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Correction: Influence of the ecological environment on the structural characteristics and bioactivities of polysaccharides from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)

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food & function 2022年第14期13卷 7942-7943页

作者： Chongyu Zhang Eunyoung Kim Jiamei Cui Yunpeng Wang Yunkyoung Lee Guiguo Zhang Department of Nutrition and China-Korea Joint R&D center on Plant-derived polysaccharide Shandong Agricultural University 61 Daizong Street Taian City 271018 China. zhanggg@***. Department of Food Science and Nutrition and Korea-China Joint R&D center on Plant-derived polysaccharide Jeju National University Jeju 63243 South Korea. lyk1230@jejunu.ac.kr. Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology & Science Jeju National University Jeju 63243 South Korea.

Correction for 'Influence of the ecological environment on the structural characteristics and bioactivities of polysaccharides from alfalfa ( L.)' by Chongyu Zhang , , 2022, https://***/10.1039/d2fo00371f.

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Electrospun Nanofibers from Poly (Ε-Caprolactone) with Copaiba (Copaifera Sp)Oleoresin as an Advanced Healer

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SSRN 2024年

作者： Marcos Pinho da Silva, Andrey Miotto, Marília Afonso Provenzi, Marcel Lopes, Susane Maraschin, Marcelo Merlini, Claudia Sciences and Materials Engineering Graduate Program Federal University of Santa Catarina Reitor João David Ferreira Lima University Campus SC Florianópolis88040-900 Brazil Department of Materials Engineering Technology College Federal University of Amazonas AM Manaus Brazil Food Microbiology Laboratory Departament of Food Science and Technology Federal University of Santa Catarina Agrarian Sciences Center Av. Admar Gonzaga 1346 - Itacorubi SC . Florianópolis88034-001 Brazil Florianópolis Brazil Rua João Pessoa 2750 Bairro Velha Blumenau SC 89036-256 Brazil

Advanced healing developed using electrospinning show advantages such as highsurface area/volume relation, similarity with the skin extracellular matrix and ability toincorporate bioactive agents. The use of natural compounds, as the copaiba oleoresinresults in benefits due to its action as enhancer of biochemical agents during theinflammatory phase in the healing process. This study investigated the development ofnanofiber from polycaprolactone and copaiba oleoresin aiming at demonstrating itsantimicrobial and atoxic properties with healing effect on complex wounds. Thecopaiba oleoresin chemical composition revealed the predominance of sesquiterpenes,with majoritary components such as Caryophyllane, γ-Muurolene, and α-Copaene. Thenanofibers were anlyzed employing several techniques and revealed suitablephysicochemical characteristics for the development of advanced healing. The zetapotential indicated a negative surface load in the nanofibers, suggesting favorableinteractions for biomedical applications such as cell adherence. The copaiba oleoresinpresence significantly increased the liquid absorption ability, fundamental in advancedhealing, and accelerated the mass loss rate, emphasizing its influence in thebiodegradability of the nanofibers. The nanofibers showed efficacy againstStaphylococcus Aureus, while the cell viability assay indicared absence of *** results suggest the potential of these nanofibers as efficient and sustainableantimicrobial healing for clinical applications © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Nanofibers

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Self-Compassion Around the World: Measurement Invariance of the Short Form of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS-SF) Across 65 Nations, 40 Languages, Gender Identities, and Age Groups

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Mindfulness 2025年 1-28页

作者： Swami, Viren Tran, Ulrich S. Voracek, Martin Aavik, Toivo Ranjbar, Hamed Abdollahpour Adebayo, Sulaiman Olanrewaju Afhami, Reza Ahmed, Oli Aimé, Annie Akel, Marwan Al Halbusi, Hussam Alexias, George Ali, Khawla F. Alp-Dal, Nursel Alsalhani, Anas B. Álvarez-Solas, Sara Amaral, Ana Carolina Soares Andrianto, Sonny Aspden, Trefor Argyrides, Marios Aruta, John Jamir Benzon R. Atkin, Stephen Ayandele, Olusola Baceviciene, Migle Bahbouh, Radvan Ballesio, Andrea Barron, David Bellard, Ashleigh Bender, Sóley Sesselja Beydaǧ, Kerime Derya Birovljević, Gorana Blackburn, Marie-Ève Borja-Alvarez, Teresita Borowiec, Joanna Bozogáňová, Miroslava Bratland-Sanda, Solfrid Browning, Matthew H. E. M. Brytek-Matera, Anna Burakova, Marina Çakır-Koçak, Yeliz Camacho, Pablo Camilleri, Vittorio Emanuele Cazzato, Valentina Cerea, Silvia Chaiwutikornwanich, Apitchaya Chaleeraktrakoon, Trawin Chambers, Tim Chen, Qing-Wei Chen, Xin Chien, Chin-Lung Chobthamkit, Phatthanakit Choompunuch, Bovornpot Compte, Emilio J. Corrigan, Jennifer Cosmas, Getrude Cowden, Richard G. Czepczor-Bernat, Kamila Czub, Marcin da Silva, Wanderson Roberto Dadfar, Mahboubeh Dalley, Simon E. Dany, Lionel Datu, Jesus Alfonso D. de Carvalho, Pedro Henrique Berbert de Holanda Coelho, Gabriel Lins De Jesus, Avila Odia S. Debbabi, Sonia Harzallah Dhakal, Sandesh Di Bernardo, Francesca Dimitrova, Donka D. Dion, Jacinthe Dixson, Barnaby Donofrio, Stacey M. Drysch, Marius Du, Hongfei Dzhambov, Angel M. El-Jor, Claire Enea, Violeta Eskin, Mehmet Farbod, Farinaz Farrugia, Lorleen Fian, Leonie Fisher, Maryanne L. Folwarczny, Michał Frederick, David A. Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, Matthew Furnham, Adrian García, Antonio Alías Geller, Shulamit Ghisi, Marta Ghorbani, Alireza Martinez, Maria Angeles Gomez Gradidge, Sarah Graf, Sylvie Grano, Caterina Gyene, Gyöngyvér Hallit, Souheil Hamdan, Motasem Handelzalts, Jonathan E. Hanel, Paul H. P. Hawks, Steven R. Hekmati, Issa Helmy, Mai Hill, Tetiana Hina, Farah Holenweger, Geraldine Hřebíčková, Martina Ijabadeniyi, Olasupo Augustine Imam, Asma İ School of Psychology and Sport Science Anglia Ruskin University Cambridge United Kingdom Centre for Psychological Medicine Perdana University Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Department of Cognition Emotion and Methods in Psychology Faculty of Psychology University of Vienna Vienna Austria Institute of Psychology University of Tartu Tartu Estonia Department of Psychology Istinye University Istanbul Turkey Department of Psychology and Behavioural Studies Ekiti State University Ado-Ekiti Nigeria Department of Art Studies Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran Department of Psychology University of Chittagong Chattogram Bangladesh Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology Université du Québec en Outaouais Saint-Jérôme Canada INSPECT-LB: National Institute of Public Health Clinical Epidemiology and Toxicology Beirut Lebanon School of Pharmacy Lebanese International University Beirut Lebanon Department of Management Ahmed Bin Mohammad Military College Doha Qatar Faculty of Psychology Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences Athens Greece Royal College of Surgeons Ireland-Bahrain Adliya Bahrain Department of Midwifery Faculty of Health Sciences Munzur University Tunceli Turkey Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences Vision College of Dentistry and Nursing Vision Colleges Riyadh Saudi Arabia Facultad de Salud Universidad Internacional de La Rioja Logroño Spain Science and Technology of Southeast Minas Gerais Federal Institute of Education Barbacena Brazil Department of Psychology Universitas Islam Indonesia Yogyakarta Indonesia Department of Psychology Aberystwyth University Ceredigion United Kingdom Department of Psychology Neapolis University Pafos Paphos Cyprus Department of Psychology De La Salle University Manila Philippines Department of General Studies The Polytechnic Ibadan Nigeria Department of Psychology University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria Health Research and Innovation Science Centre Faculty of Health Sciences Klai

Objectives: The 12-item Self-Compassion Scale–Short Form (SCS–SF) is a widely used instrument for the assessment of self-compassion. To date, there have been few examinations of this instrument’s psychometric properties, particularly across nations and languages. Therefore, we used data from the Body Image in Nature Survey (BINS) to assess measurement invariance of the SCS–SF across nations, languages, gender identities, and age groups. Methods: Participants (N = 56,968) from 65 nations completed the SCS–SF in 40 languages. Using these data, we tested various hypothesised models of the SCS–SF in the total sample and, using multi-group confirmatory factor analysis, tested for invariance of the optimal model across national groups, languages, gender identities, and age groups. Results: In the total dataset, we found that an 11-item, 2-factor model (i.e., SCS-11) provided best fit to the data, with the two factors tapping distinct constructs of compassionate and uncompassionate self-responding. The SCS-11 was found to be partially scalar invariant across national groups and languages, and fully scalar invariant across gender identities and age groups. There was wide variation in latent means for the two factors, particularly across national groups and languages. Further analyses showed negligible associations between the two factors and sociodemographic variables, including marital status, financial security, and urbanicity. Conclusions: Our results suggest that it may be possible to derive a stable 2-factor model of the SCS–SF for use in cross-cultural research, but also highlight the likelihood of cross-national and cross-linguistic variations in the way that self-compassion is understood. © The Author(s) 2025.

关键词： Cross-cultural Measurement invariance Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA) Self-Compassion Scale Short Form

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Advanced preparedness for drinking water emergency: Ensuring safe microbial quality with rapid microbial source tracking and E. coli methods

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Environmental Advances 2023年 13卷

作者： Lancaster, Emma Lee, Jiyoung Division of Environmental Health Sciences College of Public Health The Ohio State University Columbus OH United States Environmental Sciences Graduate Program The Ohio State University Columbus OH United States Department of Food Science & Technology The Ohio State University Columbus OH United States Infectious Diseases Institute The Ohio State University Columbus OH United States

The increasing occurrence of water main breaks attributed to aging water infrastructure and other disaster-related events amplifies the risk of microbial contamination in drinking water. Conventional methods for assessing water quality after waterline disruptions involve using time-consuming fecal indicator culture-based techniques that fail to detect the sources of contamination. Thus, rapid emergency responses are critically needed to safeguard public health and swiftly resume community functioning. This novel study proposes a rapid emergency response method targeting Escherichia coli (E. coli) and microbial source tracking (MST, human (HF183) and universal (UniBac) fecal contamination) following water main breaks to evaluate water safety. Objectives were: develop a rapid method for quantifying fecal microbial contamination using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR), and compare rapid results to culture-based method. Results indicate zero E. coli presence using culture-methods. Conversely, results using rapid-ddPCR method show quantifiable positive detection of E. coli and MST markers (HF183 and UniBac) across various sites, suggesting potential widespread fecal contamination following the main break incident. Results highlight that a rapid molecular E. coli and MST techniques effectively detected fecal contamination in treated drinking water that culture-based methods failed to detect. Notably, the ddPCR method produced sensitive results 18 hours faster than culture-based method, highlighting that MST can be used to simultaneously determine water quality and fecal contamination sources. To our knowledge, this is the first pilot study employing highly specific and sensitive MST methodology in treated drinking water following distribution main break. © 2023 The Authors

关键词： E. coli method Main breaks Microbial source tracking Rapid water quality Water contamination Water emergency

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Functional Analysis of Semi-conserved Transit Peptide Motifs and Mechanistic Implications in Precursor Targeting and Recognition

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Molecular Plant 2016年第9期9卷 1286-1301页

作者： Kristen Holbrook Chitra Subramanian Prakitchai Chotewutmontri L. Evan Reddick Sarah Wright Huixia Zhang Lily Moncrief Barry D. Bruce Department of Biochemistry Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program in Plant Physiology and Genetics Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology Department of Botany Department of BotanyUniversity of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996 USA Present address: Department of Infectious Disease St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis TN 38105 USA Present address: Institute of Molecular Biology University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403 USA present address: Department of Microbiology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard Dallas TX 75390 USA Present address: Albert R. Mann Library Cornell University Ithaca NY 14850 USA present address: U.S. Food and Drug Administration 10903 New Hampshire Avenue Silver Spring MD 20993 USA

Over 95% of plastid proteins are nuclear-encoded as their precursors containing an N-terminal extension known as the transit peptide （TP）. Although highly variable, TPs direct the precursors through a conserved, posttranslational mechanism involving translocons in the outer （TOC） and inner envelope （TOC）. The organelle import specificity is mediated by one or more components of the Toc complex. However, the high TP diversity creates a paradox on how the sequences can be specifically recognized. An emerging model of TP design is that they contain multiple loosely conserved motifs that are recognized at different steps in the targeting and transport process. Bioinformatics has demonstrated that many TPs contain semiconserved physicochemical motifs, termed FGLK. In order to characterize FGLK motifs in TP recognition and import, we have analyzed two well-studied TPs from the precursor of RuBisCO small subunit （SStp） and ferredoxin （Fdtp）. Both SStp and Fdtp contain two FGLK motifs. Analysis of large set mutations （-85） in these two motifs using in vitro, in organello, and in vivo approaches support a model in which the FGLK domains mediate interaction with TOC34 and possibly other TOC components. In vivo import analysis suggests that multiple FGLK motifs are functionally redundant. Furthermore, we discuss how FGLK motifs are required for efficient precursor protein import and how these elements may permit a convergent function of this highly variable class of targeting sequences.

关键词： chloroplast biology protein translocation Toc34 transit peptide cell biology

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Enteric pathogens and Carbapenem resistance genes are widespread in the fecal contaminated soils of cattle farms in the United States

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Environmental Advances 2021年 6卷

作者： Mills, Molly Lee, Seungjun Evans, Morgan Garabed, Rebecca Lee, Jiyoung Division of Environmental Health Sciences College of Public Health The Ohio State University Columbus OH United States Environmental Sciences Graduate Program The Ohio State University Columbus OH United States Department of Veterinary Preventative Medicine The Ohio State University Columbus OH United States Department of Food Science & Technology The Ohio State University Columbus OH United States

Cattle farming is considered a major contributor to antibiotic resistant (AR) genes and bacteria in nearby environments, predominantly due to the large amount of manure released by cattle to soils. This study sought to compare soil within and outside of cattle pens from seven farms in the US. Soil microbial community differences are described, as well as differences in AR gene and enteric pathogen concentrations in the soils. Sources of fecal loading are quantified via microbial source tracking (MST) methods. The family Peptostreptococcaceae was more abundant in pen soils, and Rhodanobacteraceae was more abundant in non-pen soils. There were no differences in microbial community diversity between soils within and outside of cattle pens. The MST result showed that ruminant-specific fecal contamination (Rum2Bac) was abundant both in pen and non-pen soils, likely indicating heavy cattle fecal loading. However, the soil within cattle pens had higher levels of Campylobacter, Salmonella, and AR genes for resistance to sulfonamides (sul1) and carbapenems (KPC) than the soil outside of pens (p<0.05). This is the first study identifying KPC in livestock-associated soils in the US. This study supports increased hazard associated with livestock soils for animal and human health, as well as environmental quality. © 2021

关键词： Carbapenem resistance Cattle farm Microbial source tracking Soil microbial community Soil reservoir

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Investigation of Cyanobacteria-Hosted Antibiotic Resistance in Drinking Water Sources from a Public Health Perspective

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SSRN 2024年

作者： Volk, Abigail Mills, Molly Chae, Soryong Lee, Jiyoung Division of Environmental Health Sciences College of Public Health The Ohio State University ColumbusOH United States Environmental Sciences Graduate Program The Ohio State University ColumbusOH United States Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering University of Cincinnati CincinnatiOH United States Department of Food Science & Technology The Ohio State University ColumbusOH United States Infectious Diseases Institute The Ohio State University ColumbusOH United States

Cyanobacterial blooms are intensifying worldwide due to eutrophication and climate change. While traditionally, the focus has been on cyanotoxins, recent studies suggest a potential link between cyanobacteria and antibiotic resistance (AR), including hosting AR genes (ARGs) or promoting gene transfer. However, the role of cyanobacteria as ARG hosts and their contribution to environmental AR in drinking water sources remains largely unexplored. In this study, we examined cyanobacteria as ARG hosts within the broader microbiome context. Samples of drinking water sources were collected from Lake Erie and Grand Lake St. Marys (GLSM) between May and October 2022, both sites afflicted historically by blooms. Cyanobacterial genes and ARGs were quantified with DropletDigital™ PCR (ddPCR), while microcystin concentrations were quantified with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Shotgun metagenomic sequencing was employed to analyze the microbiome, with ARGs annotated using DeepARG and Resistance Gene Identifier. Although the alpha diversity and composition of the microbial communities were similar at both locations, the ddPCR and sequencing revealed elevated levels of Microcystis in Lake Erie and Planktothrix in GLSM. The ELISA results showed high microcystin concentrations in GLSM. Cyanobacteria were identified as potential hosts for ARGs, including genes such as rpoB2 and arlR. However, upon further examination, these genes are likely annotated on housekeeping genes and are considered false positives spurious hits. In addition, qac and OXA genes were also annotated, consistent with previous findings on NCBI BLAST in Cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not appear to be significant contributors to the resistome in these contexts, they may confer some antibiotic resistance. This study underscores the importance of continued monitoring of cyanobacteria within the broader microbiome and resistome, especially in drinking water sources with high contamination levels.

关键词： Lakes

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Exploring the potential of the nano-based sunscreens and antioxidants for preventing and treating skin photoaging

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Chemosphere 2024年 347卷 140702页

作者： Lin, Chih-Hung Lin, Ming-Hsien Chung, Yu-Kuo Alalaiwe, Ahmed Hung, Chi-Feng Fang, Jia-You Center for General Education Chang Gung University of Science and Technology Kweishan Taoyuan Taiwan Department of Dermatology Chi Mei Medical Center Tainan Taiwan Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences Chang Gung University Kweishan Taoyuan Taiwan Department of Pharmaceutics College of Pharmacy Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University Al Kharj Saudi Arabia School of Medicine Fu Jen Catholic University New Taipei City Taiwan PhD Program in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Fu Jen Catholic University New Taipei City Taiwan School of Pharmacy Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan Pharmaceutics Laboratory Graduate Institute of Natural Products Chang Gung University Kweishan Taoyuan Taiwan Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine Chang Gung University of Science and Technology Kweishan Taoyuan Taiwan Department of Anesthesiology Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Kweishan Taoyuan Taiwan

Excessive exposure to sunlight, especially UV irradiation, causes skin photodamage. Sunscreens, such as TiO2 and ZnO, can potentially prevent UV via scattering, reflection, and absorption. Topical antioxidants are another means of skin photoprotection. Developing nanoparticles for sunscreens and antioxidants is recommended for photoaging prevention and treatment as it can improve uncomfortable skin appearance, stability, penetration, and safety. This study reviewed the effects of nano-sized sunscreens and antioxidants on skin photoprevention by examining published studies and articles from PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, which explore the topics of skin photoaging, skin senescence, UV radiation, keratinocyte, dermal fibroblast, sunscreen, antioxidant, and nanoparticle. The researchers of this study also summarized the nano-based UV filters and therapeutics for mitigating skin photoaging. The skin photodamage mechanisms are presented, followed by the introduction of current skin photoaging treatment. The different nanoparticle types used for topical delivery were also explored in this study. This is followed by the mechanisms of how nanoparticles improve the UV filters and antioxidant performance. Lastly, recent investigations were reviewed on nanoparticulate sunscreens and antioxidants in skin photoaging management. Sunscreens and antioxidants for topical application have different concepts. Topical antioxidants are ideal for permeating into the skin to exhibit free radical scavenging activity, while UV filters are prescribed to remain on the skin surface without absorption to exert the UV-blocking effect without causing toxicity. The nanoparticle design strategy for meeting the different needs of sunscreens and antioxidants is also explored in this study. Although the benefits of using nanoparticles for alleviating photodamage are well-established, more animal-based and clinical studies are necessary. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd

关键词： Antioxidants

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The effect of soaking time on mucilage removal from the coffee bean using pectinase enzyme

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IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental science 2021年第2期807卷

作者： Fitri A B Tawali A Laga Agricultural Science Study Program Graduate School Hasanuddin University Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km 10 Tamalanrea Makassar 90245 Food Science and Technology Study Program Department of Agricultural Technology Faculty of Agriculture Hasanuddin University Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km.10 Tamalanrea Makassar 90245

The perfect coffee fermentation process is characterized by the release of mucilage that covers the coffee beans. The mucilage that doesn't come off entirely from the coffee beans can affect the taste of the coffee. The mucilage, which is composed of pectin, can be removed using the pectinase enzyme. This study aims to determine the optimal soaking time required to remove the mucilage from the coffee beans. Coffee beans are soaked in a liquid containing the pectinase enzyme for 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours. The results showed that soaking coffee beans for 4 hours in the pectinase enzyme was the best contact time in releasing the coffee bean mucilage. Soaking coffee beans for 4 hours in the pectinase enzyme produced a pectin yield of 0.25%, total dissolved solids 1.05°Brix, pH 6.55, and total sugar 15.67%.

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Changing life expectancy in European countries 1990–2021: a subanalysis of causes and risk factors from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

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The Lancet Public Health 2025年第3期10卷 e172-e188页

作者： Steel, Nicholas Bauer-Staeb, Clarissa Maria Mercedes Ford, John A. Abbafati, Cristiana Abdalla, Mohammed Altigani Abdelkader, Atef Abdi, Parsa Zuñiga, Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Abiodun, Olugbenga Olusola Abolhassani, Hassan Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Abukhadijah, Hana J. Abu-Zaid, Ahmed Addo, Isaac Yeboah Addolorato, Giovanni Adekanmbi, Victor Adetunji, Juliana Bunmi Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther Agardh, Emilie E. Agyemang-Duah, Williams Ahmad, Danish Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Syed Anees Akinosoglou, Karolina Akkaif, Mohammed Ahmed Al Awaidy, Salah Al Hasan, Syed Mahfuz Al Zaabi, Omar Ali Mohammed Aldridge, Robert W. Algammal, Abdelazeem M. Al-Gheethi, Adel Ali Saeed Ali, Abid Ali, Mohammed Usman Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Waad Alicandro, Gianfranco Alif, Sheikh Mohammad Al-Jumaily, Adel Allebeck, Peter Alrawashdeh, Ahmad Al-Rifai, Rami H. Alsabri, Mohammed A. Alshahrani, Najim Z. Aluh, Deborah Oyine Al-Wardat, Mohammad Al-Zyoud, Walid A. Amiri, Sohrab Anderlini, Deanna Andrei, Catalina Liliana Anil, Abhishek Anvari, Saeid Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw Aquilano, Michele Arabloo, Jalal Arafat, Mosab Areda, Demelash Aremu, Abdulfatai Armani, Keivan Armocida, Benedetta Ärnlöv, Johan Asaduzzaman, Muhammad Astell-Burt, Thomas Aujayeb, Avinash Ausloos, Marcel Azadnajafabad, Sina Aziz, Shahkaar Azzam, Ahmed Y. Babu, Giridhara Rathnaiah Badache, Andreea Corina Badiye, Ashish D. Bahramian, Saeed Baig, Atif Amin Baker, Jennifer L. Bansal, Hansi Bärnighausen, Till Winfried Barone, Mark Thomaz Ugliara Barrow, Amadou Barteit, Sandra Bashir, Shahid Bashiru, Hameed Akande Basso, João Diogo Bastan, Mohammad-Mahdi Basu, Sanjay Batra, Kavita Bauckneht, Matteo Baune, Bernhard T. Beghi, Massimiliano Beiranvand, Maryam Béjot, Yannick Bell, Michelle L. Bello, Olorunjuwon Omolaja Belo, Luis Beloukas, Apostolos Beneke, Alice A. Bettencourt, Paulo J.G. Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth Bhala, Neeraj Bhaskar, Sonu Bisulli, Francesca Bjørge, Tone Bodunrin, Aadam Olalekan Carvajal, Alejandro Botero Bouaoud, Souad Brayne, Carol Brenner, H Department of Primary Care and Public Health University of East Anglia Norwich United Kingdom Office for Health Improvement and Disparities Department of Health and Social Care London United Kingdom Department of Legal and Economic Studies La Sapienza University Rome Italy Rome Italy Hull York Medical School University of Hull Hull United Kingdom Department of Mathematics and Sciences Ajman University Ajman United Arab Emirates Department of Medicine Memorial University St. John's NL Canada Postgraduate Department University of Sierra Sur Miahuatlan de Porfirio Diaz Mexico Yhteiskuntadatatieteen keskus (Centre for Social Data Science) Helsinki Finland Department of Internal Medicine Federal Medical Centre Abuja Nigeria Research Center for Immunodeficiencies Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics Karolinska Institutet (Karolinska Institute) Stockholm Sweden Department of Clinical Sciences University of Sharjah Sharjah United Arab Emirates Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy University of Jordan Amman Jordan Medical Research Center Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine Alfaisal University Riyadh Saudi Arabia College of Graduate Health Sciences University of Tennessee Memphis TN United States School of Medicine Sydney NSW Australia Centre for Social Research in Health University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia Internal Medicine and Alcohol Related Disease Unit Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS Rome Italy Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences Università Cattolica di Roma (Catholic University of Rome) Rome Italy Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston TX United States Department of Biochemistry Osun State University Osogbo Nigeria Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics University of Medical Sciences Ondo Ondo Nigeria Department of Veteri

Background: Decades of steady improvements in life expectancy in Europe slowed down from around 2011, well before the COVID-19 pandemic, for reasons which remain disputed. We aimed to assess how changes in risk factors and cause-specific death rates in different European countries related to changes in life expectancy in those countries before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We used data and methods from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021 to compare changes in life expectancy at birth, causes of death, and population exposure to risk factors in 16 European Economic Area countries (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden) and the four UK nations (England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales) for three time periods: 1990–2011, 2011–19, and 2019–21. Changes in life expectancy and causes of death were estimated with an established life expectancy cause-specific decomposition method, and compared with summary exposure values of risk factors for the major causes of death influencing life expectancy. Findings: All countries showed mean annual improvements in life expectancy in both 1990–2011 (overall mean 0·23 years [95% uncertainty interval [UI] 0·23 to 0·24]) and 2011–19 (overall mean 0·15 years [0·13 to 0·16]). The rate of improvement was lower in 2011–19 than in 1990–2011 in all countries except for Norway, where the mean annual increase in life expectancy rose from 0·21 years (95% UI 0·20 to 0·22) in 1990–2011 to 0·23 years (0·21 to 0·26) in 2011–19 (difference of 0·03 years). In other countries, the difference in mean annual improvement between these periods ranged from –0·01 years in Iceland (0·19 years [95% UI 0·16 to 0·21] vs 0·18 years [0·09 to 0·26]), to –0·18 years in England (0·25 years [0·24 to 0·25] vs 0·07 years [0·06 to 0·08]). In 2019–21, there was an overall decrease in mean annual life expectancy a

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