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2016 IEEE 43rd Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC)

作者： Frank Feldmann Christian Reichel Ralph Müller Martin Hermle Department of Sustainable Systems Engineering Albert Ludwig University Freiburg Freiburg Germany Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems Freiburg Germany

Passivated contacts based on low-pressure chemical vapor deposited (LPCVD) heavily-doped poly-Si and a thin SiO x layer are explored for the application in an interdigitated back contact (IBC) solar cell. The poly-Si/SiO x contacts are realized by applying wet-chemically grown SiO x tunnel layers and amorphous Si (a-Si) layers doped via ion implantation that are subsequently transformed into poly-Si/SiO x contacts by a high temperature step. The impact of doping species, ion dose, and poly-Si thickness on the surface passivation of such contacts is studied. Excellent J 0 values down to 4.5 fA/cm 2 were measured for n+ poly-Si contacts, while J 0 values of 22 fA/cm 2 were obtained for p+-poly-Si contacts. Solar cells with top/rear poly-Si contacts were processed and V oc values up to 709 mV and FF values above 81% were measured. Furthermore, the upper bound for the parasitic absorption losses in 10-40 nm thick poly-Si films was quantified to be about 0.5 mA/cm 2 per 10 nm poly-Si layer thickness.

关键词： Photovoltaic cells Silicon Passivation Films Absorption Ion implantation Boron

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Development of an Innovative Low Temperature Heat Supply Concept for a New Housing Area

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Energy Procedia 2017年 116卷 39-47页

作者： Dietrich Schmidt Anna Kallert Janybek Orozaliev Isabelle Best Klaus Vajen Oliver Reul Jochen Bennewitz Petra Gerhold Fraunhofer Institute for Wind Energy and Energy System Technology IWES Königstor 59 DE-34119 Kassel Germany Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics IBP Gottschalkstrasse 28a DE-34127 Kassel Germany University of Kassel Department of Solar and Systems Engineering Kurt-Wolters-Straße 37 DE-34109 Kassel Germany University of Kassel Department of Geotechnics Mönchebergstr. 7 DE-34109 Kassel Germany Staedtische Werke Kassel AG Königstor 3-13 DE-34117 Kassel Germany City of Kassel Rathaus / Obere Königsstrasse 8 DE-34117 Kassel Germany

The domestic energy demand of buildings is responsible for one third of the world's final energy consumption. To increase the sustainability of new housing areas, the identification of innovative heat supply concepts based on renewable energy sources (RES) is required. For the new housing area “Zum Feldlager”(Kassel, Germany), various supply concepts are studied. Main objective is the development of an innovative and efficient supply concept based on RES and low temperature district heating (LTDH) for practical implementation. In the course of different studies, centralised and decentralised supply strategies are analysed. The most promising supply concept is based on a central ground source heat pump in combination with LTDH and decentralised solar thermal systems. In comparison to a reference concept the annual heating costs and the CO 2 -emissions are lower. This project is a cooperative activity and of the fraunhofer IBP, institute for decentralized Energy Technologies (IdE), Kassel University, City of Kassel and Staedtische Werke Kassel AG. The paper covers a topic from IEA DHC Annex TS1.

关键词： low temperature district heating new housing area ground source heat pump solar heat

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Novel advanced analytical design tool for 4H-SiC VDMOSFET devices

Novel advanced analytical design tool for 4H-SiC VDMOSFET de...

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European Conference on Silicon Carbide & Related Materials (ECSCRM)

作者： L. Di Benedetto G. D. Licciardo T. Erlbacher A. J. Bauer A. Rubino Department of Industrial Engineering University of Salerno Italy Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Systems and Device Technology (IISB) Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781509026142

An analytical tool to design 4H-SiC power vertical Double-diffused Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect-Transistor is proposed. The model optimizes, in terms of the doping concentration in the Drift-region, the trade-off between the ON-resistance, R ON , and the maximum blocking voltage, V BL , that is the Drain-Source voltage for which the avalanche breakdown appears at the p + -well/n-DRIFT junction together with the breakdown of the Gate oxide. Finding such tradeoff means to maximize FOM = V BL 2 / R ON , Figure-Of-Merit. Our results are based on a novel full-analytical model of the electric field in the Gate oxide, E OX , whose generality is ensured by the absence of fitting and empirical parameters. Model results are successfully compared with 2D-simulations covering a wide range of device performances.

关键词： Semiconductor process modeling Logic gates Doping Junctions Electric fields Semiconductor device modeling Breakdown voltage

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Heterojunction solar cell with titanium dioxide nanolayer with an efficiency of 10.1%

Heterojunction solar cell with titanium dioxide nanolayer wi...

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2016 IEEE 43rd Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC)

作者： D. Vössing K. M. Gad M. Graf M. Kasemann Department of Microsystems Engineering IMTEK Freiburg Germany Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems - (ISE) Freiburg Germany

We present a solar cell based on a titanium dioxide / p-type silicon charge carrier separating heterojunction with an efficiency of 10.1%, on a cell area of 0.9 cm 2 . The solar cells were fabricated using industrial feasible processes like laser fired contacts on the rear and silicon nitride antireflection coating on the front side. The ultra-thin TiO 2 layers (2.5 to 5.0 nm) were deposited on p-type Si wafers by means of Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD), using Tetrakis-dimethyl-amido-titanium (TDMAT) and water at a process temperature of 150°C. A current density of 35 mA/cm 2 was achieved with 2.5 nm TiO 2 . By means of Suns-F oc measurements, the loss in fill factor was identified to be due to the high series resistance. Using the series resistance free pseudo fill factor the current solar cell design achieves a pseudo efficiency of 13.4%.

关键词： Photovoltaic cells Silicon Current measurement Heterojunctions Resistance Titanium Voltage measurement

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KardiaTool: An Integrated POC Solution for Non-invasive Diagnosis and Therapy Monitoring of Heart Failure Patients

KardiaTool: An Integrated POC Solution for Non-invasive Diag...

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Annual International Conference of the IEEE engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)

作者： Evanthia E. Tripoliti Georgia S. Karanasiou Pinelopi Ioannidou Petros Toumpaniaris Yorgos Goletsis Joan Baussels Tommaso Lomonaco Norman Pfeiffer Raphal Anasthase Aliki Tsopela Boris Leekens Katerina K. Naka Jean-Christophe Lourme Pietro Salvo Trifon Liakopoulos Jake Jordan Joseph Gallagher Abdelhamid Errachid Dimitrios I. Fotiadis Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Heraklion GR Universita degli Studi di Pisa Pisa Toscana IT Department of Economics University of Ioannina GR Ioannina Greece The Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona IMBCNM (CSIC) Bellaterra Campus UAB Spain The Department of Chemistry and Indurstrial Chemistry University of Pisa Italy Image Processing and Medical Engineering Department Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS Erlangen Germany Panepistimio Ioanninon Ioannina GR Micronit Microtechnologies B.V. PV Enschede The Netherlands Interuniversitair Microelectronica Centrum (IMEC) Leuven Kapeldreef Belgium Department of Cardiology University of Ioannina GR Ioannina Greece University of Surrey Guildford Surrey GB National University of Ireland Dublin IE Universite de Lyon Lyon Auvergne-RhÃ´ne-Alpes FR Idryma Technologias kai Ereunas Heraklion GR gHealth Research Group National University Of Ireland Belfield University College Dublin Dublin Ireland Université de Lyon Institut de Sciences Analytiques (ISA) –UMR 5280 Villeurbanne France Department of Biomedical Research and the Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering Unit of Medical Technology and Intelligent Information Systems Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology University of Ioannina Ioannina GR FORTH Ioannina Greece

The aim of this work is to present KardiaTool platform, an integrated Point of Care (POC) solution for noninvasive diagnosis and therapy monitoring of Heart Failure (HF) patients. The KardiaTool platform consists of two components, KardiaPOC and KardiaSoft. KardiaPOC is an easy to use portable device with a disposable Lab-on-Chip (LOC) for the rapid, accurate, non-invasive and simultaneous quantitative assessment of four HF related biomarkers, from saliva samples. KardiaSoft is a decision support software based on predictive modeling techniques that analyzes the POC data and other patient's data, and delivers information related to HF diagnosis and therapy monitoring. It is expected that identifying a source comparable to blood, for biomarker information extraction, such as saliva, that is cost-effective, less invasive, more convenient and acceptable for both patients and healthcare professionals would be beneficial for the healthcare community. In this work the architecture and the functionalities of the KardiaTool platform are presented.

关键词： Biomarkers Hafnium Electronic mail Monitoring Medical treatment Microfluidics

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Consideration of inhomogeneous shrinkages for LTCC-applications in panel-level processes

Consideration of inhomogeneous shrinkages for LTCC-applicati...

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International Spring Seminar on Electronics Technology

作者： Christian Lenz Sandro Kappert Steffen Ziesche Holger Neubert Uwe Partsch Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems Dresden Germany Faculty of Mechanical Science and Engineering Dresden University of Technology Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781509013906

The aim of our study is a knowledge-based consideration of the inhomogeneous lateral shrinkage (shrinkage field) of commercial Low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC-) materials under free sintering conditions to improve the geometrical design fidelity and productions yield of system packages and microsystems fabricated in LTCC. Thus the phenomenological investigations of the LTCC material DuPont GT 951 under various lamination and sintering conditions are presented. Deduced from this, feasible approaches for the compensation of the inhomogeneous shrinkages are introduced. The first approach includes the consideration of the lateral inhomogeneous shrinkage already in the design process of LTCC components. This study presents a recommendation for a phenomenological modeling of the shrinkage fields for an optimized shrinkage forecast. In a further approach the sintering process is investigated. Using thermomechanical analysis methods, a chronological separation of the densification and crystallization is provided, with the aim to reduce lateral inhomogeneous shrinkages. Furthermore, sinter experiments with varied kiln furniture are presented to evaluate the effect of the friction between the LTCC panel and the sinter support. The results indicate feasible options to improve the homogeneity of the lateral shrinkage and enable the knowledge-based control of the shrinkage behavior in the design and fabrication process as well as in the material development.

关键词： Nonhomogeneous media Crystallization Heating Layout Substrates Fabrication Temperature measurement

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Repetition-rate scaling of high harmonic generation in gases

Repetition-rate scaling of high harmonic generation in gases

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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe (CLEO EUROPE)

作者： Tobias Saule Maximilian Högner Nikolai Lilienfein Oliver deVries Marco Plötner Nicholas Karpowicz Vladislav S. Yakovlev Jens Limpert Andreas Tünnermann Ioachim Pupeza Fakultät für Physik Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Garching Germany Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik Garching Germany Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering Jena Germany Active Fiber Systems GmbH Jena Germany Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena Institut für Angewandte Physik Jena Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781509067374

Summary form only given. With the development of lasers emitting pulses with ever decreasing durations and increasing energies, the importance of high-harmonic generation (HHG) in gases as a tool for precision measurements in the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) has been steadily increasing. Of particular importance is the question of the repetition rate scalability of such sources: on the one hand, applications like XUV frequency comb spectroscopy and attosecond nanoscopy would tremendously profit from efficient HHG at > 100 MHz. On the other hand, at these rates, the HHG interaction volume can neither be replenished with neutral atoms, nor can ionized atoms recombine in the ground state. Fundamental understanding of cumulative effects in HHG is crucial for MHz-HHG *** this contribution we present a systematic experimental study of cumulative nonlinear effects in argon atoms. For increased sensitivity to nonlinear effects [1] as well as for providing the intensities necessary for HHG, an 18-MHz femtosecond enhancement cavity (EC) is employed. The EC is seeded by a Ti:Sa-masteroscillator-seeded Yb-fiber power amplifier system capable of producing -0.6 μJ, 35-fs pulses. A pulse picker in the pre-amplifier chain allows the reduction of the repetition rate from the oscillator`s 72 MHz (corresponding to 4 pulses circulating in the EC) to 36 MHz (2 pulses in the EC) and 18 MHz (one pulse in the EC), while maintaining otherwise identical pulse parameters [2] (Fig. 1 a). While the empty EC exhibits a linear response in power scaling experiments at all three considered repetition rates, strong differences in the clamping behavior can be observed in the presence of a gas target (Fig. 1 b). The pulse power reaches a value of -62% of the empty intra-cavity power for 18 MHz and around 50% for 36 MHz. At a seed energy of 0.4 μJ, all 3 repetition rates can be compared under the same conditions and yield -81%, -73% and -53% for 18 MHz, 36 MHz and 72 MHz respectively, indicati

关键词： Cavity resonators Gases Atomic beams Mirrors Steady-state Plasmas Frequency conversion

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Predictive Mechanistic Model for the Electrical Impedance and Intensity-Modulated Photocurrent and Photovoltage Spectroscopic Responses of an Organic Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cell

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Physical Review Applied 2016年第5期5卷 054002-054002页

作者： Ying Ting Set Erik Birgersson Joachim Luther Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore (SERIS) National University of Singapore 7 Engineering Drive 1 Singapore 117574 Singapore Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering National University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585 Singapore Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISE) Heidenhofstrasse 2 79110 Freiburg Germany

We develop a predictive and mechanistic model for the intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopic (IMPS), intensity-modulated photovoltage spectroscopic (IMVS), and electrical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) responses of organic bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells. Unlike the dominant analytical framework—equivalent circuit analysis—the model uses physical parameters that directly reflect the device’s fundamental electronic mechanisms, eliminating the ambiguity associated with interpreting phenomenological parameters. Formulated in the frequency domain, the model is a computationally efficient tool for extracting parameters from the measured spectra. With a set of physical parameters representing a device, we predict the device’s spectra (a) in techniques employing different methods of perturbing a device and (b) at different bias voltages and illumination intensities. The predicted spectra show good agreement with the measured ones. By quantifying the device’s internal electric field and charge carrier concentration and relating them to the spectra, we determine that the IMPS responses at the short-circuit condition and the IMVS responses at the open-circuit condition directly reflect the charge carrier extraction and recombination, respectively. Furthermore, the EIS response indicates the device’s recombination time scale at different bias voltages.

关键词： Photoconductivity Organic semiconductors Solar cells Spectroscopy

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Notice of Removal: Untangling the mysteries of plated metal finger adhesion: Understanding the contributions from plating rate, chemistry, grid geometry and sintering

Notice of Removal: Untangling the mysteries of plated metal ...

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2017 IEEE 44th Photovoltaic Specialist Conference (PVSC)

作者： Xi Wang Pei-Chieh Hsiao Wei Zhang Ben Johnston Alex Stokes Qilong Wei Andreas Fell Sachin Surve Yuan Shengzhao Pierre Verlinden Alison Lennon School of Photovoltaics and Renewable Energy Engineering UNSW NSW Australia Department of Physics Macquarie University NSW Australia Department of Physics Macquarie University North Ryde NSW Australia 2109 Institute of Machinery Manufacturing Technology CAEP Mianyang China Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems Freiburg Germany Australian National University Canberra Australia State Key Lab of PV Science and Technology Trina Solar Limited Changzhou Jiangsu China

Removed.

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Resource Optimized Product Design – Assessment of a Product's Life Cycle Resource Efficiency by Combining LCA and PLM in the Product Development

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Procedia CIRP 2016年 57卷 669-673页

作者： Nathanael Ko Roberta Graf Tom Buchert Marcus Kim Daniel Wehner Department Life Cycle Engineering (GaBi) Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics (IBP) Wankelstraße 5 70563 Stuttgart Germany Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems and Design Technology (IPK) Pascalstraße 8-9 10587 Berlin Germany

Decisions in the product design phase have a significant influence on the resource demand of a product over its entire life cycle. However, relationships between decisions made in the design phase and the life cycle are difficult to evaluate and express. Hence, resource efficiency is typically only assessed after the product has already been designed and gone into production. If the impacts of decisions made in the design phase are neglected a considerable potential for saving resources is ignored. The aim of the presented work is to make use of this potential. Therefore the determination of the connections between design decisions and resource demand in the manufacturing, use and end of life phase is essential. Mapping these connections and the use of LCA methods allows for the expression of the overall resource demand as a function of the product's design. With this information at hand a design engineer is able to evaluate a design early enough i.e. before going into production. The provided approach results in an integration of an LCA tool into the engineering workplace consisting of a PLM and a CAD system. It aims for significantly more resource efficient products by partially automated creation and evaluation of alternative product designs. Therefore, design engineers are enabled to develop products with an enhanced resource efficiency over the entire product lifecycle.

关键词： Resource efficiency Product design Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Product Life cycle Management (PLM) CAD

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