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Impact of illumination technique on the detectability of irregularities in high-resolution images of visual in-situ process monitoring in Laser Powder Bed Fusion

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Procedia CIRP 2024年 124卷 98-103页

作者： Benjamin Merz Jonathan Schmidt Konstantin Poka Gunther Mohr Julian Polte Kai Hilgenberg Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung Unter den Eichen 87 12205 Berlin Germany Institute for Machine Tools and Factory Management IWF Technische Universität Berlin Pascalstraße 8-9 10587 Berlin Germany Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems and Design Technology IPK Pascalstraße 8-9 10587 Berlin Germany

The layerwise geometry build-up of additive manufacturing (AM) enables the possibility of in-situ process monitoring. The objective is the detection of irregularities during the build cycle, ensuring component quality and process stability. Focus of this work is the visual in-situ monitoring of the process of powder bed fusion with laser beam of metals (PBF-LB/M). Current state of the art visual monitoring systems for PBF-LB/M are limited by low resolution, allowing the detection of gross flaws. In this work a 65 Mpixel high-resolution monochrome camera is integrated into a commercial PBF-LB/M machine enabling a spatial resolution of approx. 17.2 µm/Pixel. The observed inhomogeneities are clustered into directly detectable irregularities, and indirectly detectable irregularities that can be inferred from the surface. In parallel, two different illumination techniques are realized in the process chamber and compared. The impact of the distinct illumination technique, direct light and dark field, on the identification of irregularities is evaluated.

关键词： powder bed fusion with laser beam of metals in-situ monitoring high-resolution camera illumination technique

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Signal conditioning of a novel ultrasonic transducer with integrated temperature and amplitude sensors

Signal conditioning of a novel ultrasonic transducer with in...

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IEEE Southeastcon

作者： Bsher Karbouj Jörg Krüger Institute of Machine Tools and Factory Management Technical University of Berlin Berlin Germany Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems and Design Technology Berlin Germany

Vibration amplitude of ultrasonic transducer has an impact on the overall process quality, process speed and ultrasonic transducer lifetime in industrial applications. A new ultrasonic transducer design has been developed with integrated sensor disks that have different electrical and mechanical properties. The combination of sensor has been designed for amplitude measurements and is also able to measure the transducer temperature in the real time. This paper deals with the analog signal processing that combines the different "raw" signals from the sensor disks to extract the information such as amplitude and temperature. For this goal, a chain of different signal filters and adjustment elements was used. Reliable amplitude and temperature measurements during real-time operation were obtained by the applied signal processing. The obtained results were validated with an external temperature sensor and a laser vibrometer.

关键词： Temperature measurement Ultrasonic transducers Temperature sensors Vibrations Temperature Ultrasonic variables measurement Vibrometers

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On the Selection and Application of a Convenient Energy Management Software for Industrial Purposes 13

On the Selection and Application of a Convenient Energy Mana...

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13th International DAAAM Baltic Conference and 29th International Baltic Conference, BALTMATTRIB 2021

作者： Wurster, Larissa Thiele, Gregor Briese, Clemens Krüger, Jörg Daimler Truck AG Germany Department for Process automation and Robotics Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems and Design Technology Germany Department for Machine Vision Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems and Design Technology Germany Department for Industrial automation The Institute for Machine Tools and Factory Management Technical University of Berlin Germany

The profitability of companies, especially in Germany, is affected by rising energy prices and increasingly stringent energy legislation. Certification according to ISO 50.001, an international standard for energy management systems, can help to meet legal requirements and increase energy efficiency. This article offers assistance in the form of a methodology that provides a structure for the selection process of an energy management system (EnMS). Considering properties of the individual company, it helps to identify an appropriate software solution. It is applied to a globally operating metalworking company in an example study. Furthermore, the measurement infrastructure in particular is a basic requirement that should not be overlooked in addition to the process of choosing an appropriate software solution. In this context, suitable metering points or criteria must be defined as well as sufficient attention paid to the anticipated costs for acquiring and integrating new measuring transducer and energy meters. The type and number of relevant measuring points must be considered in particular. Discussing these aspects, this article facilitates the process of planning and implementing an energy monitoring. © 2021 DAAAM International. All rights reserved.

关键词： Energy efficiency

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Comparing the performance of a nested to a continuous evolution strategy with covariance matrix adaption for optimization of drilling EDM

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Procedia CIRP 2022年 113卷 220-225页

作者： E. Uhlmann J. Streckenbach M. Polte M. Osmanovic F. Schick Institute for Machine Tools and Factory Management IWF Technische Universität Berlin Pascalstr. 8-9 10587 Germany Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems and Design Technology IPK Pascalstr. 8-9 10587 Germany

Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is a complex manufacturing process where the correlation of the individual process parameters is not fully known. When introducing new materials or complex, individual geometries in EDM, a satisfactory vector of parameters for the process must be found. This challenge is often encountered in the aerospace industry as well as in mold and tool making. One previously successful method to tackle this challenge is the stochastic optimization procedure Evolutionary Strategy (ES). Utilizing an appropriately chosen objective function, the search for a suitable vector of input parameters may be formulated as a mathematical minimization problem over the parameter space. The ES with a covariance matrix adaption (CMA) was utilized to sample from this parameter space in a stochastic manner. Examining the impact of the CMA within an ES is a promising way to gain better insight into the performance of ES. For this purpose, a vector of input parameters was optimized for a drilling EDM process with a comma and a nested comma ES with CMA. It was found that the comma ES led to a reduction in erosion duration tero of 38 % compared to the initially chosen parameters and the nested comma ES led to a reduction in erosion duration tero of 27 % compared to the same initial parameters. The additional information stored in the covariance matrix enables the ES to find a local optimum of the parameter vector faster and more consistently. This fact is verified by use of visualizations of the covariance matrix on a two-dimensional subspace. From these findings it can be concluded, that for the application of the ES to the optimization of EDM processes the CMA should be performed continuously over all generations as opposed to resetting this matrix after a number of generations.

关键词： Electrical-discharge machining Evolution strategy Optimization

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Reproducibility analysis for different numerical models and experimental setups in dry orthogonal cutting of AISI 4140 steel

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Procedia CIRP 2024年 128卷 650-655页

作者： Christian Grimm Christian Menze Jannis Saelzer Florian Sauer Rocco Eisseler Hans-Christian Möhring Volker Schulze Andreas Zabel Eckart Uhlmann Institute for Machine Tools and Factory Management (IWF) Technische Universität Berlin Pascalstr. 8-9 10587 Berlin Germany Institute for Machine Tools (IfW) University of Stuttgart Holzgartenstr. 17 70174 Stuttgart Germany Institute of Machining Technology (ISF) TU Dortmund University Baroper Str. 303 44227 Dortmund Germany Institute of Production Science (wbk) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Kaiserstr. 12 76131 Karlsruhe Germany Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems and Design Technology IPK Pascalstr. 8-9 10587 Berlin Germany

The design of machining processes still requires iterative parameter optimisation on the real process to achieve the demanded quality. In order to use simulation results as input for models of lubricated machining processes, which is the final aim of the presented work, it is necessary to assure that already the chip forming simulations under dry conditions produce valid results. Due to extreme conditions in the chip formation zone, including high contact stresses, temperatures and deformations, advanced requirements are imposed on a numerical model. In this work, orthogonal turning of AISI 4140 steel is simulated and experimentally investigated. Aiming for a critical examination of the conventional practice to validate simulation results only through a single experimental setup, the experiments are carried out redundantly on three varying turning lathes and measurement systems. Numerical simulations are performed using finite element analysis (FEA) within the software packages ABAQUS, AdvantEdge, DEFORM and Marc, as well as meshfree methods in the form of the finite pointset method (FPM) within MESHFREE and an element-free Galerkin method (EFG) in LS-DYNA. The obtained results demonstrate the characteristics of the individual simulation methods as well as the degree of reproducibility in experiments.

关键词： Machining Simulation design informatics

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Application of Uncertainty-Aware Sensor Fusion in Physical Sensor Networks

Application of Uncertainty-Aware Sensor Fusion in Physical S...

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IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement technology Conference

作者： Maximilian Gruber Wenzel Pilar von Pilchau Varun Gowtham Nikolaos-Stefanos Koutrakis Nicolas Schö nborn Sascha Eichstä dt Jö rg Hä hner Marius-Iulian Corici Thomas Magedanz Julian Polte Eckart Uhlmann Metrology for Digital Transformation Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Berlin Germany Organic Computing Group University of Augsburg Augsburg Germany Software-Based Networks Fraunhofer FOKUS Berlin Germany Production Machines and System Management Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems and Design Technology IPK Berlin Germany TTD Technology Development Endress+Hauser Level+Pressure Maulburg Germany Organic Computing Group University of Augsburg Berlin Germany Production Systems Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems and Design Technology IPK Berlin Germany

Modern industrial processes often collect redundant information from multiple sensors. It is of interest to leverage this information to form a more accurate or robust estimate of an observed quantity utilizing a sensor fusion operation. To be able to comply with quality requirements on the fused value, preservation of traceability is required. Moreover, the sensor fusion needs to be implemented within suitable digital architectures for Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) environments. In a continuation of previous work, this is achieved by the usage of digital twins that represent the entities of two IIoT testbeds and the adoption of a method for uncertainty-aware homogeneous sensor fusion, which is presented in full detail. Metrological traceability of the fused value is established by propagating the measurement uncertainty of the input sensor according to metrological standards. The method is implemented as a modular service connected to an existing IIoT architecture. The flexibility of the method is shown by application to two different scenarios with only minimal adaption efforts. The fused sensor values are (as indicated by earlier work) robust to outliers and perform well in practical scenarios within the chosen IIoT architecture.

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Cooling Lubricant Boundary Conditions for wet Turning Simulations

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Procedia CIRP 2023年 118卷 384-389页

作者： Eckart Uhlmann Enrico Barth Kaissar Nabbout Martin Sommerfeld Benjamin Bock-Marbach Jörg Kuhnert Andrey Dovgal Technische Universität Berlin Institute for Machine Tools and Factory Management (IWF) Chair of Machine Tools and Manufacturing Technology Pascalstr. 8-9 10587 Berlin Germany Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems and Design Technology IPK Pascalstr. 8-9 10587 Berlin Germany Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg Institute of Process Engineering Universitaetsplatz 2 39106 Magdeburg Germany Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Mathematics ITWM Fraunhofer-Platz 1 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany

In recent years, the rise in computation and modelling capabilities has enabled first chip formation simulations for wet cutting processes. Currently, chip formation simulations are limited to a small simulation domain around the cutting edge. Hence, vague assumptions of inflow boundary conditions of the cooling lubricant must be made. In this paper, a procedure is shown to determine the boundary conditions of the free fluid jet for different cooling lubricant strategies by combination of Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and meshfree fluid simulations. As a result, usual assumptions of cooling lubricant boundary conditions are evaluated and deviations are identified.

关键词： Turning Fluid Simulation

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Methodology to develop Digital Twins for energy efficient customizable IoT-Products

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Procedia CIRP 2021年 98卷 258-263页

作者： Theresa Riedelsheimer Sonika Gogineni Rainer Stark Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems and Design Technology IPK Berlin Germany Technische Universität Berlin Chair Industrial Information Technology Berlin Germany

Products are increasingly individualized and enhanced to be able to communicate, e.g. via Industrial Internet of Things (IoT). However, the impact of products on sustainability (environmental and social) across their life is often not considered and analyzed. IoT-based or smart products, that are able to communicate, generate data, which can be used to monitor and optimize sustainability indicators. The Digital Twin (DT) is a new technological concept which focuses on product individual data collection and analysis. It provides the possibility to make use of the available data and optimize the systems individual sustainability as well as future product generations. However, the design and realization of such a DT requires new approaches and capabilities, which is an identified research gap. Therefore, this paper presents a methodology to develop DTs of physical IoT-based products, the so called DT V-Model with the aim to optimize the systems sustainability, specifically environmental aspects. It is based on the V-model for the development of smart products and is enhanced with additional roles and approaches for DT development. The methodology is described in detail. The result of a development cycle according to the DT-V-Model is a tested concept of a DT, which includes Digital Master (DM) data from the planning phase and Digital Shadow (DS) data from the production, operation and End of Life-phase. For a DT for energy efficiency, the Digital Master model consists of the information and models from the product development phase including the planned production and use phase energy consumption. The Digital Shadow consists of the actual production energy consumption and the use phase energy consumption. The methodology is applied to a use case of an IoT-based consumer product that can be customized to a certain degree by the consumer. A DT is developed to monitor and optimize the products energy efficiency in production and use. The necessary elements of the DT and t

关键词： IoT-devices Digital Twin Development methodology Product service systems energy consumption

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Sustainability transformation challenges for manufacturing companies and their employees: An approach how a serious game prepares and fosters the transformation

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AIP Conference Proceedings 2024年第1期3109卷

作者： Jens Mathis Rieckmann Patrick Gering Jan Torka Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems and Design Technology (IPK) Division Corporate Management Berlin Germany

Besides the transformation process challenge towards intelligent networked production systems, the growing demand for the topic sustainability, which is integrated with the production process, creates an additional complex challenge for manufacturing companies. The industrial transformation process with regard to the focus of the fourth industrial revolution is enlarged in terms of the inquiry of sustainability and especially the circular economy. In particular, external political, economic and environmental factors, but at the same time society changes towards a sustainable mindset of people shape the future development. This article focuses on the question of how to sensitize and qualify employees of manufacturing companies with a serious game to start the preparation of the upcoming challenges regarding sustainable transformation. Starting from an optimized holistic production system as a start setting, currently discussed topics will be added as scenarios to teach and build up abilities to be prepared and face upcoming challenges.

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Influence of superimposed low frequency oscillations on single-pass honing of long-chipping steel

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Procedia CIRP 2022年 108卷 607-612页

作者： E. Uhlmann A. Rozek Technische Universität Berlin Institute for Machine Tools and Factory Management (IWF) Pascalstraße 8-9 10587 Berlin Germany Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems and Design Technology IPK Pascalstr. 8-9 10587 Berlin Germany

Single-pass honing is used as a finishing process to meet high demands regarding form and dimensional accuracy of drilled bores. The disadvantages of single-pass honing compared to the conventional long-stroke honing are high process forces and torques as well as an increased risk of chip space clogging of the abrasive stones. A significant reduction in process forces and torques can be achieved by superimposing the axial movement with oscillations. In this work the kinematic basics of different oscillation parameters and their effects on single-pass honing of long-chipping steel are analyzed. It can be concluded that by superimposing low frequency oscillations in single-pass honing, the process forces and torques as well as the specific energy consumption can be reduced significantly without a decline in surface quality and form accuracy.

关键词： Surface Finish Honing Oscillation

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