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Low-valence ion addition induced more compact passive films on nickel-copper nano-coatings

Journal of Materials science & Technology 2019年第10期35卷 2144-2155页

作者： Quangquan Do Hongze An Guozhe Meng Weihua Li Lai-Chang Zhang Yangqiu Wang Bin Liu Junyi Wang Fuhui Wang Corrosion and Protection Laboratory Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology(Harbin Engineering University)Ministry of EducationHarbin150001China Corrosion and Protection Institute School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologySun Yat-Sen UniversityZhuhai519082China Corrosion and Protection Division Shenyang National Laboratory for Material ScienceNortheastern UniversityShenyang110819China School of Engineering Edith Cowan University270 Joondalup DriveJoondalupPerthWA6027Australia Shipbuilding Faculty Viet Nam Maritime UniversityHaiphongViet Nam

Ni-Cu nano-coatings were prepared by pulsed electroplating technique in the baths containing various amount of boric acid. Their microstructure, morphologies and corrosion resistance were characterized in detail. The addition of boric acid strongly influences on the microstructure of the Ni-Cu *** coating with a grain size of 130 nm, obtained from the bath containing 35 g L^-1 boric acid, shows the highest corrosion resistance. This is attributed to the low-valence Cu ion(Cu^+) additions in nickel oxide, which could significantly decrease the oxygen ion vacancy density in the passive film to form a more compact passive film. The higher Cu^+ additions and the lower diffusivity of point defects(D0) are responsible for the formation of more compact passive film on the coating obtained from the bath with 35 g L^-1 boric acid.

关键词： Passive film Point defect Corrosion Electroplating Coating

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Long-term tracking based on spatio-temporal context model

Long-term tracking based on spatio-temporal context model

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2018 IEEE International Conference on Information and Automation, ICIA 2018

作者： Bao, Jining Zhang, Yunzhou Zhang, Yazhou Liu, Tongbo Zheng, Rui Zhang, Jianing Jiang, Sicong College of Information Science and Engineering Northeastern University Shenyang Liaoning Province China Faculty of Robot Science and Engineering Northeastern University Shenyang Liaoning Province China School of Computer and Communication Engineering University of Science and Techonology of Beijing Beijing China

ISBN: (纸本)9781538680698

Visual tracking is always a challenging problem due to many factors such as appearance changing, background clustering, illumination variations, occlusions and so on. Spatio-temporal context with the useful information can be applied as a valid approach to enhance the robustness of visual tracking. It can track scenes with partial occlusion and deformation, but it cannot have the capacity of coping with long-term occlusion. To overcome this limitation, we designed a long-term tracking framework based on spatio-temporal context. The proposed forward and backward tracking method utilizes spatial context information to realize long-term occlusion determination. Then, a cascade classifier consisting of a random fern classifier and a nearest neighbor classifier is constructed through on-line training after occlusion occurs to reposition the target to achieve long-term tracking. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm effectively solves the long-term occlusion problem with excellent tracking performance. © 2018 IEEE.

关键词： Classification (of information)

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Coulomb correlation in noncollinear antiferromagnetic α-Mn

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Physical Review B 2020年第7期101卷 075115-075115页

作者： Aki Pulkkinen Bernardo Barbiellini Johannes Nokelainen Vladimir Sokolovskiy Danil Baigutlin Olga Miroshkina Mikhail Zagrebin Vasiliy Buchelnikov Christopher Lane Robert S. Markiewicz Arun Bansil Jianwei Sun Katariina Pussi Erkki Lähderanta School of Engineering Science LUT University 53850 Lappeenranta Finland Department of Physics Northeastern University Boston Massachusetts 02115 USA Faculty of Physics Chelyabinsk State University 454001 Chelyabinsk Russia National University of Science and Technology “MISiS” 119049 Moscow Russia National Research South Ural State University 454080 Chelyabinsk Russia Department of Physics and Engineering Physics Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA

We discuss the interplay between magnetic and structural degrees of freedom in elemental Mn. The equilibrium volume is shown to be sensitive to magnetic interactions between the Mn atoms. While the standard generalized gradient approximation underestimates the equilibrium volume, a more accurate treatment of the effects of electronic localization and magnetism is found to solve this longstanding problem. Our calculations also reveal the presence of a magnetic phase in strained α-Mn that has been reported previously in experiments. This new phase of strained α-Mn exhibits a noncollinear spin structure with large magnetic moments.

关键词： Electronic structure Magnetic systems Transition metals DFT+U Density functional calculations Meta-GGA

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Weighted hypersoft configuration model

arXiv

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arXiv 2020年

作者： Voitalov, Ivan van der Hoorn, Pim Kitsak, Maksim Papadopoulos, Fragkiskos Krioukov, Dmitri Department of Physics Northeastern University BostonMA02115 United States Network Science Institute Northeastern University BostonMA02115 United States Department of Mathematics and Computer Science Eindhoven University of Technology Postbus 513 Eindhoven5600 MB Netherlands Faculty of Electrical Engineering Mathematics and Computer Science Delft University of Technology 2628 CD Delft Netherlands Department of Electrical Engineering Computer Engineering and Informatics Cyprus University of Technology 33 Saripolou Street Limassol3036 Cyprus Department of Mathematics Northeastern University BostonMA02115 United States Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Northeastern University BostonMA02115 United States

Maximum entropy null models of networks come in different flavors that depend on the type of the constraints under which entropy is maximized. If the constraints are on degree sequences or distributions, we are dealing with configuration models. If the degree sequence is constrained exactly, the corresponding microcanonical ensemble of random graphs with a given degree sequence is the configuration model per se. If the degree sequence is constrained only on average, the corresponding grandcanonical ensemble of random graphs with a given expected degree sequence is the soft configuration model. If the degree sequence is not fixed at all but randomly drawn from a fixed distribution, the corresponding hypercanonical ensemble of random graphs with a given degree distribution is the hypersoft configuration model, a more adequate description of dynamic real-world networks in which degree sequences are never fixed but degree distributions often stay stable. Here, we introduce the hypersoft configuration model of weighted networks. The main contribution is a particular version of the model with power-law degree and strength distributions, and superlinear scaling of strengths with degrees, mimicking the properties of some real-world networks. As a by-product, we generalize the notions of sparse graphons and their entropy to weighted networks. Copyright © 2020, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Machine learning

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Author Correction: Layer-by-layer phase transformation in Ti3O5 revealed by machine-learning molecular dynamics simulations

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Nature communications 2025年第1期16卷 969页

作者： Mingfeng Liu Jiantao Wang Junwei Hu Peitao Liu Haiyang Niu Xuexi Yan Jiangxu Li Haile Yan Bo Yang Yan Sun Chunlin Chen Georg Kresse Liang Zuo Xing-Qiu Chen Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science Institute of Metal Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang 110016 China. School of Materials Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Shenyang 110016 China. State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing International Center for Materials Discovery School of Materials Science and Engineering Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 China. Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science Institute of Metal Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang 110016 China. ptliu@***. State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing International Center for Materials Discovery School of Materials Science and Engineering Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 China. haiyang.niu@***. Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials (Ministry of Education) School of Materials Science and Engineering Northeastern University Shenyang 110819 China. University of Vienna Faculty of Physics and Center for Computational Materials Science Kolingasse 14-16 A-1090 Vienna Austria.

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Random hyperbolic graphs in d + 1 dimensions

arXiv

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arXiv 2020年

作者： Budel, Gabriel Kitsak, Maksim Aldecoa, Rodrigo Zuev, Konstantin Krioukov, Dmitri Faculty of Electrical Engineering Mathematics and Computer Science Delft University of Technology Delft2628 CD Netherlands Department of Physics Northeastern University BostonMA02115 United States Network Science Institute Northeastern University BostonMA02115 United States Department of Computing and Mathematical Sciences California Institute of Technology CA91125 United States Department of Physics Department of Mathematics Department of Electrical&Computer Engineering Northeastern University BostonMA02115 United States

We consider random hyperbolic graphs in hyperbolic spaces of any dimension d+1 ≥ 2. We present a rescaling of model parameters that casts the random hyperbolic graph model of any dimension to a unified mathematical framework, leaving the degree distribution invariant with respect to the dimension. Unlike the degree distribution, clustering does depend on the dimension, decreasing to 0 at d → ∞. We analyze all of the other limiting regimes of the model, and we release a software package that generates random hyperbolic graphs and their limits in hyperbolic spaces of any dimension. Copyright © 2020, The Authors. All rights reserved.

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Finding shortest and nearly shortest path nodes in large substantially incomplete networks

arXiv

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Kitsak, Maksim Ganin, Alexander Elmokashfi, Ahmed Cui, Hongzhu Eisenberg, Daniel A. Alderson, David L. Korkin, Dmitry Linkov, Igor Faculty of Electrical Engineering Mathematics and Computer Science Delft University of Technology Delft Netherlands Network Science Institute Northeastern University BostonMA02115 United States Department of Systems and Information Engineering University of Virginia CharlottesvilleVA22904 United States U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center Contractor Concord MA01742 United States Simula Metropolitan Center for Digital Engineering Oslo Norway Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program Worcester Polytechnic Institute WorcesterMA01609 United States Institute for Genomic Medicine Columbia University Medical Center New YorkNY United States Operations Research Department Naval Postgraduate School MontereyCA93943 United States Data Science Program Worcester Polytechnic Institute WorcesterMA01609 United States Computer Science Department Worcester Polytechnic Institute WorcesterMA01609 United States U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center Environmental Laboratory Concord MA01742 United States

Dynamic processes on networks, be it information transfer in the Internet, contagious spreading in a social network, or neural signaling, take place along shortest or nearly shortest paths. Unfortunately, our maps of most large networks are substantially incomplete due to either the highly dynamic nature of networks, or high cost of network measurements, or both, rendering traditional path finding methods inefficient. We find that shortest paths in large real networks, such as the network of protein-protein interactions (PPI) and the Internet at the autonomous system (AS) level, are not random but are organized according to latent-geometric rules. If nodes of these networks are mapped to points in latent hyperbolic spaces, shortest paths in them align along geodesic curves connecting endpoint nodes. We find that this alignment is sufficiently strong to allow for the identification of shortest path nodes even in the case of substantially incomplete networks. We demonstrate the utility of latent-geometric path finding in problems of cellular pathway reconstruction and communication security. Copyright © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Proteins

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Structured light self-calibration algorithm based on random speckle

Structured light self-calibration algorithm based on random ...

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IEEE International Conference on Cyber Technology in Automation, Control, and Intelligent Systems

作者： Dongxue Li Tong Jia Yixiao Wang Dongyue Chen Chengdong Wu Hongyu Wang Yang Wu Lihong Zhang Faculty of Robot Science and Engineering Northeastern University Wenhua Road Heping District Shenyang Liaoning China College of Information Science and Engineering Northeastern University Wenhua Road Heping District Shenyang Liaoning China College of Sciences Northeastern University Wenhua Road Heping District Shenyang Liaoning China

ISBN: (数字)9781728107707

ISBN: (纸本)9781728107714

High-precision and high-resolution depth perception based on structured light is widely used. This measurement system consists of projector and camera equipment. Depth sensing based on the structured light method, the calibration process of obtaining the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters of the measurement system is a necessary step. However, the traditional calibration method has certain limitations. In this paper, we propose a self-calibration method. We overcome the problems in existing calibration techniques, and can quickly obtain the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters of the random speckle structured light system in motion scene. We designed a random speckle matching algorithm and proposed a non-coplanar point acquisition scheme. An effective method for finding the correspondence points between dense point pattern views is introduced. Next, the self-calibration process is described, using non-coplanar points matching to calculate the parameters required by the random speckle structured light system in real time. The results obtained in this paper are shown in the experimental section and analyzed from both quantitative and qualitative aspects.

关键词： Speckle Cameras Calibration Pattern matching Image resolution Current measurement Strain

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Proton reconstruction with the TOTEM Roman pot detectors for high-β∗ LHC data

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Journal of Instrumentation 2025年第4期20卷 P04012-P04012页

作者： Hayrapetyan, A. Tumasyan, A. Adam, W. Andrejkovic, J.W. Benato, L. Bergauer, T. Chatterjee, S. Damanakis, K. Dragicevic, M. Hussain, P.S. Jeitler, M. Krammer, N. Li, A. Liko, D. Mikulec, I. Schieck, J. Schöfbeck, R. Schwarz, D. Sonawane, M. Waltenberger, W. Wulz, C.-E. Janssen, T. Van Laer, T. Van Mechelen, P. Breugelmans, N. D'Hondt, J. Dansana, S. De Moor, A. Delcourt, M. Heyen, F. Lowette, S. Makarenko, I. Müller, D. Tavernier, S. Tytgat, M. Van Onsem, G.P. Van Putte, S. Vannerom, D. Bilin, B. Clerbaux, B. Das, A.K. De Bruyn, I. De Lentdecker, G. Evard, H. Favart, L. Gianneios, P. Jaramillo, J. Khalilzadeh, A. Khan, F.A. Lee, K. Malara, A. Paredes, S. Shahzad, M.A. Thomas, L. Vanden Bemden, M. Vander Velde, C. Vanlaer, P. De Coen, M. Dobur, D. Gokbulut, G. Hong, Y. Knolle, J. Lambrecht, L. Marckx, D. Mota Amarilo, K. Skovpen, K. Van Den Bossche, N. van der Linden, J. Wezenbeek, L. Benecke, A. Bethani, A. Bruno, G. Caputo, C. De Favereau De Jeneret, J. Delaere, C. Donertas, I.S. Giammanco, A. Guzel, A.O. Jain, Sa Lemaitre, V. Lidrych, J. Mastrapasqua, P. Tran, T.T. Alves, G.A. Coelho, E. Correia Silva, G. Hensel, C. Menezes De Oliveira, T. Mora Herrera, C. Rebello Teles, P. Soeiro, M. Vilela Pereira, A. Aldá, W.L. Barroso Ferreira Filho, M. Brandao Malbouisson, H. Carvalho, W. Chinellato, J. Da Costa, E.M. Da Silveira, G.G. De Jesus Damiao, D. Fonseca De Souza, S. Gomes De Souza, R. Laux Kuhn, T. Macedo, M. Martins, J. Mundim, L. Nogima, H. Pinheiro, J.P. Santoro, A. Sznajder, A. Yerevan State University Yerevan Armenia TU Wien Vienna Austria Ghent University Ghent Belgium Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil Universidade Estadual de Campinas Campinas Brazil Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China China Center of Advanced Science and Technology Beijing China Texas A & M University at Qatar Doha Qatar China Spallation Neutron Source Guangdong China Imperial College London United Kingdom University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai China Northeastern University BostonMA United States CERN Switzerland Zewail City of Science and Technology Zewail Egypt British University in Egypt Cairo Egypt Institute of Nuclear Physics The Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences Tashkent Uzbekistan Purdue University West LafayetteIN United States Université de Haute Alsace Mulhouse France Istinye University Istanbul Turkey Tbilisi State University Tbilisi Georgia The University of the State of Amazonas Manaus Brazil University of Hamburg Hamburg Germany RWTH Aachen University III. Physikalisches Institut A Aachen Germany Wuppertal Germany Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus Germany Forschungszentrum Jülich Juelich Germany CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research Geneva Switzerland HUN-REN ATOMKI - Institute of Nuclear Research Debrecen Hungary Bucharest Romania MTA-ELTE Lendület CMS Particle and Nuclear Physics Group Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics Budapest Hungary Physics Department Faculty of Science Assiut University Assiut Egypt Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana India University of Visva-Bharati Santiniketan India Bangalore India Amity University Uttar Pradesh Noida India IIT Bhubaneswar Bhubaneswar India Institute of Physics Bhubaneswar India University of Hyderabad Hyderabad India Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron Hamburg Germany Isfa

The TOTEM Roman pot detectors are used to reconstruct the transverse momentum of scattered protons and to estimate the transverse location of the primary interaction. This paper presents new methods of track reconstruction, measurements of strip-level detection efficiencies, cross-checks of the LHC beam optics, and detector alignment techniques, along with their application in the selection of signal collision events. The track reconstruction is performed by exploiting hit cluster information through a novel method using a common polygonal area in the intercept-slope plane. The technique is applied in the relative alignment of detector layers with μm precision. A tag-and-probe method is used to extract strip-level detection efficiencies. The alignment of the Roman pot system is performed through time-dependent adjustments, resulting in a position accuracy of 3 μm in the horizontal and 60 μm in the vertical directions. The goal is to provide an optimal reconstruction tool for central exclusive physics analyses based on the high-β∗ data-taking period at √s = 13 TeV in 2018. © 2025 CERN. Published by IOP Publishing Ltd on behalf of Sissa Medialab.

关键词： calibration and fitting methods cluster finding Pattern recognition Performance of High Energy Physics Detectors

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Bottom quark energy loss and hadronization with B+ and nuclear modification factors using pp and PbPb collisions at = 5.02 TeV

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Journal of High Energy Physics 2025年第2期2025卷 1-40页

作者： Hayrapetyan, A. Tumasyan, A. Adam, W. Andrejkovic, J. W. Bergauer, T. Chatterjee, S. Damanakis, K. Dragicevic, M. Hussain, P. S. Jeitler, M. Krammer, N. Li, A. Liko, D. Mikulec, I. Schieck, J. Schöfbeck, R. Schwarz, D. Sonawane, M. Templ, S. Waltenberger, W. Wulz, C.-E. Darwish, M. R. Janssen, T. Van Mechelen, P. Breugelmans, N. D’Hondt, J. Dansana, S. De Moor, A. Delcourt, M. Heyen, F. Lowette, S. Makarenko, I. Müller, D. Tavernier, S. Tytgat, M. Van Onsem, G. P. Van Putte, S. Vannerom, D. Bilin, B. Clerbaux, B. Das, A. K. De Lentdecker, G. Evard, H. Favart, L. Gianneios, P. Jaramillo, J. Khalilzadeh, A. Khan, F. A. Lee, K. Mahdavikhorrami, M. Malara, A. Paredes, S. Shahzad, M. A. Thomas, L. Vanden Bemden, M. Vander Velde, C. Vanlaer, P. De Coen, M. Dobur, D. Gokbulut, G. Hong, Y. Knolle, J. Lambrecht, L. Marckx, D. Mota Amarilo, K. Samalan, A. Skovpen, K. Van Den Bossche, N. van der Linden, J. Wezenbeek, L. Benecke, A. Bethani, A. Bruno, G. Caputo, C. De Favereau De Jeneret, J. Delaere, C. Donertas, I. S. Giammanco, A. Guzel, A. O. Jain, Sa. Lemaitre, V. Lidrych, J. Mastrapasqua, P. Tran, T. T. Wertz, S. Alves, G. A. Alves Gallo Pereira, M. Coelho, E. Correia Silva, G. Hensel, C. Menezes De Oliveira, T. Moraes, A. Rebello Teles, P. Soeiro, M. Vilela Pereira, A. Aldá Júnior, W. L. Barroso Ferreira Filho, M. Brandao Malbouisson, H. Carvalho, W. Chinellato, J. Da Costa, E. M. Da Silveira, G. G. De Jesus Damiao, D. Fonseca De Souza, S. Gomes De Souza, R. Macedo, M. Martins, J. Mora Herrera, C. Mundim, L. Nogima, H. Pinheiro, J. P. Santoro, A. Sznajder, A. Thiel, M. Bernardes, C. A. Calligaris, L. Fernandez Perez Tomei, T. R. Gregores, E. M. Maietto Silverio, I. Mercadante, P. G. Novaes, S. F. Orzari, B. Padula, Sandra S. Aleksandrov, A. Antchev, G. Hadjiiska, R. Iaydjiev, P. Misheva, M. Shopova, M. Sultanov, G. Dimitrov, A. Litov, L. Pavlov, B. Petkov, P. Petrov, A. Shumka, E. Keshri, S. Thakur, S. Cheng, T. Javaid, T. Yuan, L. Hu, Z. Liang, Z. Liu, J. Yi, K. Chen, G. M. Chen, H. S. Chen, M. Iemmi, F. Jiang, C. H. Yerevan Physics Institute Yerevan Armenia Yerevan State University Yerevan Armenia Institut für Hochenergiephysik Vienna Austria TU Wien Vienna Austria Universiteit Antwerpen Antwerpen Belgium Institute of Basic and Applied Sciences Faculty of Engineering Arab Academy for Science Technology and Maritime Transport Alexandria Egypt Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussel Belgium Ghent University Ghent Belgium Université Libre de Bruxelles Bruxelles Belgium Université Catholique de Louvain Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas Rio de Janeiro Brazil Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil Universidade Estadual de Campinas Campinas Brazil Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil UFMS Nova Andradina Brazil Universidade Estadual Paulista Universidade Federal do ABC São Paulo Brazil Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Sofia Bulgaria University of Sofia Sofia Bulgaria Instituto De Alta Investigación Universidad de Tarapacá Arica Chile Beihang University Beijing China Department of Physics Tsinghua University Beijing China Nanjing Normal University Nanjing China The University of Iowa Iowa City USA Institute of High Energy Physics Beijing China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China China Center of Advanced Science and Technology Beijing China China Spallation Neutron Source Guangdong China State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology Peking University Beijing China Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nuclear Science and Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Quantum Matter South China Normal University Guangzhou China Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou China University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China Henan Normal University Xinxiang China Institute of Modern Physics and Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Ion-beam Application (MOE) - Fudan University Shanghai China Zhejiang University Hangzhou Ch

The production cross sections of $$ {\textrm{B}}_{\textrm{s}}^0 $$ and B+ mesons are reported in proton-proton (pp) collisions recorded by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC with a center-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 302 pb−1. The cross sections are based on measurements of the $$ {\textrm{B}}_{\textrm{s}}^0 $$ → J/ψ(μ+μ−)ϕ(1020)(K+K−) and B+ → J/ψ(μ+μ−)K+ decay channels. Results are presented in the transverse momentum (pT) range 7–50 GeV/c and the rapidity interval |y| < 2.4 for the B mesons. The measured pT-differential cross sections of B+ and $$ {\textrm{B}}_{\textrm{s}}^0 $$ in pp collisions are well described by fixed-order plus next-to-leading logarithm perturbative quantum chromodynamics calculations. Using previous PbPb collision measurements at the same nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy, the nuclear modification factors, RAA, of the B mesons are determined. For pT > 10 GeV/c, both mesons are found to be suppressed in PbPb collisions (with RAA values significantly below unity), with less suppression observed for the $$ {\textrm{B}}_{\textrm{s}}^0 $$ mesons. In this pT range, the RAA values for the B+ mesons are consistent with those for inclusive charged hadrons and D0 mesons. Below 10 GeV/c, both B+ and $$ {\textrm{B}}_{\textrm{s}}^0 $$ are found to be less suppressed than either inclusive charged hadrons or D0 mesons, with the $$ {\textrm{B}}_{\textrm{s}}^0 $$ RAA value consistent with unity. The RAA values found for the B+ and $$ {\textrm{B}}_{\textrm{s}}^0 $$ are compared to theoretical calculations, providing constraints on the mechanism of bottom quark energy loss and hadronization in the quark-gluon plasma, the hot and dense matter created in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions.

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