalizable framework to manipulate the flow of nano-light and engineer unusual polaritonic responses in many other hybrid systems consisting of van der Waals materials and bulk polar dielectrics. © 2021, CC BY.

关键词： Silicon carbide